Biology

The collection of all structures that are composed of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological living objects (or BLO s) might either be instances of #$Organism-Whole (like dogs or pine trees) or components of such whole living organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The healthy leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person), but an amputated leg is not a BLO. Every instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject is either capable of biological reproduction itself or has components which are capable of biological reproduction (such as the cells in a living arm).
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direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$OrganicStuff  #$ComplexPhysicalObject  #$NaturalTangibleStuff  
direct generalization of: #$Cell #$Organism-Whole #$AnimalBLO #$PlantBLO #$Embryo #$OrganismPart

A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$Organism-Whole is a biological living object (BLO) that is a whole, and not part of some other BLO. Most instances of #$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing while physically separate from other organisms (with allowances for eating and mating). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered to be instances of #$Organism-Whole include instances of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and colony organisms, like those in slime molds or the instances of #$PortugueseManOfWar.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject  
direct generalization of: #$Animal #$MulticellularOrganism #$AquaticOrganism #$TerrestrialOrganism #$Plant #$Carnivore #$MoneraKingdom #$Heterotroph #$Autotroph #$Microorganism #$EukaryoticOrganism

A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismClassificationType is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole (q.v.), where membership in that sub-collection is determined by satisfaction of some set of classificatory criteria accepted by some scientific community. The scientific types in #$OrganismClassificationType may or may not correspond to naive categories of organisms, and, in addition, although they are scientific, they might not be officially accepted biological taxons at the standard taxonomic levels. (#$Invertebrate is an example.) Compare #$BiologicalTaxonType. Note that #$OrganismClassificationType is _not_ an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType, since there are scientific classifications along different dimensions. Many specializations of #$OrganismClassificationType are, however, instances of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$ConventionalClassificationType  #$ExistingObjectType  
direct generalization of: #$OrganismTypeByComplexity #$BiologicalTaxon

A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat is a collection of organisms (i.e., a specialization of #$Organism-Whole) all of whom share the same sort of habitat. Instances of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat include #$AquaticOrganism and #$TerrestrialOrganism.
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direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$ExistingObjectType  

An instance of #$CollectionTypeType and a specialization of #$DisjointCollectionType (q.v.). Each instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType is a specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon (q.v.). Notable instances of #$BiologicalTaxonType include #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalClass, and #$BiologicalFamily.
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direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection #$DisjointCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$DisjointCollectionType  #$SecondOrderCollection  

A collection of collections and a specialization of #$OrganismClassificationType (q.v.). Instances of #$BiologicalTaxon correspond to ranked categories accepted by biologists for the classification of organisms according to their suspected evolutionary relationships. Such categories change as biologists learn more about the organisms involved and determine that existing classifications are more or less useful. They include all levels of taxons. Specializations of #$BiologicalTaxon include #$BiologicalOrder and #$BiologicalSpecies; instances include #$Marsupial and #$Person. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$OrganismClassificationType  
direct generalization of: #$BiologicalOrder #$BiologicalGenus #$BiologicalSuborder #$BiologicalFamily #$BiologicalSubfamily #$BiologicalSpecies #$BiologicalSubclass #$BiologicalSubspecies #$BiologicalClass #$BiologicalDivision #$BiologicalKingdom #$BiologicalPhylum #$BiologicalSubkingdom #$BiologicalSubphylum

