Geography

A collection of collections. Each instance of #$RegionType is a subcollection of #$SpatialThing-Localized each of whose instances is an identifiable subregion of some object, but not itself an independent object. Instances of #$RegionType include #$PalmOfHand, #$Doorway, #$Wall-GenericBarrier, #$WorkSurface, and #$Handle.
guid: bd58e4d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$ExistingObjectType  
direct generalization of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType

A specialization of #$GeographicalThing. Each instance of #$GeographicalRegion is a spatial region that includes some piece of the surface of a planet (usually #$PlanetEarth). Each instance of #$GeographicalRegion is a #$PartiallyTangible entity that may be represented on a map of the planet. This includes purely topographical regions like mountains and underwater spaces, places defined by demographics (e.g., language areas) and territory otherwise demarcated (e.g. #$TimeZones). In dualist geopolitical contexts [see #$DualistGeopoliticalMt], instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity are also considered to be instances of #$GeographicalRegion. In all cases the region in question must contain some tangible component with which it is possible to make physical contact. The instances of #$GeographicalRegion contrast in this respect with the instances of #$GeographicalThing-Intangible, which are wholly intangible. Examples of #$GeographicalRegion include #$RockyMountainStates-USRegion, the #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$SinaiPeninsula, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$YaleUniversity and #$CityOfPittsburghPA. Some important types of regions are represented by the sub-collections #$LanguageArea, #$TimeZone, #$PostalCodeRegion, #$EcologicalRegion, #$ConstructionSite, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$GeopoliticalEntity. No instances of #$GeographicalRegion are wholly indoor locations.
guid: bd588009-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Surface-Open  #$Surface-Physical  #$GeographicalThing  #$Place  
direct generalization of: #$OutdoorLocation #$GeographicalAgent #$River #$IndependentCountry #$GeoculturalRegion #$InternationalWaters #$EcologicalRegion #$Continent #$TopographicalFeature

A collection of collections, and a specialization of #$RegionType. Each instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType is a collection of geographical regions, where each of the regions in the collection is spatially disjoint with the other regions in the collection. For example, the collection #$State-UnitedStates is an instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType, since the territories of U.S. states do not overlap. Other instances of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType include #$CanadianProvince, #$IndependentCountry, #$City, and #$Colony. A non-example is #$EcologicalRegion, since ecological regions can overlap.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$RegionType  

A subcollection of #$HumanResidenceArea. Each instance of #$UrbanArea is a geographical region the whole of which (more or less) is characterized by typically urban features (such as streets, buildings, businesses, houses, schools, sidewalks, sewer systems, power lines, automobiles, pedestrians, and so on). An urban area might be as small as an inner-city street corner or as large as the New York City Metropolitan Area. By default, urbanness is a stuff-like property of human residence areas: (nearly) every subregion of an #$UrbanArea is itself an #$UrbanArea. Examples include #$UTAustinCampus, #$WestlakeHills, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfToulouseFrance, #$CityOfMurmanskRussia, #$CityOfTaipeiTaiwan, and #$ResearchTrianglePark.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$HumanResidenceArea  
direct generalization of: #$USCity #$City #$Street-Generic

A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance of #$HumanResidenceArea is a region in which a number of people live semi-permanently (that is, for a duration of at least a year or more). Examples include #$SanFranciscoBayArea, #$ResearchTrianglePark, research stations at the #$SouthPole, and radar posts in the Aleutians.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$OutdoorLocation  #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject  
direct generalization of: #$UrbanArea

A collection of geographical regions. Each instance of #$EcologicalRegion is a region having one or more characteristic ecosystems. From knowledge of those ecosystems, we can posit whether certain organisms can forage, reproduce, and live successfully there. Information about ecological regions typically also includes what kinds of organisms are in fact found there. In theory, any arbitrary continuous region could be analyzed as an ecological region, but most regions identified in practice have some kind of sameness or systematic interconnection in their topology, climate, and biology. Examples: the #$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the #$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$GeographicalRegion  
direct generalization of: #$Stream

(#$permanentlyNorthOf NORTH SOUTH) means that the #$GeographicalThing NORTH is situated to the north of the #$GeographicalThing SOUTH, when viewed in a planetary frame of reference, typically the terrestrial frame of reference. To compare the position of two objects, at least one of which is mobile or is an instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized but not of #$GeographicalThing, use the more general, #$northOf. Note that SOUTH is therefore south of NORTH; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `south of'. Example: (#$permanentlyNorthOf #$CityOfPhiladelphiaPA #$CityOfWashingtonDC); (#$permanentlyNorthOf #$35thParallel-North #$37thParallel-North). See also #$permanentlyEastOf and #$directionBetweenObjects. To say '(permanentlySouthOf x y)' all we need is to say (#$permanentlyNorthOf y x). See also #$fartherNorthThan.
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$northOf

