$Id: ExportOwl.java,v 1.23 2003/03/31 13:46:57 stephenreed Exp $ Open Cyc Ontology guid Permanent Global Unique ID for the associated concept. abandoning events The collection of events in which some #$Agent deliberately gives up possession of something, without giving it to another. bd67b7de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abbreviation (type of thing) A shortened version of a written word or phrase. An #$Acronym is a specific type of abbreviation. c063daf2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abhorrence Extreme repugnance felt towards a person or thing, typically resulting in strenuous efforts to avoid it. bd58b24d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ablations A collection of events. In an #$Ablation, a (usually relatively thin) layer of material is removed from the surface of an object. bd58b6b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 above-ground levels #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction is a specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction. Each instance of #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction is at or above ground level. See also #$BasementLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction. bd588bb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abrading events A collection of events. In an #$AbradingSomething event, the surface of some object is gradually worn away by scraping or similar physical contact involving friction. Devices used in elements of #$AbradingSomething include files and sand paper; elements of #$AbradingSomething would include the event in which Howard Hughes sanded down the Spruce Goose for the last time, the event in which Lucy Ricardo filed her fingernails just before her singing debut at Rickie's club, etc. bd5899e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 AIS A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$AbstractInformationStructure is an abstract individual comprising abstract symbols and relations between them. Important specializations of this collection include #$CharacterString and #$Sentence. #$AbstractInformationStructure also includes abstract diagrams, graphs, and bit strings. The collection can be more precisely defined as follows: Each #$AbstractInformationStructure is such that each of its physical instantiations (see #$instantiationOfAIS) consists of instantiations of instances of #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, arranged in a certain way. For example, the abstract sentence 'The pig flies' is an #$AbstractInformationStructure. Each written instantiation of it consists of an instantiation of the words (symbols) 'The', 'pig' and 'flies', written in that order. (If the #$AbstractInformationStructure 'The pig flies' were spoken, the same words would appear in the same order, i.e. 'The' first, etc., but the sequence would be determined by the arrangement of the spoken words in time, rather than space.) Likewise with abstract diagrams, graphs, etc. Each of these is such that its physical instantiations consist of arrangements of instantiations of instances of #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract. A hard copy of a wiring diagram consists of a group of concrete symbols representing various circuit components, in which these symbols are spatially arranged in a certain in way. The arrangement of the concrete symbols in an instantiation of an #$AbstractInformationStructure is not always a simple matter of arrangement in space or time. The sequence of symbols '0010010111011001' can be instantiated in written, spoken, or electronic forms. In the last case, the order of the symbols is determined by conventions concerning the electronic medium in which it is stored, rather than by any common criterion for precedence or subsequence in space or time. c10193cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 AIT A specialization of #$IntangibleIndividual and #$InformationStore. #$AbstractInformationalThing is a heterogeneous collection of abstract repositories of information. #$AbstractInformationalThing is a generalization not only of #$Proposition, but also the collections #$Sentence, #$CharacterString, #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory, #$PropositionalInformationThing, and #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of #$AbstractInformationalThing is an abstract individual and most instances of this collection can have multiple concrete embodiments . For example, a single instance of #$Sentence can be written on several pieces of paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a #$PropositionalInformationThing may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of #$BookCopy (see #$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique #$Proposition as their content (see #$containsInformation). Note that some instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing have temporal extent. Examples include all instances of #$DevisedPracticeOrWork, such as the instances of #$Novel-CW and #$Movie-CW. Other specializations of #$AbstractInformationalThing are disjoint with #$TemporalThing. Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition. bdff6c64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 28f6ebf2-369b-11d6-94f7-00b0d074c11f programming languages A specialization of #$ComputerLanguage, #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage is the collection of languages invented for the purpose of composing computer programs (i.e., instances of #$ComputerProgram-CW), as opposed to merely facilitating interaction between pieces of software or indicating how to represent pieces of text. Thus, #$ComputerLanguages such as #$Lisp are instances of #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage, whereas #$ComputerLanguages such as #$HypertextMarkupLanguage are not. bd58c2ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of abstract shape A collection of collections. An instance SHAPE of #$ShapeType (q.v.) is also an instance of #$AbstractShapeType if and only if SHAPE is a specialization of #$GeometricThing-Abstract. Since all of the instances of a given instance of #$AbstractShapeType are abstract, the collection #$AbstractShapeType is disjoint with #$GenericShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, some of whose instances are abstract, and some of whose instances are localized (note that there is no collection `LocalizedShapeType'). c0f46e32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academics A subcollection of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$AcademicProfessional is a person whose job is to educate and/or perform research as an affiliate of an academic institution. This includes members of the teaching and/or research staffs of schools, colleges, universities, and research institutes. bd589db6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academic quarters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one quarter of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991. bd589441-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 semesters A specialization of #$TimeInterval. Each instance of #$AcademicSemester is one of two semesters in some educational institution's academic year (see the collection #$AcademicYear). Instances of #$AcademicSemester include Boston University's 1989 Spring Semester and the University of Texas at Austin's 1998 Fall Semester. bd58ea30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trimesters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one third of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution and year, instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91. bd58ea73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academic years Each instance of this collection is an annually recurring #$TimeInterval defined by an educational institution. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear. bd58f188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accelerations Acceleration is the change in speed of an object per unit time. It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as MilesPerHourPerSecond. bd58dc89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 access numbers A specialization of #$PhoneNumber. Each instance of #$AccessNumber is a string that a user with #$Internet connections uses to connect to his/her #$InternetServiceProvider. bf796ce3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information-accessing events A specialization of both #$InformationTransferEvent and #$PurposefulAction. Each instance of #$AccessingAnIBT is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some instance(s) of #$InformationBearingThing. Examples include (getting information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic police officer wave one on, or hearing one's roommate ask one to take out the trash. bd58d61f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of accessing script A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AccessingScriptType is a type (i.e., a collection) of actions by which an agent may come to possess, or gain user rights to, some tangible thing. Instances of #$AccessingScriptType include the collections #$Buying, #$Renting, and #$BorrowingSomething. bd58ce68-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accounts An instance of #$ObjectType and a specialization of #$LegalAgreement. Each instance of #$Account is a recorded obligation (of some particular type) between specified parties, consisting of funds (not necessarily monetary funds) which typically can be added to and drawn upon. Positive examples include instances of #$RetirementAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount, and of the many types of #$FinancialAccount. Note that the contents of an account need not be monetary; for example, the contents may be amounts of time, as in the specializations #$VacationAccount and #$SickLeaveAccount. #$Account does not include debt obligations of fixed face value that cannot be increased or reduced (such as instances of #$Bond-Agreement). bd588c2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 account systems #$AccountSystem is a specialization of #$ComputationalSystem. Each instance of #$AccountSystem is a computational system which is such that users must log on to it to make use of it. Instances of #$AccountSystem can be either single computers or computer networks. Each node in an instance of #$AccountSystem shares accounts with the other nodes in that instance of #$AccountSystem. See #$nodeInAccountSystem and #$accountForSystem, and #$UserAccount. be101405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of account A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AccountType is a collection of financial accounts of some type. Instances of #$AccountType include #$SavingsAccount, #$CreditCardAccount, #$RetirementAccount, #$SocialSecurityAccount, and #$TravelExpenseAccount. bd588be8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acknowledgments The collection of actions which are #$performedBy one #$Agent to convey information about the receipt of a prior #$CommunicationAct-Single which was #$performedBy another #$Agent. An example: Judy saying `No' in response to Jane's prior act of saying `Will you clean the toaster.' bd590c41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions The collection of #$Events (q.v.) that are carried out by some doer (see #$doneBy). Instances of #$Action include any event in which one or more actors effect some change in the (tangible or intangible) state of the world, typically by an expenditure of effort or energy. Note that it is not required that any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of an action might be intangible (such as a change in a bank balance or the intimidation of a subordinate). Note also that the doer of an action, though typically an #$Agent (q.v.), need not be (e.g. a falling rock that dents a car's roof). Depending upon the context, doers of actions might be animate or inanimate, conscious or nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see #$PurposefulAction and #$performedBy. bd58a841-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions on an object A specialization of both #$Action and #$PhysicalEvent; the collection of physical events in which some doer acts on an object. Each instance of #$ActionOnObject is an action in which both the roles of #$doneBy and #$objectActedOn (qq.v.) are filled. Examples include someone typing on a keyboard and a tornado destroying a building. Non-examples include a person dancing and wind blowing. c0e7f6ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 action predicates A specialization of #$EventPredicate (q.v.). Each instance of #$ActionPredicate is a predicate used to make an