A collection of collections. Each instance of #$BiologicalKingdom is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole whose instances all belong to one of the highest, most general taxonomic divisions of organisms. Notable instances of #$BiologicalKingdom include #$Animal, #$Plant, #$ProtistaKingdom, and #$MoneraKingdom.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon. Each instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom is an immediate taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom (q.v.). Instances of #$BiologicalSubkingdom include #$Protozoan, #$EmbryophyteSubkingdom, and #$AlgaeSubkingdom.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom if present) for the #$Animal kingdom and for the animal-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. The other elements of #$BiologicalKingdom have divisions belonging to #$BiologicalDivision instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural of Phylum).
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon. Each instance of #$BiologicalDivision is a main taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom) for the members of the #$MoneraKingdom (i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. In the #$Animal Kingdom, however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are instances of #$BiologicalPhylum (q.v.), rather than #$BiologicalDivision.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly under #$BiologicalPhylum (for animals and for the animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom), or #$BiologicalDivision (for the plants and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom).
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more general than #$BiologicalOrder.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions (see #$BiologicalTaxon) defined below #$BiologicalClass (or #$BiologicalSubclass) and above #$BiologicalFamily.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder (or #$BiologicalSuborder) and above #$BiologicalGenus. Especially important in Botanical classification.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions (see #$BiologicalTaxon) created below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalSpecies. Sometimes, hybrids are possible between different instances of #$BiologicalSpecies that belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

An instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType. Each instance of #$BiologicalSpecies is the most general taxon from which two breeding organisms of appropriate genders can conceivably produce fertile offspring, or, in the case of asexual reproduction, is conventionally defined. Members of different species of animals cannot produce fertile offspring by interbreeding. If there are only two breeds of a given species and one breed becomes extinct, the second breed by virtue of that fact becomes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies -- since the only organisms instances can breed with to produce fertile offspring are, at that point, members of that collection. An instance of #$BiologicalSpecies has members who all have significant traits in common, and members of each biological species have other members as parents. Exceptions occur when a species is conventionally defined to start since parenthood could conceivably be traced back billions of years, yet new species came into existance. In biological taxonomy, related species are grouped into a particular instance of #$BiologicalGenus. Some genera have only a single species, but they remain different taxons.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon whose instances are more restrictive than those of #$BiologicalSpecies. Each instance of #$BiologicalSubspecies is a specialization of some instance of #$BiologicalSpecies. Members of different subspecies of the same species can produce fertile offspring by interbreeding; but such offspring are not members of either of the parental subspecies, although they are members of the common species. All instances of a given biological subspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common that are not shared by all other members of the subsuming species. A #$BiologicalSubspecies is formed by inbreeding of a restricted group of members of the same species. This can happen naturally through geographic isolation or intentionally through controlled reproduction to create, for example, dog breeds or crop strains.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxonType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalTaxon  

A specialization of #$genls used to relate instances of #$BiologicalTaxon. (#$superTaxons TAXON SUPERTAXON) means that SUPERTAXON is above the more specific TAXON in the biological taxon hierarchy; i.e. the later taxon is more general and inclusive than the former. Every instance of TAXON must therefore also be an instance of SUPERTAXON. For example, (#$superTaxons #$DomesticCat #$FelisGenus) holds. See also #$taxonMembers.
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direct instance of: #$OpenCycDefinitionalPredicate #$DefinitionalPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$genls

The predicate #$taxonMembers is used to relate taxonomic groups to the types of organism that belong to those groups. (#$taxonMembers TAXON ORGTYPE) means that the #$BiologicalTaxon TAXON includes the #$OrganismClassificationType ORGTYPE. ORGTYPE may or may not be a scientific category; nonetheless, all members are classified under the scientific taxon TAXON. If ORGTYPE is also an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon, use the more specific (#$superTaxons ORGTYPE TAXON). Example: (#$taxonMembers #$Mammal #$FemalePerson). Organism types may be related to more than one taxon, so long as they are at diffent levels (e.g. #$BiologicalClass and #$BiologicalOrder).
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direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate

(#$memberOfSpecies ORG SPECIES) means that the organism ORG is a member of the #$BiologicalSpecies SPECIES.
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direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot
direct specialization of: #$isa