(#$permanentlyEastOf EASTREGION WESTREGION) means that the #$GeographicalRegion EASTREGION is to the east of the #$GeographicalRegion WESTREGION, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference. Note that WESTREGION is therefore west of EASTREGION; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `west of'. Example: (#$permanentlyEastOf #$EasternUSATimeZone #$CentralUSATimeZone). See also #$permanentlyNorthOf and #$directionBetweenObjects. To express '(permanentlyWestOf x y)' all we need is to say (#$permanentlyEastOf y x). In order to relate two instances of #$SpatialThing-Localized that are mobile or do not fit the argument restrictions of #$permanentlyEastOf, use the more general predicate, #$eastOf.
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$eastOf

(#$northeastOf REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-1 is to the north-east of the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-2, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference. Note that REGION-2 is therefore southwest of REGION-1; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `southwest of'. Example: (#$northeastOf #$LakeOntario #$LakeErie). To refer to instances of #$SpatialThing-Localized that can move, use the more general #$northeastOf.
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate

(#$permanentlyNorthwestOf REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-1 is to the northwest of the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-2, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference. Note that REGION-2 is therefore southeast of REGION-1; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `southeast of'. Example: (#$northwestOf #$GreatBritain-TheIsland StraitOfDover).
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate

(#$bordersOn REGION1 REGION2) means that the #$GeographicalRegions REGION1 and REGION2 are physically adjacent to each other and do not overlap, i.e. there is a border between them. Examples: (#$bordersOn #$CentralUSATimeZone #$MountainUSATimeZone), (#$bordersOn (#$TerritoryFn #$Nepal) (#$TerritoryFn #$Tibet).
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direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$onSamePlanetSurfaceAs #$adjacentTo #$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic

A specialization of #$HeavenlyBody. Each instance of #$Planet is a planet either in Earth's solar system or elsewhere in the universe. Instances of #$Planet include #$PlanetEarth, #$PlanetJupiter, and #$PlanetVenus.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Spheroid  

A specialization of #$AstronomicalObject (q.v.). Each instance of #$AstronomicalBody is an astronomical object that is an individual body, as opposed to a group or system of such bodies. Specializations include #$Planet and #$Star. Note that this collection includes only natural bodies; artificially-made objects such as spaceships and communications satellites are excluded.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$AstronomicalObject  
direct generalization of: #$Planet #$CelestialBody

A specialization of #$InanimateThing-Natural. The collection of all things of the types studied by astronomers. Each instance of #$AstronomicalObject is a (usually quite large) natural, inanimate object that is located in the physical universe and is not on the surface of the Earth. (But note that #$PlanetEarth itself _is_ an instance of this collection.) An #$AstronomicalObject might be either an individual heavenly body (see #$AstronomicalBody) or a group or system made up of such bodies (see e.g. #$Galaxy and #$PlanetarySystem). See also the specialization #$CelestialObject, instances of which are visible from the Earth.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InanimateObject-Natural  
direct generalization of: #$CelestialObject

A collection of geographical regions. Each instance of #$LandBody is a cohesive chunk of land surrounded by one or more bordering bodies of water. Types of #$LandBody include the specializations #$Island and #$TrueContinent. Instances include #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$Trinidad-Island, and #$Crete-Island-Greece. Areas of land defined by human occupation or political boundaries, for example, #$NorthernCalifornia or #$NorthernIreland, are instances of #$GeographicalRegion, but not of #$LandBody.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature  
direct generalization of: #$TrueContinent #$Island

A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance of #$TopographicalFeature is a three-dimensional feature of a planet's surface, typically with boundaries defined by formations of rock, dirt, water, etc., or by significant changes in elevation. Some important specializations of #$TopographicalFeature include #$Mountain, #$MountainRange, #$Peninsula, #$Harbor, #$Shoreline, and #$Arroyo. Note that collections of regions defined by the presence of human artifacts (e.g. #$CitySkyline) or ecological characteristics (e.g. #$Forest) are _not_ specializations of #$TopographicalFeature. Instances of #$TopographicalFeature include #$KyushuIsland-Japan, #$SaintThomas-Island, #$LakeErie, #$VictoriaFalls, and #$MalayPeninsula.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Place-NonAgent  #$OutdoorLocation  
direct generalization of: #$River #$LandTopographicalFeature #$BodyOfWater

