Conceptual Works

A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of #$InformationBearingThing (or IBT ) is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel _Moby_Dick_; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the #$CycProgram. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see #$PropositionalInformationThing; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. #$ArtObject). An important specialization of #$InformationBearingThing is #$InformationBearingObject, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. #$PartiallyTangibles). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of #$InformationBearingThing from those of #$AbstractInformationalThing (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see #$instantiationOfAIT) and from those of #$ConceptualWork (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see #$instantiationOfWork). For instance, #$TextString is a specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing, #$TextualMaterial is a specialization of #$InformationBearingThing, and #$TextualPCW is a specialization of #$ConceptualWork; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a category error . Also note that events in which information is transferred (see #$InformationTransferEvent) are not considered instances of #$InformationBearingThing. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see #$actors) some instance of #$InformationBearingThing; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, #$SoundInformationBearingThing and #$VisualInformationBearingThing.
guid: be436e7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationStore  #$SpatialThing-Localized  
direct generalization of: #$InformationBearingObject #$HumanAccessibleIBT #$Signal #$VisualInformationBearingThing #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$TextualMaterial #$ComputerFileCopy

A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing and #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject. Each instance of #$InformationBearingObject (or IBO ) is a physical object that can be interpreted to yield information. #$InformationBearingObject includes: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints or cellular DNA, which may be interpreted to yield information. See the comment on #$InformationBearingThing on the importance of distinguishing the many specializations of this collection from the many specializations of both #$AbstractInformationalThing (information which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see #$instantiationOfAIT) and #$ConceptualWork (conceptual and/or artistic creations which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see #$instantiationOfWork). An important specialization of this collection (which naturally includes most of the things asserted so far in the Cyc #$KnowledgeBase to be instances of #$InformationBearingObject) is #$HumanAccessibleIBO -- objects which can be interpreted to yield information by #$Persons. See also #$containsInformation.
guid: bd58f6ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject  #$InformationBearingThing  
direct generalization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$Database-Physical #$ComputationalSystem

A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing and #$WavePropagation. Each instance of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation is a wave propagation event that carries information for interpreters who understand its conventions. Notable specializations of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation include #$Music, #$VisualImage, and #$Utterance-IBT.
guid: bf834402-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$WavePropagationType
direct specialization of: #$Signal  #$WavePropagation  
direct generalization of: #$SoundInformationBearingThing #$VisualImage #$AnimalSound

A specialization of both #$InformationStore and #$Microtheory. Each instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing (or PIT ) is an abstract object -- a chunk of information consisting of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not essentially encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the informational contents of #$InformationBearingThings. Objects or events which are instances of #$InformationBearingThing are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody using the predicate #$containsInformation (see also the function #$PITOfIBTFn). An instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or it may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of #$Mathematics, embodied in many and various sources.
guid: bd5880a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType #$MicrotheoryType #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$Microtheory  
direct generalization of: #$Agreement #$Permission #$LegalAgreement #$WorkAgreement #$Visa-Permit #$AuthorizedAgreement #$SalesAgreement #$EducationalDegree #$Account #$FinancialAccount #$Proposal #$News #$SensoryInformation #$Credential #$TextMicrotheory #$Stock #$OrganizationPolicy #$MentalInformation #$Memory #$Warranty

A collection of collections which is being phased out. In most cases, instances of #$ConceptualWork should be used instead. Each instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType is a subcollection of #$InformationBearingThing, all of whose instances are instantiations of the same #$ConceptualWork and share a primary media form. Instances of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType can be created to refer to any instance of #$ConceptualWork. For example, the collection of all instances of #$BookCopy which are instantiations of #$WarAndPeace-TheNovel would be an instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, as would the collection of all instance of #$MovieShowing which are instantiations of #$Jaws-TheMovie (even though both the novel `War and Peace' and #$Jaws-TheMovie were issued in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous collections, however, such as those defined by `copies of books written by Mark Twain', or by `physical instantiations of the Jaws story in all its forms', are NOT subcollections of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, although they are subcollections of #$InformationBearingThing. Example of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType: #$DimeCoin-US.
guid: bd58aabf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$IBTContentType  #$ObjectType  

An #$IntangibleObjectPredicate that relates a given content-specific type of information bearing thing to its creator(s). (#$developerOfIBTType IBTTYPE AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, or other agents responsible for the invention or bringing into being of the #$IBTContentType and specialization of #$InformationBearingThing IBTTYPE -- which might be a book, a computer program, a type of currency, a flag, etc. For example, (#$developerOfIBTType #$CycTheCollection #$Lenat) holds. In many cases, IBTTYPE will be an instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType (q.v.). Note, however, that this predicate has been largely supplanted by the now much more widely-used #$creatorOfCW (q.v.).
guid: bd58da57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$BinaryPredicate