assertion about an action performed intentionally by an agent. The first argument to each instance of #$ActionPredicate will be the agentive force of the action, and the remaining arguments will be objects that the agentive force interacts with in some way. The representation of actions in terms of #$ActionPredicates is an alternative to the Davidsonian-style representation of actions in which the participants in actions are related to the reified individual actions in which they participate (for that alternative, see #$Role and #$ActorSlot). Important specializations of #$ActionPredicate include #$SimpleActionPredicate and #$ComplexActionPredicate (qq.v.). c11e8318-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 task groups #$ActivityTypeFocusGroup is a specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$ActivityTypeFocusGroup is an organization which focuses on some type of activity, such as stamp collecting or sailing. bd58a9e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 predicates describing actors in events A collection of binary predicates; a specialization of #$Role. Each instance of #$ActorSlot relates some instance of #$Event to a temporal thing involved in that event (here called a participant , although the thing in question might not be playing an active role in the event). The first argument of every instance of #$ActorSlot is constrained to be an instance of some specialization of #$Event, and the second argument is constrained to be an instance of some specialization of #$SomethingExisting. All instances of #$ActorSlot have #$actors as their #$genlPreds, directly or indirectly, so that the actor slots form a kind of hierarchy. Each specialized actor slot indicates _how_ its participant participates in the event, i.e., in what role (e.g., #$inputs, #$outputs, #$doneBy). Actor slots are _not_ used to indicate the time of an event's occurrence, external representations of the event, and other more remotely related things that are not directly or indirectly involved in the occurrence of the event. Time and other quantities are relevant to events but are not instances of #$SomethingExisting; thus, they are related to events by some non-#$ActorSlot predicate. Things which are remotely related to the event -- for instance, someone who is affected by the event but doesn't exist when the event occurs -- may be related using some instance of #$Role that does not belong to #$ActorSlot, such as #$affectedAgent. See also #$Role. bd588029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actor predicates describing the actor's fate Instances of #$ActorUseTypeSlot are actor slots which give information about the fate of the actor - whether it is destroyed, unchanged, temporarily changed, etc. Which #$ActorUseTypeSlot an actor appears on affects whether or not the same actor will act in the same role in the same kind of event in the future. bd58efe2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acts commonly considered criminal A collection of actions. Instances of #$ActsCommonlyConsideredCriminal are actions which are commonly considered illegal, i.e., in most legal systems. The primary purpose of this collection is to group together types of actions such as #$Murder and #$Stealing-Generic, which are almost universally considered criminal. However, individual instances of this collection are not necessarily instances of #$CriminalAct in every context or under every #$GovernmentCOC. bd5f8351-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 addresses A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each instance of #$Address-LocationDesignator is a string that describes the relatively permanent location of an individual or organization. For example: President Bill Clinton, White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC . Addresses that provide an address suitable for delivery of mail are instances of the specialization, #$MailingAddress. bd590a18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adjectives The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are words which can modify nouns. Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'. bd588031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 past participle adjectives NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdcb91aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 present participle adjectives NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be57206d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adjective-creating affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485ebf5-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f adjective producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c08267c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 administrative staff persons A specialization of #$DeskWorker. Each instance of #$AdministrativeStaffPerson is a worker whose primary job responsibilities are administrative and/or managerial tasks. Such jobs can be at any level in an organization's hierarchy, from receptionist/secretary to executive assistant to manager. c10c14f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 administrator A specialization of #$AdministrativeStaffPerson. Each instance of #$Administrator is an employee of an organization who is responsible for managing its organizational affairs. Instances of #$Administrator may or may not also be required to manage people. If so, then they are also #$Managers (q.v.). bd58aedc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 admiration A feeling of strong approval. An intense positive attitude towards another person(s) or group. May be accompanied by emulation. #$Admiration is different than #$Respect (qv). This is a collection --- see #$Happiness for an explanation. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Admiration are #$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc. bd58b20b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adulation bd58afbc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adults A specialization of #$Animal. The collection of all adult animals (including adult humans): animals that are at least mature enough to bear offspring. Cf. #$JuvenileAnimal. c1006731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 women The collection of all women; i.e., #$Persons who are adult and female. bd58b1f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 men The collection of all men, i.e., #$Persons who are adult and male. bd58b27e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adverbs The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'. bd58802c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adverb-creating affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485ebf4-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f adverb producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0bce5af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 advertising events A collection of #$CommunicationAct-Singles. In an #$Advertising event, someone is communicating, to potential customers of an #$Agent, the desire of that agent to do business with those customers (either to `do business' in general or to sell them something specific. c10afc14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 advocacy organization #$AdvocacyOrganization is a specialization of #$Organization. Teach instance of #$AdvocacyOrganization is an #$Organization that lobbies or engages in activities with the purpose of advocating a particular position on social, economic, political, environmental matters. Many instances of #$IdeologicalOrganization are also instances of #$AdvocacyOrganization. Examples of #$AdvocacyOrganization include #$AmericanAssociationOfRetiredPersons, #$SierraClub, #$AmericanMedicalAssociation, and #$StateBarOfTexas. bf4fe15d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affectionate A feeling of fondness for someone or something. Sympathy, liking, warmth, tenderness. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Affection are #$Love, #$Passion, etc. bd58b5c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affix category NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd6d2080-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affix rules NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bfba29c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derivational affix rules NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485c4e1-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f affixation NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf8818e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affricative - consonant NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0ae1ef7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 afternoons An #$Afternoon is the daily #$Event where the #$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily cycle and `sets' or becomes a #$MidnightSun, i.e from noon till #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and an #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon (except when there is a #$MidnightSun in which case a #$Morning is contiguously after the #$Afternoon). Each #$Afternoon is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. bd58863a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents The collection of #$Agent-Generics (q.v.) that are not tangible artifacts (cf. #$AgentiveArtifact). #$Agent includes all naturally-occurring agents (e.g. #$Persons and #$Animals), any #$SupernaturalBeings (q.v.), and #$Organizations. bd588007-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic agents A specialization of #$SomethingExisting. Each instance of #$Agent-Generic is a being that has desires and intentions, and the ability to act on those desires and intentions. Instances of #$Agent-Generic may be individuals (see the specialization #$IndividualAgent) or they may consist of several #$Agent-Generics operating together (see the specialization #$MultiIndividualAgent). Notable specializations of #$Agent-Generic include #$Agent and #$AgentiveArtifact. bec69a78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agent predicate A collection of predicates that are used to ascribe characteristics or properties (taken in a very broad sense) to individual agents. As such, each instance of #$ObjectPredicate has an #$arity of 2 or greater and has at least one argument place (often including the first) constrained (see #$argIsa) to instances of #$Agent-Generic or some subcollection thereof. Examples include #$likesAsFriend and #$beliefs. bfac93e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agent types by emotional atate A collection of collections of #$IntelligentAgents. Instances are collections of agents characterized by being in certain emotional state. Examples include #$Angry, #$Excited, and #$Hopeful. e2ae285a-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 agentive artifacts #$AgentiveArtifact is the collection of all artifacts (created by instances of #$Agent) that commonly possess (at least) the apparent ability to make decisions and commence actions more or less independently of those agents. The distinction here is conventional; a certain functional sophistication possessed by instances of #$Artifact that are 'not really living agents' seems to mirror that possessed by 'living agents'. This sense of agency derives from ability or function the artifact possesses, namely the ability to commence actions, independently of agents, based on some internal calculation or deliberation. Example subcollections include #$Computer, #$Robot, (#$ProgramCopyFn #$TrojanHorseComputerProgram). bfa66fc1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agentive nouns The collection of all nouns in the agentive form. Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of some action, and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'. bd588033-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agentive roles A subcollection of #$ActorSlot. Each instance ROLE of #$AgentiveRole must be an #$ActorSlot that satisfies the following conditions: (i) ROLE specifies what an agent does (in the strict sense) in an #$Event rather than describing what happens to the agent in the #$Event. That is to say, (ROLE AGT EVENT), when true, must describe agency rather than a mere happening. Thus, each #$ActorSlot that does not describe agency, such as #$objectActedOn, #$victim, #$instrument-Generic, #$bodilyDoer, #$fromLocation and #$motionPathway-Partial etc., is not an instance of #$AgentiveRole. (ii) ROLE must be specific enough to distinguish itself from other instances of #$AgentiveRole. This means, roughly, that if SLOT is a generalization of both SLOT1 and SLOT2, where SLOT1 is different from SLOT2, then SLOT is not an instance of #$AgentiveRole if both SLOT1 and SLOT2 are. Thus, #$interviewee is an instance of #$AgentiveRole while #$socialParticipants is not. bebb1e2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agreements A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing and #$Artifact-Intangible. Each instance of this collection involves two or more parties who agree that certain propositions (which correspond to a small #$Microtheory -- see the shared note #$AgreementNote) should be true. Making the propositions true may require some action or commitment of resources on the part of one or more of the #$agreeingAgents. Thus, instances of #$Agreement will usually involve some instances of #$Obligation. Instances of #$Agreement and #$Obligation differ, however, in that an #$obligatedAgent is responsible for the truth of all of the propositions over which the obligation holds. In an #$Agreement some agents may not be so responsible. For example, in a loan agreement, the borrower agrees to give the lender back the money, but the borrower is the only #$obligatedAgent for the repayment. Note that #$obligatedAgents need not be among the #$agreeingAgents in the agreement that involves or generates the obligation. Moreover, #$agreeingAgents aren't always #$obligatedAgents; e.g., Wanda and Paul may agree that Paul alone is obligated to do some task. Notable specializations of #$Agreement include #$PeaceAccord, #$LegalAgreement, #$InformalAgreement, #$BusinessPartnershipAgreement, #$WorkAgreement, #$MaintenanceAgreement, #$Reservation and #$Appointment. For assertions about what is supposed to be true, given some #$Agreement, see #$ist-Agreement. bd58afa3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ailment conditions The most general collection of ailment events; a subcollection of both #$PhysiologicalCondition and #$Malfunction. An instance of #$AilmentCondition is a dynamic state of sickness, injury, or physiological impairment. The rationale for construing ailments in this way is the obvious fact that to have an ailment is to undergo an event: an individual ailment has temporal features, it progresses dynamically, and so on. It is not just a matter of being in some static state of unwellness . Subcollections of #$AilmentCondition include #$RespiratoryAilment, #$HeartCondition, #$Cancer, #$MotionSickness, #$Poisoning, #$Infection, and #$InjuryCondition. If a particular person has an infection, that event is an instance of #$AilmentCondition. An #$AilmentCondition does not begin before there is an actual, developed sickness or impairment, and thus does not include the event of getting sick or becoming impaired. Also note that each type of ailment, such as #$Infection, is the collection of all cases or instances of individuals suffering from that condition. See also #$DiseaseType. c10c1856-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air A specialization of #$GaseousTangibleThing. Each instance of #$Air is one `piece' among all the portions of the atmosphere of the Earth, considered as a substance present in various places, in various quantities, under various pressures, etc. Examples: the AirInAustin; the stuffy air in my office; the thin air atop Annapurna. See also #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, which is all ambient #$Air on the planet taken as a single object. bd58c00c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air-breathing vertebrates #$AirBreathingVertebrate is a specialization of #$Vertebrate and an instance of #$OrganismClassificationType. Each instance of #$AirBreathingVertebrate is a vertebrate that usually respires by breathing #$Air during adult life. Includes individual #$Mammals, #$Birds, #$Reptiles, and most #$Amphibians. Most #$AirBreathingVertebrates are #$TerrestrialOrganisms, but some #$AquaticOrganisms breathe air (#$Whales, etc.). All #$AirBreathingVertebrates have #$Lungs and #$RespiratoryTracts. bef7c9c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air forces A subcollection of #$BranchOfMilitaryService. Each instance of #$AirForce is a modern military organization composed mainly of airborne forces (such as bombers, fighters, torpedo planes, parachute troops, surveillance aircraft, etc.) and which has the function of defending or attacking air space, ships, or ground targets. c10c1acc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air force persons A specialization of #$MilitaryPerson. Each instance of #$AirForcePersonnel is a person who is a member of some instance of #$AirForce. bd58a7cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air respiration A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$AirRespiration is the collection of all #$Respiration events in which an organism trades some of the carbon dioxide in its tissues for oxygen from the atmosphere. bd58bdb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 aircraft A specialization of #$TransportationDevice. Each instance of #$AirTransportationDevice is a device used for transporting either people or cargo through the air. Specializations of #$AirTransportationDevice include the collections #$Airplane, #$Helicopter, #$HotAirBalloon, and #$GroundToOrbitVehicle. bd58ae50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airlines #$AirlineCompany is a specialization of #$TransportationCompany-Provider, #$CommercialServiceOrganization, and #$Business. Each instance of #$AirlineCompany is a business that operates airplanes to transport goods or people in exchange for money. bd58aaee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airplanes A subcollection of #$FixedWingAircraft, each instance of which is a heavier-than-air, self-powered flying machine (other than a cruise missile) that gets its lift while flying from #$AirplaneWings. #$Helicopters are thus excluded because their lift is created by rotors. A near-borderline (positive) case is a plane that takes-off vertically using a turbojet engine, since its initial lift is not due to its wings. In flight, however, such a plane needs its wings to stay aloft. bd58828b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 runways #$AirplaneRunway is a specialization of #$PathForWheeledVehicles. Each instance of #$AirplaneRunway is an airstrip at an airport, on an aircraft carrier, or in some field where airplanes taxi, take off, and land. bd58910e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airports (types of things) A specialization of both #$FixedStructure and #$TransportFacility. Each instance of #$Airport-Physical is a facility which includes at least one runway where airplanes can take off and land. Instances of #$Airport-Physical may also have terminals and an air control tower, in addition to having a runway. See also the related collection #$AirportOrganization. bd58feaf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airports (types of things) #$AirportOrganization is a specialization of #$TravelOrganization. Each instance of #$AirportOrganization is an organization that manages and controls particular airports and their appurtenant facilities; e.g., #$LaGuardiaAirport-Organization. bd589fbc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 alertness #$Alertness is an #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute which specifies how sleepy or alert an animal is. Levels of #$Alertness include #$Asleep, #$Sleepy, and #$Awake. bd58a532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 algorithm A specialization of #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing. An instance of #$Algorithm is a particular finite sequence of operations that constitutes an effective, or strictly mechanical, procedure for completing some task, computing some function, or simply performing a number of unrelated operations. Instances of #$ComputerProgram-CWIS use algorithms (see #$programAlgorithms), and some instances of #$Instructions (e.g. some instances of its specializations #$Recipe-CW and #$DirectionsToGetSomewhere), if sufficiently explicit, involve algorithms. An algorithm can be viewed as a specific way of computing a particular instance of #$Function-MathematicalObject, i.e. a way determining the value of the function for any argument in the function's domain (see #$algorithmComputes). bd58ee68-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 alimentary canal be4c779b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 allergic reactions A collection of dynamic, physiological states. An instance of #$AllergicReaction is an event in which an organism which is exposed to a particular substance (e.g., pollen, mold) develops some abnormality or impairment of its physiological condition as a result of interacting with the substance. Allergic reactions to some types of substances occur widely in members of a species; e.g., #$PoisonIvyPoisoning in humans. But other allergic reactions affect only a small proportion of a species, such as human allergies to penicillin. This concept is the collection of events in which allergic reactions are `taking place', not abstract unrealized potential situations such as `John is allergic to milk.' I.e., if John were allergic to milk, and he drank some, and then proceeded to have a whopping bad allergic reaction, that latter event would be an instance of #$AllergicReaction. c0fd6b2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ambulances #$Ambulance is a specialization of #$RescueVehicle, #$EmergencyVehicle, and #$SpecialPurposeVehicle. Each instance of #$Ambulance is a road vehicle equipped primarily for transporting wounded, injured, or sick persons. bd588cd2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ambulation The collection of all locomotion events on solid surfaces in which the locomotor moves by lifting its feet, moving them through the air, and setting them down in a new location. Includes walking, running, skipping, trotting, etc. bdd4cc3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 amorphous thing A specialization of #$SpatialThing. Each instance of #$AmorphousThing is a spatial object that has no well-defined shape. Of course, what counts as a well-defined shape can vary from context to context. Contrast with #$ShapedThing. bd58a235-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 amphibians A specialization of #$Poikilotherm and #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Amphibian isa a cold-blodded and smooth-skinned vertebrate that hatches from an egg to form an aquatic larva (see #$Larva), which then metamorphoses into an air-breathing adult (see #$AirBreathingVertebrate). Important subcollections include #$Frog and #$Salamander. bd58e024-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 amusement - feeling The emotion experienced when one finds something funny. Usually people laugh when they are amused. be011552-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anatomical vessel The collection of all anatomical vessels in #$Animals. Instances of this collection are tubular animal tissue which acts as a conduit for body fluids or substances passing into or out of the body. be425bb7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anesthesia A collection of events; a subcollection of #$DrugTherapy (q.v.). In an instance of #$Anesthesia, a #$BiologicalLivingObject undergoes the effect of some instance of #$Anesthetic, the effect of which is to eliminate the perception of pain. #$Anesthesia events occur in connection with other medical care events, so that a patient will not feel the pain or discomfort that would otherwise be associated with those medical procedures. #$Anesthetics are of various chemical kinds, work in various ways, and can be administered in various ways. They may topically numb an area, they may poison the central nervous system to the point where the animal loses consciousness, etc. The resulting anesthetic therapies thus may differ, according to the type of anesthetic used; for example, the patient may or may not be conscious during an instance of #$Anesthesia. See also #$AdministeringADrug. c0fd53a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angry Intense feeling of displeasure and usually of antagonism. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Anger include #$Belligerence, etc. bd58c448-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angles A specialization of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing. Each instance of #$Angle is formed by two lines diverging from the same point, or two surfaces diverging from the same line. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two walls, and abstract objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two (abstract) lines. bd61bd87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 persons who is angry A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being angry. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. 