Organism By Taxonomic Kingdom

#$Plant is the collection of all plants; it is a member of the #$BiologicalKingdom and contains the primary subjects of #$Biology. Plants are typically stationary, living, whole organisms; the cells of plants generally lack cholesterol and have cell walls that include substances of #$Cellulose. Most, though not all, plants are capable of making sugars by #$Photosynthesis-Plant processes and have green parts. Some example subsets of #$Plant are the collections #$RoseBush, #$SpruceTree, and #$Moss.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticOrganism  #$VegetableMatter  #$PlantBLO  #$TopAndBottomSidedObject  
direct generalization of: #$CropPlant #$Plant-Woody #$Plant-NonWoody #$FloweringPlant

An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom, and a specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Instances of #$Animal are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are instances of #$Heterotroph (q.v.), and thus incapable of performing instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a specialization of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$PerceptualAgent  #$SolidTangibleThing  #$AnimalBLO  #$Heterotroph  #$EukaryoticOrganism  
direct generalization of: #$HumanOccupationConstructResident #$MedicalPatient #$OviparousAnimal #$Poikilotherm #$Invertebrate #$ChordataPhylum #$NonPersonAnimal #$AdultAnimal #$FemaleAnimal #$MaleAnimal #$MigratoryAnimal #$Vertebrate #$Herbivore #$Arthropod #$JuvenileAnimal #$ViviparousAnimal #$Homeotherm #$Person

A specialization of both #$EukaryoticOrganism and #$Heterotroph, and an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom. Instances of #$Fungus are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that are typically not capable of movement. The cell walls of instances of #$Fungus are structurally similar to the cell walls of #$Plants, but the former are composed mostly of chitin, while the latter are composed mostly of cellulose (see the collections #$Chitin and #$Cellulose). Instances of #$Fungus reproduce by means of spores, which are usually disseminated by the wind. Some types of #$Fungus are parasites (see the collection #$ParasiticOrganism), some are saprophytic (see the collection #$Saprophyte), and some have symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Notable specializations of #$Fungus include #$Mushroom, #$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$Heterotroph  #$EukaryoticOrganism  

A specialization of both #$Microorganism and #$Cell. Each instance of #$SingleCellOrganism is an organism composed of a single self-reproducing living cell. Notable specializations of #$SingleCellOrganism include #$Protozoan, #$ProkaryoticCell, and #$Algae-LikeProtist.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByComplexity
direct specialization of: #$Cell  #$Microorganism  
direct generalization of: #$ProkaryoticCell #$Protozoan

A specialization of #$SingleCellOrganism. Each instance of #$ProkaryoticCell is a single-celled organism that lacks both a nucleus and mitochondria. Notable specializations of #$ProkaryoticCell include #$Bacterium, #$MoneraKingdom, and #$BlueGreenAlgae.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$SingleCellOrganism  
direct generalization of: #$MoneraKingdom

The collection of bacteria; a subset of #$SingleCellOrganism. Each element of #$Bacterium is also an element of #$ProkaryoticCell and of #$Heterotroph. Bacteria are typically incapable of processes of #$Photosynthesis-Bacterial. The class #$Bacterium, also called the Schizomycophyta, is one of the divisions of the #$MoneraKingdom. Many bacteria cause diseases that are instances of #$BacterialInfection in both plants and animals, but some are beneficial or even necessary for life. Compare with the #$BlueGreenAlgae.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of: #$MoneraKingdom  

The collection of (mostly dark blue-green in bulk) aquatic organisms called Blue-green Algae or sometimes Cyanobacteria. The elements of #$BlueGreenAlgae are also elements of #$Autotroph and of #$ProkaryoticCell, and they carry out processes of #$Photosynthesis-Bacterial. The class of #$BlueGreenAlgae, also called Cyanophyta, is one of the #$BiologicalDivisions of the #$MoneraKingdom. (Compare with #$Bacterium.)
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of: #$MoneraKingdom  

An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom, and a specialization of both #$Organism-Whole and #$ProkaryoticCell. Each instance of #$MoneraKingdom is a one-celled prokaryotic organism (so each instance lacks a nuclear membrane, as well as other internal organelles). Specializations of #$MoneraKingdom include #$Bacterium, #$PseudomonasMallei, and #$EscherichiaColi.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$ProkaryoticCell  