A specialization of both #$InformationStore and #$PartiallyIntangibleIndividual. Each instance of #$StructuredInformationSource is an #$InformationStore in which bits of information are represented as related in a systematic way that is easily characterized by some type of formal structure, including spatial or architectural terms (used metaphorically). Examples include: a database organized in fields and values; a spreadsheet organized in rows and columns with entries; an organizational tree diagram with nodes and branches; a topographical map; a document written in HTML (hyper-text markup language). Negative examples include computer programs, poems, and novels.
guid: bd58f839-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationStore  
direct generalization of: #$IndexedInformationSource #$Tuple #$OrganizationalChart #$Spreadsheet #$Form-StandardizedIBO #$ScheduleDocument #$ComputerDataStructure

A specialization of #$HumanAccessibleIBT and #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$Spreadsheet is an information-bearing thing that presents (usually numeric) data in a two-dimensional matrix of cells that are organized into rows and columns so that people can view it. A spreadsheet may be produced by hand with pencil and paper or generated by a computer #$SpreadsheetProgram (q.v.) such as #$Lotus123 onto a computer screen or hardcopy device. Associated with every spreadsheet are mathematical definitions of some of its cells as a function of other cells in that spreadsheet. A database [see #$Database-Physical] that holds the information from which the spreadsheet is generated is not an instance of #$Spreadsheet.
guid: bd5897d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IBTContentType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$StructuredInformationSource  #$HumanAccessibleIBT  

A specialization of #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of #$Map is a conceptual work that models a region of physical space by using graphical symbols (or possibly another code), often in conjunction with a natural language, to represent features such as the following: geographical areas (#$GeographicalRegion), topographical features (#$TopographicalFeature), political regions (#$GeopoliticalEntity), climate zones (#$ClimateCycleType), human artifacts (#$ConstructionArtifact), population densities (#$populationDensity). Maps are generally intended to help an agent to orient itself in space or to understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial area. Instances of #$Map are physically instantiated in map copies (see the collection #$MapCopy), which may be on paper, in computerized geographical information systems, or in other forms.
guid: bd58e7b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualArtifact-CW  

A collection of #$InformationStores and a subcollection of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$OrganizationalChart graphically or in outline fashion depicts information about the control structure or resource use structure of an organization. E.g., a diagram of Exxon Corporation's top managers showing their reporting structure.
guid: bd58fe7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IndexedInformationSource  

The collection of all databases considered as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular #$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical.
guid: bfe46ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IndexedInformationSource  
direct generalization of: #$KnowledgeBase

A specialization of both #$InformationBearingObject and #$StructuredKnowledgeSource. Each instance of #$Database-Physical is an IBO (either hardcopy or electronic) that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a database involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some functionality for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, an instance of #$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract content of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent, which is a specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. For computer programs which deal with databases, see #$DatabaseProgram.
guid: bd589d12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingObject  

A specialization of both #$InformationBearingObject and #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$Form-StandardizedIBO is an information-bearing object having some standard set of labelled fields; these fields are left blank for the user to fill in with certain items of information (often information pertaining to the user). Instances of #$Form-StandardizedIBO often accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which they may be used to initiate or to certify. Specializations include the collections #$LeaseDocument, #$DepositSlip, #$InsuranceClaimForm, and #$Check-TenderObject.
guid: c0fd68b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of: #$Artifact  #$StructuredInformationSource  #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$TextualMaterial  
direct generalization of: #$Check-TenderObject

A specialization of both #$AudibleSound and #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$SoundInformationBearingThing is an sound which is audible by, and thereby capable of providing information to, an #$Agent. (This information need not necessarily be in propositional form.) This collection does not include #$InformationBearingWavePropagations that require the use of some sort of electronic device to be rendered in the form of audible sound; thus #$RadioWave is not a specialization. Genuine specializations include #$Music and #$AnimalUtterance-IBT. Note that, despite the use of the word `Thing' in the name of this constant, it refers to the sound alone, not to the thing that makes the sound (e.g. if one's CD player is pumping out music, the #$SoundInformationBearingThing is the #$Music, not the player). Thus, no one thing can be an instance of both #$SoundInformationBearingThing and #$VisualInformationBearingThing (e.g.).
guid: bd58c8be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$AudibleSound  #$InformationBearingWavePropagation  
direct generalization of: #$Music #$Utterance-IBT #$AnimalUtterance-IBT

A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). Examples of #$AnimalSounds include instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound, #$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, and #$BrayingSound. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; consequently, #$AnimalSound does _not_ include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument. Note that this collection is not a specialization of #$Action, or #$BodyMovementEvent, since it refers to animal sounds themselves, not to the activity of making animal sounds (though events of both types usually accompany one another. See #$EmittingSound for the latter.)
guid: bd620dbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingWavePropagation  #$AudibleSound  
direct generalization of: #$AnimalUtterance-IBT