15a46c42-42cd-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 anguish bd58ddf9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angular acceleration rates A specialization of #$Rate. Each instance of #$AngularAccelerationRate is a rate at which the rate of rotation (see the collection #$RateOfRotation) of some object changes. bd59080e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angular distances #$AngularDistance is a measure of the separation between the rays defined by two points and a fixed center. bd58abd6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animals An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom, and a specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Instances of #$Animal are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are instances of #$Heterotroph (q.v.), and thus incapable of performing instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a specialization of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal. bd58b031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions performed by animals A specialization of #$Action. Each instance of #$AnimalActivity is a spatially-localized action each of whose doers (see #$doneBy) is either an #$Animal or a group of animals (i.e. a #$Group all of whose members are #$Animals). bd588daa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animals or body part A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject that includes all living animals, body parts of living animals, and body regions of living animals. #$AnimalBLO is thus the union (see #$collectionUnion) of #$Animal, #$AnimalBodyPart, and #$AnimalBodyRegion (qq.v.). c0fe0761-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body parts A specialization of #$AnimalBodyRegion. Each instance of #$AnimalBodyPart is an anatomical part of some living animal, and thus is itself an instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v). #$AnimalBodyPart includes both highly localized organs (for example, hearts) and physical systems composed of parts distributed throughout an animal's body (such as an animal's circulatory system and nervous system). Note that severed limbs and removed organs are _not_ instances of this collection, since they are not _parts_ of some living animal. bd58801c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body part types A collection of specializations of #$AnimalBodyRegion. Each instance of #$AnimalBodyPartType is a collection of body parts, where the parts in question are differentiated from other body parts according to structure or function. Instances of #$AnimalBodyPartType include #$SpinalColumn, #$Eyelash, #$NervousSystem, #$Urethra, #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart, and #$HeelOfPalm. bd58e7da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body region A specialization of #$AnimalBLO. Each instance of #$AnimalBodyRegion is a significant spatial subdivision of the body of some animal, where the subdivision in question is usually contiguous, and has some more or less clear boundary. Instances of this collection include anatomical parts (see the specialization #$AnimalBodyPart) , such as a person's head, beard, or right arm. In addition, this collection includes body regions that are not anatomical parts, such as a blister, a puncture wound, or a bruise. bd5adaa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of animal capability This is the collection of types of action which can be #$doneBy all normal adult animals in typical circumstances. They are animal capabilities in the sense that we expect any normal adult animal to be able to do them, as opposed to the sense that some animal can do them. Also, this is not the collection of actions which must be done by an animal, for which see #$AnimalActivity. bdeceb2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 migrations The collection of regular, species-linked movements of an animal or group of animals from one place to another, usually with a return to the starting point after a certain period of time. In some species, the migration cycle occurs once in a lifetime, while others migrate annually on a seasonal basis. Migration is typically linked with an animal's reproductive cycle (as in salmon), but may also involve seasonal relocation to a more hospitable climate and/or more plentiful food supply. For example, many birds exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native Northeastern U.S. birds that spend their winters in the Southern U.S. c1009284-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal part region function A collection of functions that map from an #$AnimalBodyRegion to another #$AnimalBodyRegion that is a subregion of the first and whose location is indicated by the direction. For example, (#$DorsalRegionFn LIVER) yields as a result the part of LIVER closest to the backside of the organism that LIVER is a part of. bf0cf618-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal physiological attribute The broadest collection of attributes of #$Animals that describe the physiological aspects of an animal, including its physiological (1) capacities, (2) conditions, and (3) states. Examples include: (1) Capacities: #$Fertile, #$HearingImpaired, #$Paraplegic; (2) Conditions: #$Anemic, #$AthleticPhysicalBuild; (3) States: #$Intoxicated, #$Injured, #$Inflamed. #$PlantPhysiologicalAttributes, such as #$InBloom, are excluded. bd58a577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal noises A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). Examples of #$AnimalSounds include instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound, #$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, and #$BrayingSound. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; consequently, #$AnimalSound does _not_ include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument. Note that this collection is not a specialization of #$Action, or #$BodyMovementEvent, since it refers to animal sounds themselves, not to the activity of making animal sounds (though events of both types usually accompany one another. See #$EmittingSound for the latter.) bd620dbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of animal classified by gender The collection consisting of the collections #$FemaleAnimal and #$MaleAnimal. One of the #$facets-Strict of #$Animal. c105ac83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of animal classified by maturity The collection consisting of #$AdultAnimal and #$JuvenileAnimal. One of the #$facets-Strict of #$Animal. be6a02c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 utterances A specialization of both #$AnimalSound and #$Utterance-IBT. Each instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT is a sound initially generated by some #$Animal speaking or making some sound with his/her/its mouth (note that the sound may or may not have propositional content - i.e. instantiate some #$PropositionalInformationThing). If such a sound is recorded and played back, the sound generated is still considered an instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT. Examples: one's spouse's `Good morning'; a child's scream at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart's `Here's looking at you' on the set of _Casablanca_. Note that only the sounds themselves are instances of this collection -- not the activities of making them. This collection is not a specialization of #$Action (for that, see #$CommunicationAct-Single and its specializations). bd590c24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal walking processes The collection of instances of #$Walking-Generic in which the locomotor is an #$Animal. bd58d77d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 climates A specialization of #$WeatherEvent. Each instance of #$AnnualClimateCycle is an extended event, one year in length, which encompasses sub-events marking the changing of the seasons (see the collection #$SeasonOfYear and its specializations). Specializations of #$AnnualClimateCycle include #$TemperateClimateCycle and #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle (qq.v). See also #$ClimateCycleType and #$hasClimateType. bd5901a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of annual event A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType is a specialization of #$TemporalThing, instances of which occur once per year according to some calendar. Furthermore, the occurrence of instances of each such type of event is tied to a specific time (for example, a specific date) in the calendar year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday is an instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType, because one occurs on a specific date (namely, December 25) each year. be1ed0b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Anthrax infections An instance of #$InfectionTypeByPathogenType, and a specialization of #$BacterialInfection. Each instance of #$AnthraxInfection is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis (see the collection #$Anthrax-Bacterium). Important specializations of #$AnthraxInfection include the collections #$InhalationalAnthrax and #$CutaneousAnthrax. bfbba477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 antisymmetric binary predicates A collection of predicates; the specialization of #$BinaryPredicate whose instances are antisymmetric relations. Each instance of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate is a binary predicate PRED with the following property: For every X and Y that satisfy the argument constraints for both argument positions of PRED (see #$admittedArgument), if both (PRED X Y) and (PRED Y X) hold, then X=Y. Note that a predicate PRED can be an instance of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate only if each argument constraint for its first argument position (its #$arg1Isa, and its #$arg1Genl, if PRED is a type-level predicate) is not disjoint with the respective constraint for its second argument position (its #$arg2Isa, and its #$arg2Genl, if PRED is a type-level predicate). Notable instances of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate include #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$parts, and #$subEvents. See also the shared #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bdc9fb94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anti transitive binary predicate A specialization of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate. Each instance of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate is a binary predicate PRED with the following property: For every X, Y, and Z that satisfy the (single-argument) argument-type constraints (see #$admittedArgument) for the relevant argument positions of PRED (i.e. arg1 for X, arg1 and arg2 for Y, and arg2 for Z), (#$not (#$and (PRED X Y)(PRED Y Z)(PRED X Z))). Note that PRED must also be such that any argument-type constraint on its first (or arg1 ) argument-place _not_ be disjoint with the corresponding argument-type constraint on its second (or arg2 ) argument-place. That is, the collections to which PRED is constrained via #$arg1Isa and #$arg2Isa must not be disjoint; and, if PRED is a type-level predicate, the collections to which PRED is constrained via #$arg1Genl and #$arg2Genl must not be disjoint. Instances of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate include #$capitalCity, #$contiguousAfter, and #$biologicalFather. See also the shared #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bf8bdc58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anticipatory Emotion accompanying an expectation of something pleasant in the foreseeable future. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. bd58cefc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 appendages The collection of all appendages of #$Animals. An appendage is an #$AnimalBodyPart that is connected to, and extends from, the animal's #$Torso (or else from another of its appendages, such as a hand extending from an arm). Each appendage is used by the #$Animal for one or more functions; altogether, appendages serve a wide variety of functions such as locomotion, manipulation, sensing, fighting, scratching, heat dissipation, balance, etc. Appendages are not crucial for the life of the animal, thus a #$Neck-AnimalBodyPart or #$Head-AnimalBodyPart is not considered to be an appendage. bd5882f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 applications (types of things) A specialization of #$ComputerProgram-CW. Each instance of #$ApplicationProgram is a program whose running copies perform specific functions either directly for users or as background processes. #$ApplicationProgram is disjoint with #$OperatingSystem and #$OperatingSystemKernel. Together, these three collections partition #$ComputerProgram-CW. bf204856-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 applying force to an object The collection of processes of applying a force to an object. bd58fed7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 applications (types of things) A collection of events. In each #$ApplyingSomethingToSurface event, something is applied to a surface. bd588cf1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 applying stuff to surface A collection of events. In each #$ApplyingStuffToSurface event, some stuff is applied to a surface so that it covers [#$covers-Generic] it. This may be done in different ways, for example by dipping an object into the stuff being applied, spraying the stuff onto the surface, or #$SpreadingStuffOntoSurface. bd7d9fb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 appropriating events A specialization of #$TakingSomething. In each instance of #$AppropriatingSomething, an agent takes something that no one else has user rights over, such as air for breathing, or some object which at that time belongs to no one (for example,a dime lying in the street). bd58eea3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 warrants The emotion of viewing positively a state of affairs or other agent's actions. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. be00bc14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 April The collection of all Aprils, the fourth month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. bd58c279-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 aquatic organisms A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each specialization of #$AquaticOrganism is a type of organism adapted to life underwater, whose instances spend all or most of their time immersed in water. A notable specialization of #$AquaticOrganism is #$Fish. bd589715-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arc-shaped A specialization of #$Line. Each instance of #$Arc is a continuous part of a curved line. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the equator, and abstract objects, such as a part of an (abstract) ellipse. bd58c223-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 area (type of thing) A specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of #$Area is an amount of two-dimensional space. Instances of #$Area may be either a fixed interval, such as the area of a rectangle 5 cm x 10 cm, or a range, such as the area of a city lot. bd58c301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 argument cardinality predicates The collection of those #$ArgConstraintPredicates used to put cardinality-based argument constraints on predicates. An argument-cardinality constraint is a kind of restriction on a predicate regarding the maximum number of things the predicate holds of with respect to a given one of its argument-places. More precisely: given any particular way of fixing the arguments in the rest of the predicate's argument-places (perhaps together with some further specified condition), the cardinality constraint states the maximum number of different things that can occupy the given argument-place such that the relation holds of those arguments. That is, supposing the given argument-place is the Nth, the cardinality constraint gives the maximum number of different sequences of arguments of which the predicate holds and that differ from each other only in their Nth items (and, where relevant, that meet some further specified condition). Instances of #$ArgCardinalityPredicate include #$argCardinality, #$interArgCardinality, and #$assertedArgCardinality. Note that, in contrast with what #$ArgTypePredicates (q.v.) are used for, putting an argument-cardinality constraint on a predicate does _not_ impose a necessary condition for semantic well-formedness on closed atomic sentences built from that predicate. A violation of a cardinality constraint with respect to the Cyc Knowledge Base normally involves multiple such sentences, where at least one them must be _untrue_ (or otherwise unsuited for assertion in the KB); but there is no implication that any of them is malformed. fe375c42-6f3e-11d6-8000-00a0c9da2002 arg constraint predicate The collection of #$MetaRelations whose instances are used to put semantic well-formedness or entry-format constraints on one or more argument-places of a given #$Relation. Such a constraint might concern an argument's _type_, an argument-place's #$Format (q.v.), a conditional relationship between two argument(-place)s' types or formats, or some other sort of relationship between two arguments. For a fuller account, see the various specializations of #$ArgConstraintPredicate. c04cad85-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary argument-format predicates The collection of binary predicates used to specify the required #$Format (q.v.) for a particular argument-place of a given #$Predicate. bf739772-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 argument-format predicates The collection of those #$ArgConstraintPredicates used to specify an entry-format for a certain argument-place of a given #$Predicate. An argument entry-format is a kind of restriction on a predicate regarding how many things, or the range of things, that the predicate holds of with respect to a given one of its argument-places. More precisely: given any particular way of fixing the arguments in the rest of the predicate's argument-places, the entry-format tells us something about the number of different things, or the range of things, that can occupy the given argument-place such that the relation holds of those arguments. That is, supposing the given argument-place is the Nth, the entry-format tells us something about the number or range of different sequences of arguments of which the predicate holds and that differ from each other only in their Nth items. Two important specializations of #$ArgFormatPredicate are #$SpecificEntryFormatPredicate and #$GeneralEntryFormatPredicate (qq.v.). Instances of #$SpecificEntryFormatPredicate each have to do with a specific format (see e.g. #$singleEntryFormatInArgs). Instances of #$GeneralEntryFormatPredicate are comparatively higher-order , and are used to relate any given #$SpecificEntryFormatPredicate to a (fixed or given) argument-place of a given predicate (see e.g. #$arg1Format and #$argFormat). Note that in some of the later cases the specified format constraint will be an inter-argument one that depends in some way upon one of the predicate's other argument-places (or upon another, non-format, feature of the same argument-place); see #$InterArgFormatPredicate. Note also that, in contrast with what #$ArgTypePredicates (q.v.) are used for, specifying an argument entry-format for a predicate does _not_ impose any sort of necessary condition for semantic well-formedness. A violation of a legitimate entry-format constraint necessarily involves two or more statements, and at least one them must be _untrue_; but there is no implication that any of them is malformed. bfd9aea5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg-genl attribute binary predicates Those instances of both #$ArgTypeBinaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required attribute of an argument of #$Relation. Each instance PRED of this collection is a binary predicate with the following properties: ARG1 is an instance of #$Relation, and ARG2 is an instance of #$AttributeValue. (PRED ARG1 ARG2) means that some argument of ARG1 is constrained to be a spec attribute of ARG2, where PRED determines the argument place in question. c0aa7393-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg-genl attribute predicates The subcollection of #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required attribute of an argument of a #$Relation. bf81c68d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg-genl attribute ternary predicates Those instances of both #$ArgTypeTernaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlAttributePredicate used to specify the required #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required #$genlAttributes #$AttributeValue. bf4fcfa6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg-genl binary predicates Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlPredicate used to specify the required #$genls of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required #$genls #$Collection. bf1eedc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg-genl predicates Those instance of #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$genls of an argument of a #$Relation. bd61a647-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg-genl ternary predicates A specialization of #$ArgTypeTernaryPredicate and #$ArgGenlPredicate. Each instance of #$ArgGenlTernaryPredicate is used to specify that a certain collection is required to stand in the #$genls relation to anything that is acceptable in a particular argument slot of a given instance of #$Relation. With each instance of #$ArgGenlTernaryPredicate, the first argument is the relation constrained; the second argument is the argument constrained; and the third argument is the required collection that the relation's specified argument is required to be a specialization of. bd97e378-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg isa binary predicate A specialization of both #$ArgTypeBinaryPredicate and #$ArgIsaPredicate. Each instance of #$ArgIsaBinaryPredicate takes a #$Relation RELN as its first argument, and a #$Collection COL as its second argument, and places a constraint based on COL on at least one of the argument-places of RELN. To be more precise, suppose that PRED is an #$ArgIsaBinaryPredicate that specifies an argument-type for the Nth argument-place of RELN. Then a sentence of the form (PRED RELN COL) entails that a closed formula of the form (RELN ... ARGN ...) is semantically well-formed only if ARGN is an instance of COL. bfa4fe8c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 argument-type specifying predicates The collection of #$ArgTypePredicates (q.v.) that specify argument-types directly (by referencing certain collections) and impose constraints that require a thing's being an instance of a collection thus specified. More precisely, each instance of #$ArgIsaPredicate PRED takes a #$Relation RELN as its first argument (or arg1 ), and has at least one other argument-place (say the Mth) for specifying an argument-type for one of RELN's argument-places (say the Nth). (The value of N might be fixed or might be given by yet another of PRED's arguments.) Suppose M=2 and N=1. PRED then takes a #$Collection as its second argument, and a closed atomic sentence (or GAF ) of the form (PRED RELN COL ..) puts an #$isa constraint on RELN's first argument-place that is based on COL. If PRED is a single-argument constraint predicate, the GAF entails that a closed formula of the form (RELN ARG1 ..) is semantically well-formed only if ARG1 is an instance of (i.e. #$isa) COL. If PRED is an inter-argument constraint predicate, the GAF expresses a slightly more complicated, conditional #$isa constraint on a pair of RELN's argument-places (see #$InterArgIsaPredicate). be9af14f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ternary argument-type specifying predicates A specialization of both #$ArgTypeTernaryPredicate and #$ArgIsaPredicate (q.v.). Each instance of #$ArgIsaTernaryPredicate is a ternary predicate used to place an #$isa constraint on (and thereby specify an argument-type for) one or more argument-places of a relation. To be more precise, each instance PRED of #$ArgIsaTernaryPredicate takes a #$Relation RELN as its first argument, a #$NonNegativeInteger N as its second argument, and a #$Collection COL as its third argument. PRED places an #$isa constraint on RELN's Nth argument-place that is based on COL, so that a ground atomic sentence (GAF) of the form (RELN ARG1..ARGN..) is semantically well-formed only if ARGN is an instance of COL. (Note that (i) if N = 0 then this same constraint is placed on _all_ of RELN's argument-places and (ii) if PRED is #$argAndRestIsa then this constraint is placed on all of RELN's argument-places whose ordinal positions are greater than or equal to the Nth.) An important instance of #$ArgIsaTernaryPredicate is #$argIsa. bfedab5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg type binary predicate Those instances of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the #$Relation; the arg2 is the required type, a #$Collection or #$AttributeValue. beb5aba2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg type predicate The collection of #$ArgConstraintPredicates used to put semantic well-formedness constraints on the type of argument(s) appropriate for a given argument-place (or -places) of a