A collection of geographical regions and a specialization of #$TopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$LandTopographicalFeature is a region of land distinguishable from surrounding regions by salient physical differences in surface texture, three-dimensional shape, or elevation. The collection includes features that are covered by snow or bodies of water. Specializations of #$LandTopographicalFeature include #$Mountain, #$Crater, and #$Continent. Instances include the #$ArabianPeninsula, #$MountZion, the #$SanAndreasFault, the #$GreatSmokyMountains, and the #$JavaTrench.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TopographicalFeature  
direct generalization of: #$Mountain #$Plain-Topographical #$MountainRange #$LandBody #$IslandOrIslandGroup #$Continent

A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance of #$OutdoorLocation is a region of outdoor space; i.e. a region that is directly subject to atmospheric weather. Thus, the collection #$OutdoorLocation does _not_ include as instances any instances of #$UnderwaterLocation (q.v.) or any places that are underground (see #$Underground). Specializations of #$OutdoorLocation include #$MountainRange, #$Stream, and #$Highway.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$GeographicalRegion  
direct generalization of: #$FixedTerrainGeologicalRegion #$Sunny #$Gusty #$Foggy #$Cloudy #$CompletelyCloudCovered #$PartiallyCloudCovered #$Cloudless #$Dock #$OutdoorRecreationArea #$HumanResidenceArea #$GroundsOfOrganization #$TopographicalFeature

A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$Mountain is a topographical region on the planet Earth of significantly higher elevation than its surrounding area. Mountains may occur individually or as part of a chain (see #$MountainRange). Instances of #$Mountain include #$MountWhitney, #$DiamondHead-Mountain, #$MountKosciusko, #$AyersRock, and #$MountOlympus.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature  

A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$MountainRange is a natural group of mountains. Instances of #$MountainRange include the #$RockyMountains, #$Andes-Mountains, and #$Alps-Mountains.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature  

A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Cliff is a very steep, vertical or overhanging face on a mass of rock, earth, or ice.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature  

A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Volcano is a mountain created by the outflow of lava. Elements of #$Volcano may or may not be active volcanoes. Examples: #$Vesuvius-Volcano, #$MountFuji-Volcano, #$Popocatepetl-Volcano, #$Krakatoa-Volcano, #$MaunaKea-Volcano, #$MountSaintHelens-Volcano.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Mountain  

A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Archipelago is a group of islands that form a geographical cluster. Examples: #$Ionia, #$InnerHebrides-Archipelago, #$SocietyIslands-FrenchPolynesia, #$ChannelIslands.
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direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IslandOrIslandGroup  

A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$IslandOrIslandGroup is either an island, a group of islands (such as an #$Archipelago), or an area that includes part but not all of an island (see #$IslandSubregion). Instances of #$IslandOrIslandGroup include groups of scattered islands that do not form a natural geographical area; the chief reason for including such groups is that they are geopolitical areas and/or were historically significant. Instances include #$FrenchPolynesia, #$Cyclades, #$OuterHebrides-Archipelago, and #$Grenadines-Islands.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature  
direct generalization of: #$Island

A specialization of both #$LandBody and #$IslandOrIslandGroup. Each instance of #$Island is a body of land surrounded by water. #$Islands are typically much smaller in area than (instances of the similarly-defined collection of) #$TrueContinents (q.v.), though it would be rather arbitrary to try to distinguish these types on the basis of size alone. (And note that #$ContinentOfAustralia, e.g., is both an #$IslandOrIslandGroup (q.v.) and a #$TrueContinent.) For groups of #$Islands that form a geographical cluster, see #$Archipelago.
guid: bd58bb39-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LandBody  #$IslandOrIslandGroup  

A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. The instances of #$Continent on the #$PlanetEarth are the six traditional main land masses on the surface of the earth (plus the two #$geographicalSubRegions of Eurasia, Europe and Asia). The current instances are: #$ContinentOfAfrica, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia, #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfEurasia, #$ContinentOfEurope, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica. Former instances of this collection include Pangaea and the two continents it broke up into, Gondwanaland and Laurasia (all of which are instances of #$TrueContinent (q.v.)).
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature  
direct generalization of: #$TrueContinent

The predicate #$terrainAttributes is used to describe the type of terrain in a particular geographical region. (#$terrainAttributes REGION ATTRIB) means that #$GeographicalRegion REGION has the #$TerrainAttribute ATTRIB. For example, the #$Matterhorn-Mount has #$terrainAttributes, #$RuggedTerrain.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$isa