A specialization of both #$AnimalSound and #$Utterance-IBT. Each instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT is a sound initially generated by some #$Animal speaking or making some sound with his/her/its mouth (note that the sound may or may not have propositional content - i.e. instantiate some #$PropositionalInformationThing). If such a sound is recorded and played back, the sound generated is still considered an instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT. Examples: one's spouse's `Good morning'; a child's scream at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart's `Here's looking at you' on the set of _Casablanca_. Note that only the sounds themselves are instances of this collection -- not the activities of making them. This collection is not a specialization of #$Action (for that, see #$CommunicationAct-Single and its specializations).
guid: bd590c24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$AnimalSound  #$Utterance-IBT  

A specialization of both #$SoundInformationBearingThing and #$Artifact-Intangible. Each instance of #$Music is a particular sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling, playing an instrument, playing recorded music, and so on. Music has certain features that distinguish it from random noise (though recognizing them may depend upon a specific cultural background); such features usually include variations of pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple (somehow) related pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some kind of harmony), and/or some regular temporal pattern to the component sounds (i.e., rhythm). Instances of #$Music include the debut performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, Leonard Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the BPO in Berlin in 1989, a particular playing of a particular CD of Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin, and the Messiah sing-in in Austin, TX, in 1995. This collection is not to be confused with #$MusicalText or #$MusicalTextCopy (qq.v.), which refer to the represented instructions which musicians often follow in order to create #$Music.
guid: bd58ce26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Artifact-Intangible  #$SoundInformationBearingThing  

A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork, #$ComputerFile-CW and #$SoftwareObject-Individual. Each instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW is a deliberately created abstract object comprised of propositions that together constitute a list of instructions for computers to execute. Example instances include #$Emacs-TheProgram and #$LinuxKernel-TheProgram. Instances of this collection are distinct from computer code and from both running and installed programs. The instructions that comprise an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW can be expressed as abstract computer code (see #$ComputerCode), but no list of instructions expressed in code constitutes an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW. Rather, the code in which an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW is expressed constitutes an instance of #$AbstractInformationStructure that can be related to the program it expresses using the predicate #$programCode. More than one instance of #$ComputerCode can express the same instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW; for example, a single instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW can be written in source code (see #$ComputerCode-Source) in several different computer languages, or it can be complied as a binary executable (see #$ComputerCode-Binary). A physical instantiation of a #$ComputerProgram-CW is a #$ComputerProgramCopy which is an #$InformationBearingThing and is related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW by the predicate #$programCopies. An instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW that is being executed is a #$ComputerProcessRunning, related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW by the predicate #$programOfProcess.
guid: c09c6244-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ComputerFile-CW  #$SoftwareObject-Individual  
direct generalization of: #$OpenSourceComputerProgram #$OperatingSystemKernel #$ApplicationProgram #$OperatingSystem

A specialization of both #$HumanAccessibleIBO and #$Artifact. Each instance of #$ArtObject is a physical object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, quilt, or stained glass composition. #$ArtObject does not include as instances plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. #$ArtObject is a specialization of #$InformationBearingObject, but its instances need not have any propositional content. Examples of #$ArtObject include the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral. See also #$Artist, #$artisticWorksCreated.
guid: bd58c7b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductByGenericType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$TopAndBottomSidedObject  #$VisualInformationBearingThing  #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  #$Artifact  
direct generalization of: #$Sculpture

A specialization of both #$Artifact-Generic and #$InformationBearingThing. Each instance of this collection is an artifact from which information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of interpretive conventions in order to do this). Examples of #$VisualInformationBearingThing include handwritten letters, newspapers, sculptures, television sets, and neon signs. (Thus, the information content of #$VisualInformationBearingThings may or may not be propositional in nature.) In the proper conditions, instances of #$VisualInformationBearingThing produce instances of #$VisualImage (which, unlike instances of #$VisualInformationBearingThing, are instances of #$Event). For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic #$VisualImage is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a #$VisualImage is produced. A notable specialization of this collection is #$StillImageSource -- sources of #$VisualImage that do not move (which thus includes all the examples of #$VisualInformationBearingThing given above except for the television set). See also the predicate #$visuallyDepicts.
guid: bd58cfb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingThing  #$Artifact-NonAgentive  
direct generalization of: #$VisualMark #$Gesture #$ArtObject

A specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$SignTheDisplay is a physical object typically placed where #$Persons can see it so that they can obtain (generally propositional) information from it. Signs are typically used to identify objects (e.g., street signs, name tags, species labels at zoos), to advertise goods (e.g., billboards, neon signs, posters for garage sales), and to warn of hazards (e.g., signs for road hazards or road construction, printed tape marking off a police line). #$SignTheDisplay differs from #$SymbolicObject in displaying specific information rather than symbolizing another thing, though the two collections are obviously not disjoint. See also #$signifiesTo, #$signifiedBy.
guid: bd58b6a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject  