given relation. A type of argument can be specified in terms of #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes; see the various specializations of #$ArgTypePredicate for more detail. Violation of such a constraint results in an expression that is semantically malformed. For an general explanation of semantic well-formedness, see #$CycLExpression-Assertible and its specializations. bd5de44c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arg type ternary predicate Those instances of both #$TernaryPredicate and #$ArgTypePredicate used to specify the required #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes of an argument of a #$Relation; the arg1 is the Relation; the arg2 is the argument constrained; the arg3 is the required type: a #$Collection or an #$AttributeValue. c00a42b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arms (types of things) The collection of all animal arms. An #$Arm of an animal is one of its #$AnimalBodyParts, more particularly one of its appendages, a limb which it uses for manipulation moreso than for locomotion. A #$Hand is considered part of an #$Arm. bd58e9e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arm movements A specialization of #$BodyMovementEvent. Each instance of #$ArmMovement is a movement of an animal's arm, where the movement in question is generated by the animal, and involves movement of the upper arm or elbow in relation to the animal's body. Specializations of #$ArmMovement include #$RaisingAnArm and #$Reaching. bd58a69d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 armored vehicles #$ArmoredVehicle is a specialization of #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle and #$LandTransportationDevice. Each instance of #$ArmoredVehicle is a land vehicle protected by armor. This collection includes both tracked and wheeled vehicles. c035f13f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heavy armored vehicles #$ArmoredVehicle-Heavy is a specialization of #$ArmoredVehicle and #$MilitaryVehicle. Each instance of #$ArmoredVehicle-Heavy is designed to sustain tank, artillery, and small-arm fire while engaging in combat. The light-armored vehicles, on the other hand, only sustain small-arm fire and shrapnel. This collection is disjoint with #$ArmoredVehicle-Light. be964416-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 regular armies The collection of all modern nation-states' armies (i.e. the whole branch of service). This sense of `army' is different from that of `Army' or `Army Group' as sometimes applied to certain military units, e.g. the American 5th Army in the European Theater in WWII. Use #$Army-UnitDesignation for the latter meaning. bf6e8301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 army persons A specialization of #$MilitaryPerson. Each instance of #$ArmyPersonnel is a person who is a member of some instance of #$Army-BranchOfService. bd58eecc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 configurations A collection of groups of #$PartiallyTangibles. Each instance of #$ArrangementOfLikeObjects is a group of partially tangible objects, all of the same type (see #$arrangementObjectTypes and #$arrangementNearestObjectTypes), having a specified set of spatial relations holding among them (see #$arrangementPredicates and #$arrangementNearestPredicates). See also #$Group. bd58fbdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arranged A specialization of #$PurposefulAction. Each instance of #$ArrangingForSomething is an event in which some action or set of actions is arranged or facilitated. Note that events in which objects are arranged (e.g., instances of #$FlowerArranging) _not_ usually instances of #$ArrangingForSomething. bd588b87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 array - data structure A specialization of #$ComputerDataStructure. Each instance of #$Array-DataStructure arranges a group of data elements in a continuous block of memory. Individual elements are accessed by index using integers. dcd33007-382d-11d6-872e-0002b34b8539 arrests A specialization of #$SocialOccurrence and #$CapturingAnimal. In each instance of #$ArrestingSomeone, a law enforcement officer arrests another person, who is then taken into custody (see the related constant #$HeldCaptive). bd66906e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 works of art A specialization of both #$HumanAccessibleIBO and #$Artifact. Each instance of #$ArtObject is a physical object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, quilt, or stained glass composition. #$ArtObject does not include as instances plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. #$ArtObject is a specialization of #$InformationBearingObject, but its instances need not have any propositional content. Examples of #$ArtObject include the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral. See also #$Artist, #$artisticWorksCreated. bd58c7b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 arthropods A specialization of #$Invertebrate. Each instance of #$Arthropod is a member of a species whose members are typically chitin-armored invertebrates with jointed bodies and limbs, e.g., insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc. bd58b048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 artifacts A specialization of #$InanimateThing. Each instance of #$Artifact is an at least partially tangible thing which was intentionally created by an #$Agent (or a group of #$Agents working together) to serve some purpose or perform some function. In order to create an instance of #$Artifact, it is not necessary that an #$Agent create the matter out of which the #$Artifact is composed; rather, an #$Agent can create an instance of #$Artifact by assembling or modifying existing matter. Examples of #$Artifacts include a wooden flute that's been whittled from a tree branch, a sawhorse that's been put together out of boards and nails, and a coin that's been minted by embossing or by melting liquid silver into a mold. In addition to the obvious human artifacts (buildings, tools, textiles, power lines), the collection #$Artifact also includes certain sorts of things made by #$Animals, such as bird nests, termite mounds, and beaver dams. Artifacts without any tangible parts are excluded from the collection #$Artifact; they are included in the collection #$Artifact-Intangible. bd5907fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic artifacts A collection of things created by #$Agents. These creations may be either tangible (like a hammer, a bowl, or a bridge) or intangible (like a set of laws, a #$KnowledgeBase, or Beethoven's Ninth Symphony). Thus, the collection of #$Artifact-Generics is partitioned into #$Artifact and #$Artifact-Intangible (q.v.). be348149-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible artifacts A specialization of both #$IntangibleIndividual and #$Artifact-Generic. Each instance of #$Artifact-Intangible is an intangible thing intentionally created by an agent or agents. Important specializations of #$Artifact-Intangible include #$ComputerLanguage, #$ConceptualWork, and #$Agreement. bed8aca7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-agentive artifacts #$Artifact-NonAgentive is the collection of all artifacts that in no plausible, literal sense may be considered to have a kind of agency in ordinary, non-fictional, straightforward contexts -- i.e. they are not instances of #$Agent-Generic. (Exceptions within metaphorical, fanciful, or fictional context could supersede membership in this collection: when someone says, My hairdryer hates me , the hairdryer would not be an instance of #$Artifact-NonAgentive in that special context.) Example subcollections: #$Balloon, #$CookedFood, and #$Shaft. #$AgentiveArtifacts like #$Robots are excluded. bd8e4b86-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 artificial substances A collection of substances; a subcollection of #$Artifact. An instance of #$ArtificialMaterial is a portion of artificial stuff that was intentionally made by some agent(s), such as #$Plastic or #$SweetNLow. Since #$ArtificialMaterials are intentionally produced, this class does not normally include materials which are merely #$byProducts or #$wasteProducts of an intentional process. However, what is a by-product at one time or in one context may be a useful material that would count as an instance of #$ArtificialMaterial in another. bd590222-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 artist A specialization of #$Person. Each instance of this collection is a person who produces or performs works of art. This includes performing artists (whose works are transitory unless recorded) as well as visual artists, literary writers, and composers (whose works are intended to last for a significant length of time and be viewed or otherwise appreciated after the artist finishes them). A notable specialization of this collection is #$Artist-Visual. See also #$ArtObject, #$artisticWorksCreated. c0c71923-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 associative relations The collection of #$Relations having the property of associativity. Roughly put, an associative relation is such that, when it is applied recursively to a list of arguments (whose length is greater than the relation's arity, and with each item in the list being used exactly once), the _order_ of application does not matter. Though not restricted to #$BinaryRelations, most of the familiar examples of associative relations are binary (or variable-arity and used with two arguments). Where RELN is binary, it is an instance of #$AssociativeRelation if and only if (for any appropriate arguments A,B, and C) the corresponding expressions of the forms (RELN A (RELN B C)) and (RELN (RELN A B) C) both have the same value: if RELN is a #$Predicate or #$LogicalConnective they both have the same truth value, while if RELN is a #$Function-Denotational they both have the same denotatum (or both have no denotatum). Where RELN has a higher arity than two, the definition is similar, but with the relevant expression-forms appropriately rewritten. Where RELN is variable-arity (see #$VariableArityRelation), it is an #$AssociativeRelation if and only of it behaves associatively with respect to each of the particular arities it covers (see #$arityMax and #$arityMin). Examples of #$AssociativeRelations include #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$JoinListsFn, #$or, and #$and. c14862c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 astronomical objects A specialization of #$InanimateThing-Natural. One instance of #$AstronomicalObject is #$PlanetEarth (q.v.). Each of the other instances of #$AstronomicalObject is a (usually quite large) object either existing outside the Earth's atmosphere (for example, the #$Sun), or having parts which exist outside the Earth's atmosphere (for example, the #$SolarSystem). Some, but not all, instances of #$AstronomicalObject are also instances of #$CelestialObject, the collection of heavenly bodies visible from the Earth. Notable specializations of #$AstronomicalObject include #$Star, #$Planet, and #$Galaxy. bd58d178-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 asymmetric binary predicates An instance of #$BinaryPredicateTypeByLogicalFeature and a specialization of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate (q.v.). A binary predicate BINPRED is an instance of #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if (i) for any THING1 and THING2, (BINPRED THING1 THING2) implies (#$not (BINPRED THING2 THING1)) and (ii) the single-argument argument type (i.e. #$argIsa and #$argGenl) constraints on BINPRED's two respective argument-places are jointly satisfiable (see #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations). Examples of asymmetric binary predicates include #$northOf, #$children, #$greaterThan, and #$overrides. bd6561fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mental events A collection of events. Each instance of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent is an event involving the mental functions of a participant or group of participants (see #$actors) in that event. The collection includes such things as dreaming, perceiving, sensing, theorizing about something, having a realization, making a decision, building something, designing something, and consciously carrying out a task. Note that the above list includes both purposeful events and non-purposeful events that involve mental functions. Note also that any event that has a mental component is also an instance of this collection, so that events like preparing lunch would be classified as instances of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. In entering knowledge, it is almost always possible and preferable to use one of the specializations