An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom and a specialization of #$EukaryoticOrganism. Each instance of #$ProtistaKingdom is a eukaryotic organism that is _not_ a plant, animal, or fungus. All unicellular eukaryotic organisms are instances of #$ProtistaKingdom, although not all instances of #$ProtistaKingdom are unicellular organisms. Notable specializations of #$ProtistaKingdom include #$Protozoan, #$SlimeMold, and #$Algae-LikeProtist.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalKingdom
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticOrganism  
direct generalization of: #$Protozoan

The collection of protozoa; a subcollection of #$SingleCellOrganism. Instances of #$Protozoan are also instances of #$EukaryoticCell. Subcollections include #$Amoeba and many others. Protozoa lack cell walls made of cellulose. Many protozoa are motile, using pseudopoda, cilia, or flagella to move. Some cause diseases in larger organisms. The class #$Protozoan is an instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom in many classification systems, sometimes placed under the #$ProtistaKingdom.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubkingdom
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  #$SingleCellOrganism  #$ProtistaKingdom  

The collection of protists (organisms classed in the #$ProtistaKingdom) that are said to be algae-like, such as golden algae or diatoms.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubkingdom
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  #$SingleCellOrganism  #$ProtistaKingdom  

The collection of slime molds, peculiar creatures that exist in multiple phases, sometimes as scattered cells, sometimes as macroscopic colony-creatures able to move slowly, with vaguely fungal mechanisms. The class of slime molds is treated in many classification systems as an instance of #$BiologicalDivision, called Myxomycota, under the #$ProtistaKingdom. See also #$TrueSlimeMold and #$CellularSlimeMold.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalDivision
direct specialization of: #$EukaryoticCell  #$SingleCellOrganism  #$ProtistaKingdom  

A specialization of #$Microorganism. Each instance of #$Virus consists mainly of a capsid (capsule chamber) containing viral DNA or RNA. Viruses have no cells, but reproduce by inserting into living cells the viral DNA or RNA, which then uses cellular mechanisms to create new viruses. Viruses cause many diseases in all other types of organisms; some can even infect instances of #$Bacterium. Note that #$Virus excludes prions, bacteria, rickettsia, and protists.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Microorganism  

Organism By Habitat

A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each specialization of #$AquaticOrganism is a type of organism adapted to life underwater, whose instances spend all or most of their time immersed in water. A notable specialization of #$AquaticOrganism is #$Fish.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByHabitat
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  
direct generalization of: #$Fish

A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$TerrestrialOrganism is an organism adapted to life on land, out of water. Instances of #$TerrestrialOrganism spend all or most of their time out of the water, either on the land surface or under it. Specializations of #$TerrestrialOrganism include #$Dog, #$Bird, and #$Person.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismTypeByHabitat
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  
direct generalization of: #$CanineAnimal #$FelidaeFamily #$Plant-Woody #$Primate #$Bird

Organism By Source Of Nutrients

A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$Heterotroph is an organism incapable of manufacturing organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials. All instances of #$Animal are instances of #$Heterotroph, since animals must eat other living things, or parts of living things, in order to get the nutrients they need to live. Other specializations of #$Heterotroph include #$ParasiticOrganism and #$Fungus. Cf. #$Autotroph.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  
direct generalization of: #$Fungus #$Animal #$Omnivore

A specialization of #$Heterotroph (q.v.) and an instance of #$OrganismClassificationType. Instances of #$Omnivore are those animals whose natural diets consist of both plants (or plant parts or plant-derived products) and animals (or animal parts or animal-derived products). Thus a human vegetarian is still omnivorous, since meat is part of our natural diet. Specializations of this collection include #$Pig, #$Bear, and #$Person. See also #$Herbivore and #$Carnivore.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Heterotroph  
direct generalization of: #$Person