A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$VisualImage is an event in which visible light is generated in a particular pattern, which (does or might) contain information for an observer. Visual images may be produced by illuminating some tangible object -- a #$VisualInformationBearingThing (such as a photograph, movie film, or page of print), or by direct manipulation of light(s) to produce a pattern (e.g., nautical code lights). Visual images may be instantaneous or extended in time. Visual images may be classified (among other ways) by features of their appearance (e.g., #$ColorImage, #$BlackAndWhiteImage), by their origin (e.g., #$XRayImage, #$PenOrPencilDrawing, #$SatelliteImage), or by their content (e.g., #$LandscapeImage).
guid: bd590bda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingWavePropagation  #$VisibleLight  

A collection of visual images. Each element of #$ColorImage is an image 'in color', i.e., it is not monochromatic but is composed of several colors. Any 'in color' movie being shown on a 'color television' is a #$ColorImage. Presumably, a nighttime sequence viewed on such a television would still be an element of #$ColorImage since the context was 'in color' and subtle blues as well as greys would be depicted. An image consisting solely of varying shades of green, such as that seen on many monochromatic oscilloscopes, would be an element of #$MonochromeImage not #$ColorImage nor #$BlackAndWhiteImage.
guid: c1006a54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualImage  

A collection of visual images. Each element of #$MonochromeImage is an all grey-scale or otherwise monochrome visual image. #$BlackAndWhiteImage is a subset of #$MonochromeImage. Some images, e.g. some infrared images, are in varying shades of red. These would be elements of #$MonochromeImage but not #$BlackAndWhiteImage.
guid: c1006a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualImage  

A collection of visual images. Each element of #$StillImage is a static visual image. Such images are typically images reflected from, or generated by, objects that don't change in time, e.g. an illuminated photograph. Other examples: images from maps, x-rays, drawings, labels, or any constant projection of light.
guid: c0fd7fa2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationBearingThing  

A collection of visual images. Each element of #$MovingImage is a visual image which persists while changing over time. Examples of #$MovingImage include shadows of trees swaying in the wind, meteors, film and video images; images produced by light reflected from moving physical objects; images produced directly by a changing pattern of lights (e.g., nautical beacons).
guid: c0fd7d5c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualImage  

A collection of visual images. Each element of #$Reflection-Visual is a visual image produced by the reflection of light from a surface.
guid: c10069cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualImage  

A specialization of #$VisualInformationBearingThing. Each instance of #$VisualMark is a visible marking on some tangible object. Visual markings may be applied to an object using ink, paint, or pencil; they may be engraved into or molded out of the object's material; they may be made of other objects affixed to or resting on the object (e.g., a plaque bearing a house number); or they may consist of contrasting areas of color or light level (e.g., markings on a computer screen). This collection is not to be confused with #$MarkingOnASurface, which is the collection of #$Events which consist, naturally, in making a mark on a surface. See also the predicates #$marks and #$markCreated.
guid: bd590b98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationBearingThing  #$PartiallyTangible  

A specialization of both #$MaterialHandling and #$IBOCreation. Each instance of #$MarkingOnASurface is an event in which visible markings are placed on a surface by an agent (see the collection #$Agent). The marking may be done by adding material to a surface (as in instances of #$Painting-Activity) or removing material from a surface (as in instances of #$EngravingEvent).
guid: bd588d33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$MaterialHandling  #$IBOCreation  
direct generalization of: #$WritingByHand

A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$TextMarking is a visual artifact, a mark or configuration of marks recognizable as text in some writing system. Examples of #$TextMarking include written words, written numbers, sentences, individual letters and numerals, all the text on a piece of paper or in a book, auxiliary marks like punctuation, etc.
guid: bd590b57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualMark  

A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Line-Marking is a visual mark which is relatively long and thin.
guid: c0fd6bea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualMark  

A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Tattoo is a mark made on the skin of a person or other animal, having a pattern formed by scar tissue or by pigment applied in or under the skin. In medical terms, `tattoo' includes marks resulting from accidental tattooing. But typically tattoos are deliberately applied for purposes of identification or decoration.
guid: c1009ba3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Individual  

A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Footprint is an impression made by a foot of an animal. Footprints may be made in soft earth, clay, concrete, or on paper with paint or ink. Footprints may be made accidentally or on purpose.
guid: c0fbadda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Individual  

A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Fingerprint is a mark made when pressure from a manual digit leaves traces of body oils (or ink) on a surface, showing the patterns on the skin of the finger(s) that made them.
guid: bd5e4ba9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualMark  