A specialization of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each instance of #$TerrainAttribute is an attribute of the terrain in some geographic region or regions. Notable instances include #$Prairie, #$TropicalRainForest, and #$Tundra.
guid: 94ce795a-74ae-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of: #$Collection  

The predicate #$riverEndTopography is used to indicate the type of topographical feature found at the end of a particular river. (#$riverEndTopography RIVER TOPO-TYPE) means that the instance RIVER of #$River has at its ending point a topographic feature of the type TOPO-TYPE. Examples: the #$riverEndTopography of both the #$SaintLawrenceRiver and #$SeineRiver is an instance of #$Estuary; the #$NigerRiver, #$MekongRiver, and #$GangesRiver all have instances of #$Delta as their #$riverEndTopography; the #$AlleghenyRiver ends in another instance of #$River (viz., the #$OhioRiver.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$BodyOfWater is a natural or artificial body of water. Instances may belong to specializations as #$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater includes #$Reservoirs, #$Canals, and navigation channels that are developed and/or enlarged by humans. However, it does not include smaller purely-artificial bodies of water such as #$SwimmingPools or tanks of water. #$Glaciers and snowpacks are not included, but lakes and ponds that are sometimes liquid are included, even if they have an ice crust or are solidly frozen. Examples of #$BodyOfWater include #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea, #$BayOfBengal, and #$NiagaraFalls.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Water  #$TopAndBottomSidedObject  #$TopographicalFeature  
direct generalization of: #$River #$FreshWaterLake #$BodyOfWater-Large #$Lake #$Stream #$Canal #$InternationalWaters #$Harbor

A specialization of #$Stream. Each instance of #$River is a natural stream of water, normally of a large volume. Instances of #$River include the #$ColoradoRiverOfArizona, the #$AmazonRiver, the #$YangtzeRiver, and the #$ThamesRiver.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Stream  

A specialization of #$Water-Fresh, #$InanimateThing-Natural, and #$FlowPath. Each instance of #$Stream is a natural body of fresh water that flows when it is not frozen. A stream can either be a great river (see #$River) or a tiny creek (see #$Creek). Every non-frozen stream flows in (see #$in-ContOpen) some conduit (see #$FluidConduit) such as a streambed or riverbed. Notable instances of #$Stream incluide #$AmazonRiver, #$LittleMissouriRiver, #$WoundedKnee-Creek. Note that riverbanks are not streams nor are they parts of streams, but rather they mark the edges of streams.
guid: bd590774-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Water-Fresh  #$InanimateThing-Natural  #$BodyOfWater  #$FlowPath  #$EcologicalRegion  
direct generalization of: #$River

A specialization of both #$BodyOfWater-Large and #$SeaWater. Each instance of #$Sea is a body of salt water as large as (or larger than) a lake. Instances of #$Sea include #$PacificOcean, #$IonianSea, #$EastChinaSea, and #$BlackSea.
guid: bd58cc7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InanimateThing-Natural  #$BodyOfWater-Large  #$SeaWater  
direct generalization of: #$Ocean

A specialization of #$Sea. Each instance of #$Ocean is one of the oceans of the world. This includes #$TheOceanSea, the interconnected expanse of salt water covering 71% of the Earth's surface, and of which the other oceans are subregions. Examples: #$AtlanticOcean, #$ArcticOcean, #$IndianOcean, #$PacificOcean.
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direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of: #$Sea  

A specialization of #$BodyOfWater. Each instance of #$Lake is a land-locked body of water, typically but not necessarily of freshwater. Two important specializations are #$FreshWaterLake (instances of which are fresh-water lakes) and #$InlandSea (instances of which are salt-water lakes). Examples include #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe, #$CaspianSea, and #$DeadSea.
guid: bd58b822-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BodyOfWater  
direct generalization of: #$FreshWaterLake

A specialization of #$BodyOfWater. Each instance of #$FreshWaterLake is a freshwater land-locked body of water. Examples include #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, and #$LakeTahoe. Note that inland saltwater lakes, commonly referred to as `seas', belong to the collection #$InlandSea (q.v.), rather than to #$FreshWaterLake.
guid: c10e5cfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Water-Fresh  #$Lake  

A specialization of #$BodyOfWater-Large. Each instance of #$Gulf is a part of a sea extending into a land mass. Instances of #$Gulf include the #$SaronicGulf, #$GulfOfMexico, #$GulfOfArkangelsk, #$GulfOfCalifornia, and #$PersianGulf.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SeaWater  #$BodyOfWater-Large  

The collection of all canals, artificial waterways created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal).
guid: bd58f371-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BodyOfWater  #$FlowPath  