A specialization of #$Animal. An animal is an instance of #$Herbivore just in case it is an animal whose natural diet consists exclusively of plants or plant parts. (Thus a horse that was forced or conditioned by humans to eat meat would still be a herbivore, since meat is not part of its natural diet.) Notable specializations of #$Herbivore include the collections #$Ruminant and #$EquineAnimal.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$HerdAnimal

A #$Collection of organisms classified by their typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food using #$Chlorophyll.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  
direct generalization of: #$CanineAnimal #$CarnivoreOrder

The collection of heterotrophic plants, fungi, or bacteria that live and feed on dead organic matter.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Heterotroph  

The collection of organisms capable of manufacturing organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials. Photosynthetic plants fall into this category, as do certain bacteria. See #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Cf. #$Heterotroph.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Organism-Whole  

Animal By Taxonomic Phylum With Samples

An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the #$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains the many chordate taxa. All chordate taxa have members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers all the specializations of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalPhylum
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$Vertebrate

A #$BiologicalPhylum and a specialization of #$Invertebrate. Each instance of #$Arthropod is a member of a species whose members are typically chitin-armored invertebrates with jointed bodies and limbs. Specializations include #$Insect, #$Crustacean, and #$Arachnid.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalPhylum
direct specialization of: #$Invertebrate  
direct generalization of: #$Insect

An instance of #$BiologicalTaxon within the #$BiologicalPhylum #$ChordataPhylum. Each instance of #$Vertebrate is an animal that has a backbone or spine made of bony or cartilaginous vertebrae, which may be separate or fused. Notable specializations of #$Vertebrate include #$Mammal, #$Reptile, #$Bird, and #$Fish.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalSubphylum
direct specialization of: #$ChordataPhylum  #$HexalateralObject  
direct generalization of: #$Reptile #$Amphibian #$Mammal #$Bird #$AirBreathingVertebrate #$Fish

A specialization of #$Poikilotherm. Each instance of #$Invertebrate is an animal that lacks a backbone. #$Invertebrate includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts, worms (in a large variety of worm phyla), and many others. Note: Although #$Invertebrate is a scientific category, it is not a standard taxon in the biological taxonomy, hence it is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$WildAnimal  #$Poikilotherm  #$FrontAndBackSidedObject  
direct generalization of: #$Arthropod

An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Arthropod. Each instance of #$Insect is an arthropod whose body is segmented into thirds, with three pairs of legs, a pair of antennae, and sometimes two pairs of wings. Specializations of #$Insect include #$Bee, #$Ant, and #$Butterfly.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$Vermin  #$Arthropod  

Vertebrates By Taxonomic Class

An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Fish is a cold-blooded animal (see the collection #$Poikilotherm) with gills and fins. Each instance of #$Fish spends all or almost all of its life under water. Note that the collection #$Fish excludes fish-shaped examples of #$Mammal, such as porpoises and whales. Specializations of #$Fish include the collections #$Salmon, #$Catfish, and #$Tuna.
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direct instance of: #$ProductType #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  #$Poikilotherm  #$Vertebrate  #$AquaticOrganism  

An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded, winged animal covered with feathers. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism  #$AirBreathingVertebrate  #$OviparousAnimal  #$Homeotherm  
direct generalization of: #$Waterfowl #$Penguin #$FlightlessBird

An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a sub-taxon of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Mammal is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal which, if female, nurses its young with milk secreted by mammary glands. The skin of instances of #$Mammal is typically covered with hair (or sometimes hair modified into scales or plates, as in pangolins), but some types are almost hairless. All mammals other than the Monotremes of Australia bear live young rather than laying eggs, and have teats, which on females are used for nursing the young. Monotremes do not have teats, but both male and female produce milk from mammary glands.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$HumanScaleObject  #$AirBreathingVertebrate  #$Homeotherm  
direct generalization of: #$CarnivoreOrder #$Eutheria

An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Reptile is an air-breathing, cold-blooded vertebrate with a body covered by scales or bony plates. Notable specializations of #$Reptile include #$Snake, #$Lizard, and #$Turtle. Most species of #$Reptile are oviparous (see #$OviparousAnimal), but some are viviparous (see #$ViviparousAnimal).
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$AirBreathingVertebrate  #$Poikilotherm  