A subcollection of #$VisualInformationBearingThing. Each instance of #$Gesture is a configuration of body parts (usually animal body parts) that has some meaning to an observer with an understanding (whether explicit or instinctive) of the interpretive convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. #$Gestures may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the #$StatueOfLiberty ). Note that, as defined in #$Cyc, a gesture is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the #$Actions producing the arrangement. For representation of the actions, see #$MakingAGesture.
guid: bd590c05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Signal  #$Situation-Temporal  #$VisualInformationBearingThing  

A specialization of #$ArtObject. Each instance of this collection is a tangible three-dimensional work of art. Buildings are not included, even though sculptural features of buildings (such as friezes) are. Types of #$Sculpture include stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded into abstract art sculptures, etc. Example instances: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$MountRushmoreMonument, Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the #$Parthenon, the Buddhas at Longan. See also #$Sculptor.
guid: bd58acda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HexalateralObject  #$ArtObject  

A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$Model-Artifact is a tangible object designed to resemble and/or represent some other object, which may or may not exist tangibly. For example, an architectural model for a proposed public building; a souvenir model of #$TheWhiteHouse; a scale model of a dinosaur skeleton; a miniature room and furnishings copying a real house. The funnction, #$ModelFn, is used to designate the collection of models of a collection of objects.
guid: be010ef1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SolidTangibleProduct  #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$Artifact  #$VisualInformationBearingThing  

The Cyc function #$ModelFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction which is used to represent models of a certain type of thing. (#$ModelFn OBJ-TYPE) denotes the collection of all models of objects that belong to the type OBJ-TYPE. For example, all sculptures of horses are elements of the collection (#$ModelFn #$Horse-Domesticated).
guid: be010f3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

A specialization of #$InformationBearingThing (IBT). Each instance of #$TextualMaterial is an IBT a significant part of whose informational content is both (i) encoded in some #$CommunicationConvention (q.v.), usually a #$Language, and (ii) represented or displayed in a spatial format. Examples include a copy of a newspaper printed in English using the Roman alphabet, a copy of a book printed in English using Braille, and a poster written in Chinese characters. Condition (i) excludes things like hardcopies of drawings, while condition (ii) excludes things like magnetic tapes containing recorded speech. A piece of textual material always involves one or more spatially-localized representations -- usually physical inscriptions (see #$CharacterStringToken-Inscribed) -- of #$CharacterStrings (q.v.). Textual materials are usually tangible objects (such as the examples given above), but are sometimes intangibles like patterns of light projecting words onto walls or screens. Specializations of #$TextualMaterial include #$OfficialDocument and #$NonPublishedText. Note that, while there is considerable overlap between #$TextualMaterial and #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject, these collections differ in that the latter both includes IBTs that involve no character-string representations and excludes intangibles of any sort.
guid: bd5904c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StuffType
direct specialization of: #$HexalateralObject  #$InformationBearingThing  #$Artifact-NonAgentive  
direct generalization of: #$Currency #$Form-StandardizedIBO #$ScheduleDocument #$Bill-PaymentRequest #$NonPublishedText #$OfficialDocument

A specialization of #$AbstractInformationStructure. Each instance of #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note that an instance of #$CharacterString is _not_ any particular physical, tangible representation, since different encodings may represent the same string of characters. An instance of #$CharacterString is a list (see the collection #$List) of characters (instances of #$Character-Abstract) from some fixed character set. An instance of #$CharacterString may be any finite length, including zero (the zero-length string is the empty string, which has no characters). Notable specializations of #$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber, and #$TelephoneCountryCode. Note that a #$CharacterString is ordered formally as a #$List (rather than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first' character in the #$CharacterString for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing.
guid: bd6100db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TermPhrasesConstraint #$StuffType
direct specialization of: #$AbstractInformationStructure  #$List  
direct generalization of: #$TextString #$SubLString #$IDString #$ProgramIdentifier

A specialization of #$TextualPCW. Each instance of #$ReferenceWork is a conceptual work providing a more or less non-speculative, fact-oriented , comprehensive description of some knowledge domain.
guid: bd58caa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TextualPCW  

The collection-intersection (and thus a common specialization) of #$Artifact, #$StillImageSource and #$HumanAccessibleIBO (qq.v.). Each instance of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject is an human-created #$InformationBearingObject (IBO) in a hard format (e.g. written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, or carved on stone) that humans can obtain information from by viewing (if there is sufficient light) without using a computer or electronic device. In many cases the information is encoded in visual symbols, whose #$CommunicationConvention must be understood by anyone who would access the information. For example, the information may be stored as English text. Examples of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject include: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a Picasso painting, and a hardcopy of a map with no text on it. Note that this collection does _not_ include IBOs embodied in magnetic media such as tape or disk (as the information they bear is not directly accessible to someone viewing them) or Braille books (as they are not instances of #$StillImageSource, whose information content must be accessed visually).
guid: bd58e00e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$Artifact  #$HexalateralObject  #$SolidTangibleThing  #$Artifact-NonAgentive  
direct generalization of: #$SignTheDisplay #$Paper-IBO #$Card #$Currency #$NonPublishedText #$OfficialDocument