A #$SpatialPredicate that is used to indicate the tributaries of a given river. (#$tributaries RIVER TRIBUTARY) means that RIVER has TRIBUTARY as one of its tributaries. That is, TRIBUTARY is a #$Stream (q.v.) that flows into RIVER. For example, the #$MississippiRiver has the #$WisconsinRiver, #$OhioRiver, #$ArkansasRiver, #$RedRiverOfTexas, and others as tributaries. In cases where TRIBUTARY is itself a #$River, consider whether the more specialized predicate #$fedByConfluenceOfRivers (q.v.) is applicable.
guid: bd588db4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated

Geopolitical Entities

A specialization of #$AttributeValue. Each instance of #$SystemOfGovernment is a type of government that a country might have. Instances of #$SystemOfGovernment include #$DemocraticGovernment, #$Monarchy, #$SocialistGovernment, and #$MilitaryGovernment. See also the predicate #$governmentType.
guid: 5881c796-74b2-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of: #$Collection  

A specialization of #$Organization and of #$LegalAgent and of #$GeographicalAgent; instances of this collection control #$GeographicalRegions. Each instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity includes a governing body, but is more than just that governing body. Important subcollections include #$Country, #$IndependentCountry, #$State-Geopolitical, #$City, and #$Province. Instances include #$CityOfTokyoJapan, #$BronxNY-Borough, #$Alaska-State, #$Rwanda, #$Singapore, #$InnerMongolia, #$Somerset-CountyEngland, and #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. A central feature of this collection is that geopolitical-entities (indeed, all #$GeographicalAgents) are viewed in two significantly different ways with respect to two different types of geography-related microtheories. In a physical geography microtheory (i.e. #$PhysicalGeographyMt and its submicrotheories), geopolitical-entities are clearly distinguished from the regions they control. (#$TerritoryFn GEO-POL) is used in these contexts to denote the land mass (a #$GeopoliticalRegion) of a given geopolitical-entity GEO-POL. In a dualist geography microtheory (i.e. #$DualistGeopoliticalMt and its submicrotheories), on the other hand, geopolitical-entities are viewed as being _both_ agents _and_ land masses (i.e. #$GeographicalRegions). Thus, there is little need for #$TerritoryFn in the latter sort of context. (Despite their somewhat paradoxical flavor, dualist microtheories arguably allow Cyc to mimic commonsense reasoning about geopolitical entities and regions more closely than do the stricter physicalist microtheories.) There are also some generic geography microtheories (e.g. #$WorldGeographyMt and #$UnitedStatesGeographyMt) which are neutral with respect to the physical and dualist views. Also see the shared-note for this constant.
guid: bd58e5da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganizationByEntityType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LegalAgent  #$GeographicalAgent  #$Organization  
direct generalization of: #$ControlledLand #$CountrySubsidiary #$City #$County #$Emirate-Geopolitical #$Country

A specialization of #$CountrySubsidiary. Each instance of #$State-Geopolitical is a geopolitical entity whose government is at the very next administrative level down from the national level. In different countries, instances of #$State-Geopolitical may be called `regions', `states', `provinces', `prefectures', `departments', `parishes', or something else. In the U.S.A., instances are called `states'. See also #$Province.
guid: bd58e7a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalEntityByHierarchy
direct specialization of: #$CountrySubsidiary  
direct generalization of: #$State-UnitedStates

#$Emirate-Geopolitical is a specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$Emirate-Geopolitical is a geopolitical entity, or territories, each of which is ordinarily ruled by an #$Amir-HeadOfState or an Emir (Amir) who is not necessariy a #$HeadOfState of an #$IndependentCountry, but rules a subsidiary region. See especially the #$UnitedArabEmirates.
guid: be5c29ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of: #$GeopoliticalEntity  

A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$CountrySubsidiary is a political region that is a direct subsidiary of some country. This collection includes states, provinces, territories, and some special districts such as Washington, D.C.
guid: c0c0184c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$GeopoliticalEntity  
direct generalization of: #$State-Geopolitical

#$Territory is a specialization of #$ControlledLand. Each instance of #$Territory is a geopolitical region which is distinct from, but dependent on and controlled by, another geopolitical entity. Instances of #$Territory include #$PuertoRico, #$BritishAntarcticTerritory, and #$RyukyuIslandsTerritory.
guid: bd58a1dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ControlledLand  