A specialization of #$Poikilotherm and #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Amphibian isa a cold-blodded and smooth-skinned vertebrate that hatches from an egg to form an aquatic larva (see #$Larva), which then metamorphoses into an air-breathing adult (see #$AirBreathingVertebrate). Important subcollections include #$Frog and #$Salamander.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalClass
direct specialization of: #$Vertebrate  #$Poikilotherm  

Some Sample Kinds Of Mammal

An instance of #$BiologicalOrder, and a sub-taxon of #$Eutheria. Each instance of #$Primate has a relatively large brain case, an unfused radius and ulna in the forelimbs, an unfused tibia and fibula in the hind limbs, and opposable thumbs. Notable specializations of #$Primate include #$Person, #$Orangutan, #$Gorilla, and #$Baboon.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalOrder
direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism  #$Eutheria  
direct generalization of: #$Person #$HominidaeFamily

The collection of all human beings. Something is an instance of #$Person just in case it is a member of the species Homo Sapiens, and thus #$Person is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies in the #$BiologyMt. Persons are the most intelligent kind of #$Primate, and the only kind known to be naturally capable of speaking a language. #$Person excludes non-human legal persons, who are, however, included in the collection #$LegalAgent.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$ViviparousAnimal  #$Omnivore  #$LegalAgent  #$HumanOccupationConstructResident  #$HomoGenus  
direct generalization of: #$Artist #$UnemployedPerson #$PersonWithOccupation #$Philosopher #$Student #$ComputerProgrammer #$Athlete #$HumanChild #$FemalePerson #$MalePerson #$Leader #$HumanAdult

A specialization of #$CarnivoreOrder. Each instance of #$CanineAnimal is a member of a dog-like species belonging to the #$CarnivoreOrder. The collection #$CanineAnimal includes the specializations #$Dog, #$Wolf, and #$Fox (qq.v.). Canine animals constitute an instance of #$BiologicalFamily, the Canidae.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalFamily
direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism  #$CarnivoreOrder  
direct generalization of: #$Dog

A #$BiologicalSpecies (scientific name `Canis familiaris') that is a specialization of #$CanineAnimal (q.v.). Each instance of #$Dog is a canine animal that has either been bred to be a domestic pet (see #$DomesticatedAnimal) or is a wild canine animal that is not an instance of #$Wolf, #$Fox, or any other non-dog specialization of #$CanineAnimal. (Thus #$Dog includes Australian dingos, e.g.)
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$CanineAnimal  #$DomesticatedAnimal  

The collection of all wolves; a subset of #$CanineAnimal. By default, members of #$Wolf are elements of #$WildAnimal. Wolves are not included in the collection #$Dog. The collection #$Wolf does not correspond to any biological taxon. Note that members of the collection #$Wolf-Red are included in this collection as well as members of the collection #$Wolf-Gray.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$CanineAnimal  

The collection of all whales, including most types of cetacean. #$Whale is a subset of #$Mammal, including the largest mammals on Earth.
guid: bd58dc2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Individual  

A collection of animals including horses and species closely related to horses. Subsets of #$EquineAnimal include #$Horse, #$Donkey, #$Zebra, #$Mule, among others.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$TerrestrialOrganism  #$MountableTransporter  #$Herbivore  #$NonPersonAnimal  #$Eutheria  

The collection of all horses, of all breeds; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. Horses may be domesticated (for riding, draught, racing or breeding) or wild; see #$DomesticatedAnimal, #$WildAnimal. #$Horse constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies (called Equus caballus). Horses can interbreed with donkeys to produce a nonfertile mule or a jenny (see #$Donkey, #$Mule).
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$HerdAnimal  

The collection of all zebras; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. These black-and-white striped relatives of horses are native to the #$ContinentOfAfrica. Zebras are almost impossible to tame, therefore by default they are elements of #$WildAnimal, although a few have been successfully domesticated and harnessed.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$HerdAnimal  