A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork and #$BookGeneric-CW. Each instance of #$Book-CW is an abstract work intended to be instantiated as a book of some sort. Instances of #$Book-CW may be intended to be instantiated in any book format: hardcopy (see #$BookCopy), electronic, audio tape, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually also instances of #$TextualPCW, but some may be comprised of mainly non-propositional information, such as images. Note that books with no propositional information (such as certain coloring books) would not be instances of this specialization of #$BookGeneric-CW.
guid: bd58e6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork  #$BookGeneric-CW  

An instance of #$ExistingObjectType, and a specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$Card is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff -- usually cardstock paper, although it could be plastic or thin metal -- bearing some kind of information. Specializations of #$Card include #$CreditCard, #$BusinessCard, and #$PostCard. Note that electronic objects that perform the same functions as some instances of #$Card (for example, electronic greeting cards) are not instances of #$Card.
guid: c0fd456f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PortableObject  #$SheetOfSomeStuff  #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject  
direct generalization of: #$PrepaidTelephoneCard #$CreditCard #$BankDebitCard

A specialization of #$Database-AbstractContent. Each instance of #$KnowledgeBase is a database (considered as an abstract repository of information rather than a physical storage device) containing knowledge about at least part of the world. A notable specialization of #$KnowledgeBase is #$CycKB, the collection of all Cyc knowledge bases.
guid: bd58d211-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ClassificationSystem  #$Database-AbstractContent  

The collection of all structured information sources in which the information contained therein is indexed by some set of index terms (the terms could be names, phrases, #$CharacterStrings, #$IDNumbers or codes). For every index term, there is one specific part of the #$IndexedInformationSource associated with that term. Each instance of #$IndexedInformationSource has some format or organizing structure of specified parts or 'chunks' imposed on the information. (Although its indexed parts might be be ordered in a certain sequence, in theory it could be indexed without there being any particular sequential ordering of the parts.) An instance of #$IndexedInformationSource is the abstract informational content of the source, not any particular physical object in which the information is stored. Examples include a #$Dictionary, #$Thesaurus, #$Database-AbstractContent, or a #$KnowledgeBase. Some examples that do not qualify are #$Painting-ArtForm, or a #$CharacterString without any structuring information about it or that has no structure beyond being a string of characters. Thus this is not referring to unstructured text, even if it has an 'Index'. The fact that a book has an index does not make it an #$IndexedInformationSource.
guid: c03febed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Artifact-Intangible  #$StructuredInformationSource  #$AbstractInformationalThing  
direct generalization of: #$DynamicIndexedInfoSource #$Database-AbstractContent #$OrganizationalChart

A specialization of #$IntangibleIndividual and #$InformationStore. #$AbstractInformationalThing is a heterogeneous collection of abstract repositories of information. #$AbstractInformationalThing is a generalization not only of #$Proposition, but also the collections #$Sentence, #$CharacterString, #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory, #$PropositionalInformationThing, and #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of #$AbstractInformationalThing is an abstract individual and most instances of this collection can have multiple concrete embodiments . For example, a single instance of #$Sentence can be written on several pieces of paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a #$PropositionalInformationThing may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of #$BookCopy (see #$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique #$Proposition as their content (see #$containsInformation). Note that some instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing have temporal extent. Examples include all instances of #$DevisedPracticeOrWork, such as the instances of #$Novel-CW and #$Movie-CW. Other specializations of #$AbstractInformationalThing are disjoint with #$TemporalThing. Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition.
guid: bdff6c64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StuffType
direct specialization of: #$InformationStore  #$IntangibleIndividual  
direct generalization of: #$ELSentenceTemplate #$ClassificationSystem #$Microtheory #$Information-Content #$DynamicInfoSource #$DevisedPracticeOrWork #$RuleTemplate #$Algorithm #$IndexedInformationSource #$CycLSentence #$BeliefSystem #$FieldOfStudy #$LinguisticObject #$CommunicationConvention #$News #$CycHLTruthValue #$ComputerFile-Abstract #$SoftwareParameter

A specialization of both #$SymbolicThing and #$HumanAccessibleIBO. Each instance of #$SymbolicObject is a #$SymbolicThing that has some material part (i.e. is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible), and symbolizes some thing, event or achievement, without describing it propositionally in any detail. Examples include national flags, military medals and ribbons, an Oscar, a Crucifix, a caduceus, and printed trademark logos of commercial brands. Only some instances of #$SymbolicObject have the #$primaryFunction of serving as symbols (e.g. national flags, war memorials); others are symbolic in a secondary capacity (e.g. a gravestone symbolizes death but its primary function is as a marker), and/or acquire symbolic associations over time (e.g. Ellis Island). Examples of #$SymbolicObject include the #$ArcDeTriomphe, the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$PyramidOfCheops, a hangman's noose, a Menorah, a white dove. Negative examples include #$NationalAnthems and #$Swastikas projected on walls, because these do not have a material part; for such symbols use the broader collection #$SymbolicThing.
guid: bd58cf26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$SymbolicThing  
direct generalization of: #$MemorialMarker