A collection of geopolitical entities and a specialization of #$Country. Each instance of #$IndependentCountry is a distinct, independent geopolitical entity generally recognized by the international community. An independent country typically has a relatively stable government, enforced borders, its own currency, laws, and culture. Examples include #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, #$Germany, #$Liberia, #$Mongolia, #$India, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina, and #$Honduras.
guid: bd58e4e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType #$GeographicalEntityByHierarchy
direct specialization of: #$Country  

A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$ControlledLand is a geopolitical entity that is at least partially controlled by some other instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Furthermore, the instance of #$ControlledLand is not a geopolitical sub-division (see the predicate #$geopoliticalSubdivisions) of the power that controls it. Instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity include #$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet.
guid: bd58a21e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$GeopoliticalEntity  
direct generalization of: #$Territory

Politics And Government

An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$ReifiableFunction. Given an instance GEOPOL of #$GeopoliticalEntity as its single argument, #$GovernmentFn returns the instance of #$RegionalGovernment (q.v.) that governs GEOPOL. For instance, (#$GovernmentFn #$Belgium) is the government of Belgium.
guid: c10aef3d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MacroRelation #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

The predicate #$capitalCity is used to relate a geopolitical entity to its capital. (#$capitalCity GEO CITY) means that CITY is the capital city of the #$GeopoliticalEntity GEO. Examples: the #$capitalCity of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is the #$CityOfWashingtonDC; the #$capitalCity of #$AmericanSamoa is #$CityOfPagoPagoSamoa. Note: to relate an instance of #$State-Geopolitical to its capital, use the more specialized predicate #$capitalCityOfThisState.
guid: bd590b5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$PartPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$geopoliticalSubdivision

A specialization of #$City. Each instance of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is a city that is the capital of its surrounding region. This includes capitals of countries as well as capitals of subregions of countries, such as states, provinces, and counties. Examples include #$CityOfRomeItaly, #$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLhasaTibet, and #$CityOfColumbusOH. See also #$capitalCity and #$capitalCityOfThisState.
guid: bd58f295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of: #$City  
direct generalization of: #$StateCapital

An instance of #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg, and a specialization of #$Politician. Each instance of #$HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds a political position as the head of the government of some instance of #$Country. See the #$sharedNotes #$GovernmentLeaderNote for an explanation of the distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment and #$HeadOfState (q.v.).
guid: bd590143-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg #$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of: #$Politician  #$Leader  
direct generalization of: #$UnitedStatesPresident #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment

A collection of persons. Each instance of #$HeadOfState is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of #$HeadOfState: #$BillClinton, #$QueenElizabethII, Yasser Arafat, Hirohito, Jiang Zemin. See also the related constants #$titleOfPosition and #$HeadOfGovernment.
guid: bd58e773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg #$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of: #$Politician  #$Leader  
direct generalization of: #$UnitedStatesPresident #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState

A specialization of #$HeadOfGovernment. Each instance of #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister in some instance of #$Country.
guid: bd590186-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg #$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of: #$Minister-Governmental  #$HeadOfGovernment  

A collection of persons. Each instance of #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState is a person who holds the title of president of some #$Country, whether that title belongs to a position which is #$HeadOfState or #$HeadOfGovernment (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, #$BillClinton, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui.
guid: bd58e49e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg #$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of: #$PresidentOfOrganization  #$PersonWithOccupation  #$HeadOfState  
direct generalization of: #$UnitedStatesPresident

The distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment and #$HeadOfState is a subtle one. #$HeadOfGovernment is the collection of #$Leaders who actually run the government. #$HeadOfState is the collection of #$Leaders who are mainly ceremonial figures, fulfilling diplomatic roles such as hosting foreign dignitaries. For a given #$Country, these two roles may be filled by the same person, such as #$BillClinton for the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica in 1996, or by two separate individuals; for example, in 1996 the #$HeadOfState for #$GreatBritain-TheIsland would be #$QueenElizabethII, while the #$HeadOfGovernment would be John Major (#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment). Cyc constant names indicate which government role is associated with a particular title; e.g., #$Sultan-HeadOfGovernment vs. #$Sultan-HeadOfState.
guid: bd59a14c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SharedNote #$Individual

An instance of #$PersonTypeByActivity. Each instance of #$Politician is a person who is involved in politics. Specializations of #$Politician include #$HeadOfState, #$ElectoralCandidate, and #$HeadOfPoliticalParty.
guid: bd58e7b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByActivity
direct specialization of: #$HumanAdult  
direct generalization of: #$HeadOfGovernment #$HeadOfState

(#$politicalPartyMembers PARTY PERSON) means that PERSON is a registered member of PARTY. For example, (#$politicalPartyMembers #$DemocraticParty #$BillClinton) holds.
guid: bd58d50c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$hasMembers