The collection of all donkeys; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. Also called burros, donkeys are slightly smaller than most horses. Elements of #$Donkey may belong to either of the collections #$DomesticatedAnimal or #$WildAnimal. Domesticated donkeys are used for draught and riding. Donkeys can interbreed with horses to produce a nonfertile mule or a jenny (see #$Horse, #$Mule).
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$Individual  

The collection of all mules; a subset of #$EquineAnimal. Elements of #$Mule are the infertile hybrid offspring of a horse father and a donkey mother. Mules are presumed to be elements of #$DomesticatedAnimal, used for draught or riding. (An offspring of a donkey father and horse mother is called a jenny, and is recognizably distinct from the larger mule.) See also #$Horse, #$Donkey.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$DomesticatedAnimal  

The collection of all duck-billed platypi; a subset of #$Mammal. Elements of #$Platypus are Australian monotreme mammals, the females of which order lay eggs and lactate over a broad chest area rather than through teats. They have broad leathery bills and webbed feet. They swim in streams and rivers and live in burrows. #$Platypus constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies (also called Ornithorhynchus anatinus).
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$NonPersonAnimal  

Some Sample Kinds Of Reptile

The collection of all turtles; a subset of #$Reptile. Elements of #$Turtle are toothless reptiles with hard or else leathery enclosing shells. Turtles may live on land or in fresh or salt water. #$Turtle constitutes an instance of #$BiologicalOrder (also called Testudinata), which is of the #$BiologicalClass #$Reptile.
guid: bd58f8c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  

The collection of all snakes; a subset of #$Reptile. Each element of #$Snake is a limbless, scaly, vermiform reptile with a long, narrow, tapering, mostly smooth body. Snakes in many species have poisonous and sometimes fatal bites. Snakes live on land, in trees, in fresh water, and in the sea (sea snakes). #$Snake constitutes a biological suborder (also called Serpentes or Ophidia).
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  

The collection of all lizards; a subset of #$Reptile. Each element of #$Lizard is a toothed reptile with a tail and (with some exceptions) limbs, external ears, eyes with movable lids, and without enclosing shells. Reptiles range in size from less than an inch long to that of the large #$KomodoDragon. The collection #$Lizard constitutes a biological suborder (also called Sauria or Lacertilia). Colloquially, `lizard' may denote a crocodile, but compare #$Crocodilian.
guid: bd58f0af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSuborder
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  

The collection of all alligators, crocodiles, caimans and gavials; a subset of #$Reptile. Each element of #$Crocodilian is a lizard-like aquatic or semi-aquatic reptile. (#$Crocodilian is not, however, a subset of #$Lizard.) Crocodilians are amphibious, carnivorous animals with many big sharp teeth and powerful bites.
guid: bd58dfcb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalOrder
direct specialization of: #$Reptile  

The collection of all crocodiles. These so-called True Crocodiles are distinct from alligators. The collection #$Crocodile constitutes a biological suborder of the #$Crocodilians. Cf. #$Alligator.
guid: bd58cbb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSuborder
direct specialization of: #$Individual  

The collection of all alligators; a subset of #$Crocodilian. #$Alligator includes all the American Alligators and South American Caimans; it does NOT include crocodiles proper. The collection #$Alligator constitutes a biological suborder of the #$Crocodilians. Cf. #$Crocodile.
guid: bd58c77d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Individual  

Some Sample Kinds Of Bird

The collection of all common pigeons (which does not include doves).
guid: bd58c5ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalFamily
direct specialization of: #$Bird  

The collection of all domesticated farm birds bred and kept for meat or eggs. The collection #$Poultry includes members of its subsets #$Chicken, #$Turkey, #$Duck, #$Goose-Bird, etc.
guid: bd58c9d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  #$Bird  

The collection of all chickens (which excludes guinea fowl).
guid: bd59020d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$Bird  

The collection of all eagles.
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direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Individual  