A collection of symbolic objects. Each element of #$Insignia is a visual configuration conventionally associated with some organization, person, or other agent. Elements of #$Insignia include monograms, company logos, devices of heraldry, totems, the official seals of universities, etc.
guid: bd5890fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SymbolicObject  

A collection of objects. Each element of #$Trophy is a solid tangible object with a symbolic meaning, awarded to some agent(s) in recognition for winning some competition or achieving some goal. Trophies typically contain (e.g., in engraved writing) the name of the award, date, and name(s) of the recipient(s). Examples: the Heisman trophy, the Americas Cup, an Oscar.
guid: be010ebe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SymbolicObject  #$SolidTangibleProduct  

A reifiable #$BinaryFunction that returns the meaningful entities indexed by a particular character string in a Cyc-external information source. More precisely, (#$MeaningInSystemFn INFOSOURCE STRING), applied to the #$CharacterString STRING and the #$IndexedInformationSource INFOSOURCE, returns whatever is indexed by STRING in that system. For example, (#$MeaningInSystemFn #$WordNet-1997Version N03585958 ) returns the WordNet `synset' (`synonym set') represented by (rampart|bulwark|wall), meaning an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes . STRING can have any format chosen by the person who builds the representation of the external system. In addition, STRING may contain arbitrary further characters or information, depending on how the external information is selected and processed. This function makes it possible to relate a concept in an external system to an arbitrarily complicated expression composed of Cyc concepts. If the external concept has a direct, exact mapping to a single Cyc constant, then use the predicate #$synonymousExternalConcept rather than this function. If there is correspondence only to one Cyc constant, but it is only approximate, use #$overlappingExternalConcept.
guid: bf3a978c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

(#$synonymousExternalConcept TERM SOURCE STRING) means that the CycL expression TERM is synonymous with at least one of the interpretations of STRING in the external data source SOURCE.
guid: c0e2af4e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

(#$overlappingExternalConcept TERM SOURCE STRING) means that the CycL expression TERM overlaps semantically with at least one of the interpretations of STRING in the external data source SOURCE.
guid: bf83203b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$TernaryPredicate

A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ConventionalClassificationType is a collection that corresponds to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (see #$ClassificationSystem) used by people. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the category. #$ConventionalClassificationTypes include categories in biological taxonomy, standard classifications in data dictionaries and thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, and named calendar intervals.
guid: bee6da31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$VariableOrderCollection #$CollectionType
direct specialization of: #$Collection  
direct generalization of: #$UnitOfMeasureTypeByTypeMeasured #$UnitOfMeasureTypeBySystem #$OrganismClassificationType #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$TimeOfDayType #$PersonTypeByCulture #$FoodGroup #$GarmentTypeByRegionOfBodyCovered

A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$ClassificationSystem is an agreed-upon or conventional classification system consisting of several #$ConventionalClassificationTypes (q.v.). In such a system, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the classificatory categories. #$ClassificationSystems include biological taxonomies, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems, military doctrinal systems, and calendar systems.
guid: c0d808c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$AbstractInformationalThing  #$Artifact-Intangible  
direct generalization of: #$KnowledgeBase

A specialization of #$OfficialDocument. Each instance of this collection is an officially sanctioned credential for identifying some person or physical object. Important subcollections of #$IDDocument include #$Passport, #$DriversLicense, #$PersonalCheck. Other examples include student ID cards, dog tags (worn by military personnel), dog tags (worn by dogs), authentication certificates for an #$ArtObject or an antique.
guid: bd58903e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of: #$OfficialDocument  
direct generalization of: #$StockCertificate #$BankDebitCard #$Passport #$CreditCard #$Check-TenderObject

A specialization of #$Card and #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$BankDebitCard is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the #$BankAccount with which the card is associated. It is typically used to withdraw funds from the account. See also #$CreditCard.
guid: c0fd4920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction #$MoneyTenderType
direct specialization of: #$FreeSheet  #$Card  #$TenderObject  #$IDDocument  

A specialization of #$LegalDocument and #$IDDocument. Each instance of #$Passport is a document issued to a person by the government of a country of which s/he is a citizen, in order to identify that person as a citizen of that country while s/he is travelling outside of its borders. It can also be used for ID purposes back home. #$Passports typically expire after a set period of time and require renewal. Countries generally allow only one valid passport per citizen.
guid: c10afd58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of: #$LegalDocument  #$IDDocument  