The class of all political disputes, including serious political controversies and skirmishes between individuals, organizations or countries. Such a dispute involves some question of public policy, as opposed to purely personal or commercial issiues.
guid: bd58e019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PoliticalEvent  #$DisputeEvent  

Some Important Regions

The main body of salt water primarily in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five #$Continents (or three #$TrueContinents -- the Western coasts of Europe and Africa, Antarctica, and the Eastern coasts of North and South America).
guid: bd5901d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Ocean #$Entity #$Individual

An instance of #$Ocean. #$PacificOcean is the main body of salt water in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region, and it borders on five instances of #$Continent (the western coast of #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica and #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica, #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, and the eastern coast of #$ContinentOfAsia).
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direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Ocean #$Entity #$Individual

An instance of #$Ocean. The #$IndianOcean is an ocean in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region lying south of the #$ContinentOfAsia, east of the #$ContinentOfAfrica, and west of the #$ContinentOfAustralia.
guid: bd5887df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Ocean #$Entity #$Individual

A strategically important small sea between southern Europe, western Asia (the Levant), and northern Africa.
guid: bd58ecea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Sea #$Entity #$Individual

An instance of #$Continent. The #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica lies in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region. It is bounded on the west by the #$PacificOcean, on the east by the #$AtlanticOcean, and on the south by the #$CaribbeanSea, and on the north by the #$ArcticOcean. North America includes #$CentralAmerica as well as the #$WestIndies-Archipelago as #$geographicalSubRegions.
guid: bd58f882-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Continent #$Entity #$Individual

An instance of #$Continent. #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica is a continent in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region. It is bounded on the west by the #$PacificOcean, on the east by the #$AtlanticOcean, and on the north by the #$CaribbeanSea. It borders on #$CentralAmerica to its northwest, and its southernmost point is #$TierraDelFuego-TerritoryArgentina.
guid: bd59004b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Entity #$Continent #$Individual

An instance of #$Continent. Most of the #$ContinentOfAsia lies in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. #$ContinentOfAsia is bordered on the east by the #$PacificOcean (although some groups of islands in the Pacific -- for example, the chain of islands that make up #$Japan -- are also part of #$ContinentOfAsia), on the west by the #$ContinentOfEurope, and on the north by the #$ArcticOcean. The southern boundary of #$ContinentOfAsia includes the #$ArabianPeninsula.
guid: bd58ea12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Continent #$Entity #$Individual

An instance of #$Continent. #$ContinentOfEurope is the sixth largest continent. It is separated from the #$ContinentOfAsia to the east by the #$UralMountains.
guid: bd58dd74-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Continent #$Entity #$Individual

An instance of #$Continent. The #$ContinentOfAfrica is the second largest continent, located north and south of the #$Equator in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. Africa is connected to Asia by the narrow Isthmus of Suez; it includes #$Madagascar and other offshore islands.
guid: bd58ed27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Entity #$Continent #$Individual

Some Countries

Australia, the country that occupies the #$ContinentOfAustralia (and also #$TasmaniaIslandAustralia) dividing the eastern #$IndianOcean from the southwestern #$PacificOcean. In the #$DualistGeopoliticalMt, this constant includes both physical and political aspects of Australia.
guid: bd5894b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

An instance of #$IndependentCountry. #$Brazil is the largest country in South America, and is bounded on the northwest by #$Colombia; on the north by #$Venezuela, #$Guyana, #$Suriname, and #$FrenchGuiana; on the east by the #$AtlanticOcean; on the south by #$Uruguay; on the southwest by #$Argentina and #$Paraguay; and on the west by #$Bolivia and #$Peru.
guid: bd588f01-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

Egypt is an #$IndependentCountry in the northeast part of the #$ContinentOfAfrica; Egypt is east of #$Libya, north of the #$Sudan, south of the eastern #$MediterraneanSea, and west of the #$RedSea.
guid: bd589383-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (the United Kingdom, or UK), an independent country off the northwest coast of Europe consisting of #$England, #$Scotland, #$Wales, and #$NorthernIreland, and possessing all British colonies and other possessions. It technically excludes the #$IsleOfMan-Island and the #$ChannelIslands, which are realms of the British monarch.
guid: bd589184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

Germany, a medium-sized #$IndependentCountry in the north of the #$ContinentOfEurope. Germany throughout time, both political and (in a dualist microtheory) physical aspects.
guid: bd58f83c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

The nation of Switzerland as it has existed throughout time; includes both its physical and its political aspects.
guid: bd58d09b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$Individual