The collection of all vultures.
guid: bd58c56b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrganismClassificationType
direct specialization of: #$Bird  

The collection of all ostriches.
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direct instance of: #$BiologicalSpecies
direct specialization of: #$FlightlessBird  

The collection of all parrots.
guid: bd6640c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Bird  

Some Sample Kinds Of Amphibian

The collection of all frogs (which excludes toads).
guid: bd58dc4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BiologicalTaxon
direct specialization of: #$Amphibian  

Animal By Stage Of Development

The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms, including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word 'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes, blastulas, the set of cells derived from the embryo after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus + #$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc.
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direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$BiologicalLivingObject  

An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. When applied to an instance LIFETYPE of #$OrganismClassificationType (q.v.), #$EmbryoFn returns the collection of organisms which are embryonic instances of LIFETYPE. For instance, (#$EmbryoFn #$Dog) is the collection of all embryonic instances of #$Dog.
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direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

An instance of #$LifeStageType, and a specialization of #$Animal. #$JuvenileAnimal is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown nor fully mature.
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direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByMaturity #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$Animal  

#$JuvenileFn is a Cyc function, and in particular a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$JuvenileFn ORGCLASSTYPE) represents that subcollection of #$JuvenileAnimal whose instances are the juveniles of the group of animals denoted by ORGCLASSTYPE. E.g., (#$JuvenileFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all fawns. Certain kinds of organisms have no juveniles (e.g., the members of #$Amoeba).
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direct instance of: #$MacroRelation #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual

A specialization of #$Animal. The collection of all adult animals (including adult humans): animals that are at least mature enough to bear offspring. Cf. #$JuvenileAnimal.
guid: c1006731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByMaturity
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$HumanAdult

A collection of stages in the lives of individual organisms; a subset of #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment. Each element of #$Pupa is a stage during which a metamorphic insect such as a butterfly changes its form from the larval to the adult stage.
guid: c10081af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$Insect  

The stage of a metamorphic insect immediately after hatching, during which it is wingless and often wormlike.
guid: c10081bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$Arthropod  

A collection of stages in the lives of individual organisms; a subset of #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment. Each element of #$Imago is a metamorphic insect during its adult stage.
guid: c10081da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LifeStageType
direct specialization of: #$Insect  #$AdultAnimal  

Animal By Sex

An instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$FemaleFn ORGTYPE) returns the subcollection of the animal taxonomic collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the females of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$FemaleFn #$Person) and #$FemalePerson denote the same collection, while (#$FemaleFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all female members of #$Deer.
guid: c10c17fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual

#$MaleFn is a Cyc function, in particular, an instance of #$CollectionDenotingFunction. (#$MaleFn ORGTYPE) returns that subcollection of the animal taxonomic collection ORGTYPE which includes all and only the males of ORGTYPE. For example, (#$MaleFn #$Person) and #$MalePerson denote the same collection, while (#$MaleFn #$Deer) denotes the collection of all bucks.
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direct instance of: #$UnaryIntersectionFunction #$Individual

(#$hasGender ORGANISM SEX) means that the sex of ORGANISM is SEX.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate
direct specialization of: #$isa

The collection of genders that organisms can have.
guid: 636cd08e-74b1-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
direct specialization of: #$Collection  

#$Masculine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is male, or that a word has what is called masculine gender.
guid: f69aca66-74b9-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$Collection
direct specialization of:
direct generalization of: #$MalePerson #$MaleAnimal

#$Feminine is a gender, indicating either that an #$Animal or #$Plant is female, or that a word has what is called feminine gender.
guid: 22ac5432-74bd-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$Collection
direct specialization of:
direct generalization of: #$FemalePerson #$AdultFemalePerson #$FemaleAnimal

The collection of all male animals.
guid: bd58e943-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByGender
direct specialization of: #$Animal  
direct generalization of: #$MalePerson

The collection of all female animals.
guid: bd5890f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalTypeByGender
direct specialization of: #$Animal