A specialization of both #$Card and #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of #$CreditCardAccount (q.v.) under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user (see #$Bill-PaymentRequest), usually with interest. See also #$creditor, #$owesDebts.
guid: bd58ceea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction #$MoneyTenderType
direct specialization of: #$FinancialAccountTenderObject  #$FreeSheet  #$Card  #$IDDocument  

A specialization of #$OfficialDocument and #$CertificateDocument. Each instance of #$StockCertificate is a document issued by a corporation (see #$Business) to one of its shareholders, certifying the shareholder's ownership of some number of shares of #$Stock (q.v.) in that corporation. See also #$shareholders.
guid: c0fd4a24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of: #$IDDocument  

A specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$OfficialDocument is a document that can be used as the basis, proof, or support of some fact (such as a person's nationality, marital status, credit, or qualifications; or the ownership or transfer of property, etc.). #$OfficialDocuments are typically generated, issued, and/or certified by relevant institutions (as with #$Passports or #$StockCertificates), but they also include unique personal documents (such as wills) which meet certain standards to be accepted in support of facts. Instances of #$OfficialDocument include: #$BirthCertificates, #$TaxReturns, insurance policies, #$PostageStamps, receipts, #$PackingSlips and student ID cards. A notable specialization of this collection is #$LegalDocument. See also #$OfficialDocumentType.
guid: bd58971b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TextualMaterialTypeByFunction
direct specialization of: #$PortableObject  #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject  #$TextualMaterial  
direct generalization of: #$DrugPrescription #$IDDocument #$LegalDocument

A specialization of #$InformationStore. Each instance of #$PublishedMaterial is either a conceptual work (an instance of #$ConceptualWork) with instantiations which have been produced for distribution, or an information-bearing thing (an instance of #$InformationBearingThing) which has been produced for distribution. Note that published here does not mean printed and physically distributed , since intangible information-bearing things can be published using the #$WorldWideWeb-Concrete, or broadcast on the airwaves. Notable specializations of #$PublishedMaterial include #$Book-CW, #$RecordedVideoProduct, and #$RecordedSoundProduct.
guid: bd58c1bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Product  #$InformationStore  #$Artifact-NonAgentive  
direct generalization of: #$RecordedVideoProduct #$RecordedSoundProduct #$BookGeneric-CW

A specialization of #$TextualMaterial, and thus of #$InformationBearingObject (IBO). Each instance of this collection is (a physical copy of) a text that has not yet been published. It may have been rejected for publication (e.g. a rejected book manuscript) or it may not be intended for publication (e.g. a memo or personal letter). It is, of course, disjoint with #$PublishedMaterial.
guid: bd58c599-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject  #$TextualMaterial  

#$RecordedVideoProduct is a specialization of #$PublishedMaterial, #$VideoRecordedObject, and #$PartiallyTangibleProduct. Each instance of #$RecordedVideoProduct is a video recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content.
guid: bd58e771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PublishedMaterial  #$MediaProduct  #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  

#$RecordedSoundProduct is a specialization of #$AudioRecordedObject, #$PartiallyTangibleProduct and #$PublishedMaterial. Each instance of #$RecordedSoundProduct is (a particular copy of) a sound recording which is mass-produced -- i.e. it is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content.
guid: bd590495-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PublishedMaterial  

A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$Credential is specific information about one #$SocialBeing (q.v.), provided by another #$SocialBeing. The information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of #$Credential is wholly intangible, instances of #$Credential usually have some associated #$TextualMaterial (e.g. a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e. the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g. legal bar certification or the ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g. GED schooling or satisfying PhD requirements); is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g. a travel visa or permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate #$issuesCredential.
guid: bd58b0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TemporalThing  #$PropositionalInformationThing  
direct generalization of: #$EducationalDegree #$Visa-Permit

A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of #$Permission. Each element of #$License-LegalAgreement is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see #$License-IBO), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of #$License-LegalAgreement include: #$TrainEngineerLicense, #$DriversLicense, #$PestControlLicense.
guid: bd58aede-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  #$Permission  #$AuthorizedAgreement  #$LegalAgreement  

A collection of abstract (intangible) objects consisting of information; a subset of #$Credential. Each element of #$Accreditation is a credential, issued to an organization by the appropriate authority, that declares the issuer's approval of the quality of the recipient's activities. For example, accreditation of an educational organization to offer a kind of degree or training; or accreditation of a hospital to offer medical services.
guid: c10aff30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  

A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information; a subset of #$Credential. Each element of #$Recommendation consists of a statement by some agent about the qualities of another agent, product, program, or activity. Examples: a letter of recommendation for graduate school; a reference letter for a jobseeker; or a product endorsement.
guid: bd58da09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  

A specialization of #$Credential. Each instance of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there.