An instance of #$IndependentCountry. #$Belgium is a small country in northwestern Europe, bounded on the northwest by the #$NorthSea, on the north by the #$Netherlands, on the east by #$Germany, on the southeast by #$Luxembourg, and on the west by #$France.
guid: bd58df47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

The nation of France as it has existed throughout time; both political and physical aspects. Unlike other nations, France directly includes some overseas possessions.
guid: bd58fa10-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

Russia, the world's largest, sometimes independent #$Country, occupying most of the North, Center, and East of the #$ContinentOfAsia. This constant includes Russia throughout time, both political and (in dualist microtheories) physical aspects.
guid: bd5893c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$Individual

An instance of #$IndependentCountry. #$Portugal is a small country located on the #$IberianPeninsula, bounded on the east and north by #$Spain and on the west by the #$AtlanticOcean.
guid: bd590a03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

The country of Indonesia, which occupies 13500 islands. Includes both political and, in a dualist microtheory, physical aspects.
guid: bd58b2d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

An instance of #$IndependentCountry. #$India is a country in southern Asia whose territory constitutes most of the #$IndianSubcontinent (q.v.). #$India is bounded on the north by #$Bhutan, #$Tibet, and #$China-PeoplesRepublic, on the northwest by #$Pakistan, on the east by #$Burma, on the southeast by the #$BayOfBengal, and on the southwest by the #$ArabianSea.
guid: bd58fb5c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

Country near the eastern end of the Indian subcontinent, separated from #$Nepal by a narrow corridor of #$India, and sharing part of its border with #$Burma. Considered a part of India's territory during the period of British colonial rule.
guid: bd590173-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

Taiwan, governed as The Republic of China, is a country which claims to be the government of all of China. #$China-PeoplesRepublic also makes this claim. The government of #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina #$controls Taiwan Province on the #$Island of #$Formosa (or 'Taiwan') off the southeast coast of China in the far western #$PacificOcean, #$QuemoyIsland and #$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few kilometers off the coast, and Pratas Island in the #$SouthChinaSea. It claims several disputed islands in the #$SouthChinaSea. The territory controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina is between the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina and #$China-PeoplesRepublic are two separate independent countries each with its own territory, while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry of China, but two governments with separate regions of control.
guid: bd58a0bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

China, governed as the Peoples' Republic of China (PRC), is a country which claims to be the government of all of China. #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina (ROC) also makes this claim. #$China-PeoplesRepublic #$controls all of China except Taiwan Province on the #$Island of Formosa [#$Formosa-Island] (or 'Taiwan') and #$QuemoyIsland and #$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few kilometers off the coast. These territories are controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. #$Tibet is an #$AutonomousRegion which is a #$geopoliticalSubdivision of the PRC against its will. China borders on the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina and #$China-PeoplesRepublic are two separate independent countries each with their own territory, while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry of China, but two governments with separate regions of control.
guid: bd58a341-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

Japan (the Empire of Japan), a medium-sized #$IndependentCountry consisting of four islands off the east coast of the #$ContinentOfAsia, with several island possessions. This includes Japan as it has been throughout history, geographically and politically.
guid: bd5902a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

United States

The United States of America, a large independent country constisting of the territory, population, and infrastructure of the United States, considered as a whole, i.e., an instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity. The nation is mostly in the #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica south and west of #$Canada and north of #$Mexico. It was founded in 1776 by emigrants from Europe.
guid: bd58a42a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$Individual

A collection of government organizations. An instance of #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization is an instance of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization which is part of the #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. This collection includes the US military, Federal courts, US Congress, US territorial governments, Federal departments and independent agencies, and the city of Washington DC. It does _not_ include US states, interstate compacts, and cities (other than Washington DC).
guid: c1005ad7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LegalGovernmentOrganization  

#$State-UnitedStates is a specialization of #$State-Geopolitical. Each instance of #$State-UnitedStates is one of the states of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica; i.e., #$Alabama-State, #$Alaska-State, #$Arizona-State, #$Arkansas-State, etc.
guid: bd588a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of: #$State-Geopolitical  

A specialization of #$CapitalCityOfRegion. An instance of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is an instance of #$StateCapital just in case it is the capital city of some instance of #$State-Geopolitical (q.v.). Instances of #$StateCapital include the capital cities of instances of #$State-UnitedStates, as well as the capital cities of instances of other specializations of #$State-Geopolitical, such as #$Prefecture and #$Province.
guid: bd58b7be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
direct specialization of: #$CapitalCityOfRegion