of #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent. If an event seems mostly mental in nature, modulo neurons firing and related brain activity, use #$StrictlyMentalEvent or one of its specializations. If it essentially involves both mental and physical activity, see #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent or #$PurposefulPhysicalAction. For mental events that are intentionally and purposefully performed, see the specialization #$PurposefulMentalActivity. bd588615-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of atemporal collection in which membership is necessarily essential A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType is an atemporal collection, for which membership is necessarily essential. More precisely, a collection ANE-COL is an instance of #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType, if and only if, ANE-COL is disjoint with #$TemporalThing and, necessarily, for any instance INS of ANE-COL, necessarily, INS exists only if INS is an instance of ANE-COL. a8462735-532a-11d6-9228-0002b34c7c9f athletes A collection of persons. Each instance of #$Athlete is a person who trains to compete in contests involving physical agility, stamina, or strength. Note that in the #$JobMt, #$Athlete is a subcollection of #$PersonWithOccupation (q.v.), and hence in that microtheory represents the collection of professional athletes. bd58befb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 athletic activities A specialization of both #$PurposefulPhysicalAction and #$HumanActivity. Each instance of #$AthleticActivity is a purposeful, physical human activity that is related to the playing of some sport, involves physical exertion, and tends to require strength and stamina. This collection is not limited to competitive sports events, but also includes non-competitive sports activities and exercising (e.g. spelunking, going for a jog, or shooting a few hoops). be01fe5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 atoms (types of things) A specialization of #$ChemicalObject. Each instance of #$Atom is a microscopic-scale object with exactly one atomic nucleus (see #$AtomicNucleus) and some number of electrons (see #$Electron). A typical instance of #$Atom has no net charge, i.e., it has as many instances of #$Electron as it does of #$Proton. For the collection of atoms that do have non-zero charges, see #$AtomicIon. bd5891ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 atoms (types of things) A specialization of #$LispObject. The collection of atomic objects in #$Lisp. Positive examples include numbers and symbols, negative examples include lists and vectors. 1b15b181-52f5-11d6-82b6-0002b34b9777 atomic nuclei A specialization of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$AtomicNucleus is an object composed of some definite number of instances of #$Proton and some definite number of instances of #$Neutron. Each instance of #$Atom has exactly one instance of #$AtomicNucleus as a part. bd58a3d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract atomic symbols The collection of all abstract symbols which are not composed of further symbols. By 'abstract symbol' we mean any abstract object whose concrete instantiations have meaning, broadly construed, according to some convention. For example, the letter A is an #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, whereas its concrete instantiations (such as you see in this note) are not. The character string 'ABC' is not an #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, because it is composed of more than one symbol. An arbitrary abstract object (such as the abstract structure of carbon dioxide) is not #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract unless its instantiations have a meaning, according to some convention. Other examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract, punctuation marks, words (but not their corresponding character strings) and symbols of diagram types (e.g. the symbols used in wiring diagrams). bdd81f66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attachments The collection of events in which one object becomes attached to another. This may involve fasteners of some sort in which case one should use the specialization #$ConnectingTogether or processes in which no fasteners are used, e.g. magnets moving together, two objects rusting together, chemical bonding. c13bcc68-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyber attacks A specialization of #$AttackOnObject, #$ActsCommonlyConsideredCriminal and #$ComputerActivity. Each instance of #$AttackByComputerOperation an attack executed using computer operations as weapons. Commonly, instances of this collection are called electronic attacks or cyber attacks . This collection includes as specializations #$AttackByComputerOperation-DenialOfService, #$AttackByComputerOperation-CorruptionOfInformation and many others. Note that #$AttackByComputerOperation is not a specialization of #$AttackOnIBT, because many instances of #$AttackByComputerOperation do not involve an attempt to change the information content of their targets. beff9fab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attacks A specialization of #$PurposefulPhysicalAction and #$AttackOnObject. Each instance of #$AttackOnObject is an action intentionally performed by an actor or actors (see #$performedBy) with the goal (see #$purposeInEvent) that the action damages (see #$damages) the object attacked (see #$objectAttacked). The object that is attacked in an instance of #$AttackOnObject need not be a tangible object -- for example, it could be a web site or a person's character. For attacks against tangible objects, see the more specialized collection, #$AttackOnTangible. bdb7f301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attitude prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be3294d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attribute-denoting functions The collection of denotational functions that return only #$AttributeValues. The attributes thus returned will often be #$RelativeAttributes. be5da4bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attribute point value A specialization of #$AttributeValue. #$AttributePointValue is the collection of attribute values VAL which are minimal in the sense that there is no other attribute value VAL2 different from VAL such that (#$genlAttributes VAL2 VAL). The instances of #$ScalarPointValue, such as the #$RealNumber pi, are instances of #$AttributePointValue as well. In addition, #$AttributePointValue has elements that are not #$ScalarPointValues; an example would be a specific shade of color of a precise hue, saturation, and lightness. #$ScalarIntervals that are not #$ScalarPointValues, such as the real number interval (#$Unity 3 4), are also not #$AttributePointValues. Another example of an attribute value that is not an #$AttributePointValue is the color #$RedColor, which encompasses different shades of red. bff695f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attribute predicates The subcollection of #$Predicates that relate attributes to things that hold them or are perceived as holding them. More formally, PRED is an instance of this collection if (#$argIsa PRED N ATT-VAL-SPEC) holds for some N and some collection ATT-VAL-SPEC that is a subcollection of #$AttributeValue and the attributes represented by instances of ATT-VAL-SPEC are related by PRED to some thing or things holding this attribute or perceived as holding it. For example, #$levelOfEfficiencyWithRespectTo is an instance of this collection since (#$argIsa #$levelOfEfficiencyWithRespectTo 2 #$Efficiency) holds, #$Efficiency is a specification of #$AttributeValue and #$levelOfEfficiencyWithRespectTo relates an instance EFF of #$Efficiency to an instance SYS of #$System-Generic in those situations in which EFF is an attribute of SYS. c05a560d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 attribute values A specialization of #$IntangibleIndividual. Each instance of #$AttributeValue is a property (in a broad sense of 'property') of some instance of #$Thing. #$AttributeValue includes as instances quantities, such as 5 inches (i.e., (#$Inch 5)) or 1000 dollars per year (i.e., (#$DollarsPerYear 1000)), as well as qualities like #$Hilly, #$Rough, #$DeviceOn, etc., which can be used to make assertions about the state of some tangible object. bd5880c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 audible sounds bd5906fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 audio-communicating events A specialization of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$AudioCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne information between two (or more) agents. Specializations of #$AudioCommunicating include #$SpokenCommunicating and #$MusicalCommunicating. bd58c907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 August The collection of all Augusts, the eighth month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. bd58c170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 authorized agreements A specialization of #$Agreement. Each instance of #$Agreement is a generic agreement that is authorized by one of the agreeing parties (typically by the issuer of the document embodying the agreement). #$AuthorizedAgreements are generic in the sense that their authorizing agents are party to many similar agreements; for that reason, an #$AuthorizedAgreement is typically given a unique identification number. Notable positive examples include bank accounts, driver's licenses, and stock certificates. bd58b01c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 car dealerships #$AutoDealership is a specialization of #$RetailStore, #$Business, and #$TransportationOrganization. Each instance of #$AutoDealership is an establishment (an organization located at one site) that sells automobiles and other types of road vehicles to consumers. bd58eed7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cars A specialization of #$RoadVehicle. Each instance of #$Automobile is a four-wheeled road vehicle designed for carrying about two to eight passengers. Notable specializations of #$Automobile include #$SportsCar, #$PickupTruck and #$Van. This collection does _not_ include motorcycles or tractor-trailers (since both motorcycles and tractor-trailers are not four-wheeled vehicles), nor does it include buses (since buses are designed to carry more passengers than instances of #$Automobile are designed to carry). bd5895c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 autotrophic organisms The collection of organisms capable of manufacturing organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials. Photosynthetic plants fall into this category, as do certain bacteria. See #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Cf. #$Heterotroph. bd58ed15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negated auxiliary verbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all auxiliary verbs negated by contraction. Example: 'hadn't'. bd6621bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 auxiliary verbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of auxiliary verbs, including 'have', 'be', and 'do', as well as the modal verbs. All of these can be inverted in questions, and have other distributional peculiarities. bd60398f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 awe Emotion inspired by something which arouses one's deep respect, veneratioon and wonder. Implies a sense of being overwhelmed or overcome by great superiority or impressiveness. bd58e10e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 axes A specialization of #$Line-Straight-Directed. Each instance of #$Axis is a straight line about which a three-dimensional figure is oriented or rotates. The orientation is between specified sides or points of the object or according to the right-hand rule for a rotational axis. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the Earth's axis of rotation, as well as abstract objects, such as the axis of rotation for some abstract three-dimensional figure. bd58ea8f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 backs The collection of all the entire back sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the backwards direction. bd59048d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bacterial infections An instance of #$InfectionTypeByPathogenType, and a specialization of #$Infection. Each instance of #$BacterialInfection is an infection caused by bacteria (see the constant #$Bacterium). Notable specializations of #$BacterialInfection include #$AnthraxInfection, #$Diphtheria, #$Acne, and #$Leprosy. c10c30f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 baking A specialization of #$CookingFood. Each instance of #$BakingFood is an event during which which food is baked in an instance of #$RegularOven. After an event of #$BakingFood occurs, the food involved has been baked (see #$Baked). bd58aed0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 balconies #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction is a specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction. Each instance of #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction is a balcony in the style of those overhanging levels sometimes found in churches, theatres, etc. Such balconies are often approximately one-third the size of the floor or level below them, and therefore can be considered legitimate levels themselves. They usually contain a mob of seats. Note that this collection does _not_ include the kind of balcony that protrudes from a window or door on an already existing level. See also #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BasementLevelInAConstruction. bd5894f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 balloons #$Balloon is a specialization of #$Artifact-NonAgentive, #$BilateralObject, and #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$Balloon is a physical device made from an elastic and flexible material and filled with gas or air. The #$Balloon tends to be light (sometimes lighter than air). bd58ec97-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 debit cards A specialization of #$Card and #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$BankDebitCard is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the #$BankAccount with which the card is associated. It is typically used to withdraw funds from the account. See also #$CreditCard. c0fd4920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bartered The collection of transactions between two #$Agents in which one #$Agent gives items or services to another #$Agent, and the other #$Agent gives items or services in return, and neither of the items or services is money, credit, or payment of money. bd58b2e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 base word forms NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be7bb6b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 base word form types by ending letter NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf85a2cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 base word form types by ending phoneme type NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0a18a1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 base word form types by etymology NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 39b3d641-216c-11d6-8b53-00b0d074c11f base word form types by phonology NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 39b3af33-216c-11d6-8b53-00b0d074c11f base word form types by starting letter NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf28585b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 base word form types by starting phoneme type NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be2b5b00-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 basements #$BasementLevelInAConstruction is a specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction. Each instance of #$BasementLevelInAConstruction is a level in a construction that is below ground level. See also #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction. bd58ce1a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 battles A specialization of #$HostileSocialAction. Each instance of #$Battle is an event in which two or more large groups of people meet and fight one another, each group seeking to vanquish (some of) the others. Instances of #$Battle are often conducted by instances of #$MilitaryOrganization (q.v.), and they may influence the outcomes of instances of #$WagingWar (q.v.). Each instance of #$Battle will have as sub-events at least two #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent events, in which one of the fighting groups attacks the other. bd58aeb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the auxiliary 'Be' NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The auxiliary verb 'be'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, in forming compound tenses, so it is treated as a separate part of speech. bd588797-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 schools of thought A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$BeliefSystem is an ideology (systems of belief) in terms of which an agent characterizes (i.e., makes sense of) the world. Instances of #$BeliefSystem include: #$VegetarianBeliefs, #$GermanNaziIdeology, #$RepublicanPartyIdeology, #$CommunistIdeology, #$PacifistIdeology, #$Atheism, etc. See also #$ClassificationSystem. bd58bd47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 belief system types The collection of all the kinds of #$BeliefSystems -- religious, philosophical, political, ethical, cultural, and scientific. Some elements of this collection include #$Religion, #$PhilosophyBeliefs, etc. The most general member of this set is #$BeliefSystems (qv). bd590588-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 belligerence Hostility. Aggressive and unfriendly attitude or disposition. Enmity. Ill will; positive hatred bd58935e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bicycles (types of things) #$Bicycle is a specialization of #$WheeledTransportationDevice, #$MountableTransporter, #$Device-UserPowered, and #$Device-UserControlled. Each instance of #$Bicycle is a personal wheeled transport device powered by human peddling. Most bicycles have two main wheels arranged in-line, but some tandem bicycles have more than two wheels. bd58e8d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bidirected path systems An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. For each instance SYS of #$BidirectedPathSystem, every link in SYS is given two directions. beffe753-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bilateral objects A #$BilateralObject is an object that has an intrinsic front and back, or an intrinsic bottom and top, or an intrinsic left and right. The 'or's' are of course inclusive. See also the comments for #$FrontAndBackSidedObject, #$LeftAndRightSidedObject, #$TopAndBottomSidedObject, #$HexalateralObject A perfectly smooth ball bearing is a negative exemplar of a #$BilateralObject. On the other hand a ball bearing with a dot painted on one side, could be considered to have a well defined front if, for example, the dotted were designated as the front side (see also #$NoteAboutSidedObject). c008856e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bilaterally symmetrical objects A specialization of #$SpatialThing. Each instance of #$BilaterallySymmetricObject is an object which is symmetric on both sides of a bisecting axis. bd58b94b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bills (types of things) A specialization of #$TextualMaterial. Each instance of #$Bill-PaymentRequest is a written notification of a demand or request made by a creditor (or its agent) to a debtor, for payment of a debt (see #$PaymentObligation) previously incurred for some loan, goods, or services. Instances of #$Bill-PaymentRequest include telephone bills, tax bills, department store bills, cleaning bills, and fuel bills. Note that this collection includes only actual physical copies of bills -- for the information contained in a given bill (which might be reproduced in more than one physical copy of it), see #$Bill-PaymentRequest-PIT. Nor is this mere piece of paper to be construed as the actual request (or demand) for money (for which see collections such as #$Requesting-CommunicationAct). See also the predicate #$owesDebts. bd58d7b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 billing locations A specialization of #$MailingLocation. Each instance of #$BillingLocation is a location to which invoices are sent. For most private individuals, their billing location is their home address. be0184e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary attribute predicates The subcollection of #$BinaryPredicates that relate attributes to things that have them or are perceived as having them. More formally, PRED is an instance of this collection if (#$arg2Isa PRED ATT-VAL-SPEC) holds for some subcollection ATT-VAL-SPEC of #$AttributeValue, and the attributes represented by instances of ATT-VAL-SPEC are related by PRED to some thing or things having this attribute or perceived as having it. For example, #$colorHasChroma is an instance of this collection since (#$arg2Isa #$colorHasChroma #$MunsellChroma) holds, #$MunsellChroma is a specialization of #$AttributeValue and #$colorHasChroma relates instances of #$MunsellChroma to instances of #$Color. #$genlAttributes is *not* an instance of this collection since, even though (#$arg2Isa #$genlAttributes #$AttributeValue) holds, since #$genlAttributes relates two instances of #$AttributeValue in such a way that it cannot be said to represent the attribution of one property to another. c03e9763-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary functions A specialization of both #$BinaryRelation and #$Function-Denotational. An instance of #$Function-Denotational FUNC is an instance of #$BinaryFunction if and only if FUNC has an #$arity of 2. c0e7247c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary predicates A specialization of both #$BinaryRelation and #$Predicate. #$BinaryPredicate is the collection of all predicates whose arity (see #$arity) is 2. bd588102-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 logical features of binary predicates A collection of collections and a specialization of #$PredicateCategory. Each instance of #$BinaryPredicateTypeByLogicalFeature is a collection of #$BinaryPredicates whose instances all share some significant logical feature, such as reflexivity or asymmetry. Examples include #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate, #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate, and #$EquivalenceRelation. bea8ed56-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary program operator This is the collection of operators found in programming languages. 0e475b47-4bf0-11d6-9946-0002b34b9777 binary relations The collection of all fixed-arity relations of arity 2 (see #$arity). The most notable specializations of #$BinaryRelation are #$BinaryPredicate and #$BinaryFunction (qq.v.). be75c8f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 binary role predicates A specialization of #$Role. An instance ROLE of #$Role is also an instance of #$BinaryRolePredicate just in case ROLE is an instance of #$BinaryPredicate. c0be3f42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 catabolism A collection of events. Each #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent involve the destruction of larger molecules. E.g., the degradation of glucose into carbon dioxide and water, which releases energy used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate). bd58ef47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological classes The collection of taxonomic subdivisions directly under #$BiologicalPhylum (for animals and for the animal-like organisms in the #$ProtistaKingdom), or #$BiologicalDivision (for the plants and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom). bd58974c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological decomposition A collection of events. In each #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent, some living structures are decomposed. bd58b294-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological destruction A specialization of both #$PhysicalDestructionEvent and #$BiologicalEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent, some instance(s) of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v.) are destroyed. Notable specializations of #$BiologicalDestructionEvent include #$BiologicalCatabolismEvent, #$DigestionEvent, and #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent. bd58b316-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 developing (type of thing) A collection of events, and a subcollection of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalDevelopmentEvent, one or more living things undergo biological changes in which they progress from one developmental stage to another. For example, the germination of a seed, the opening of a flower, the pupating of a caterpillar, a teenager reaching puberty. Some borderline non-examples include: Groucho Marx being born, Groucho Marx dying. bd58d906-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological divisions A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon. Each instance of #$BiologicalDivision is a main taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom) for the members of the #$MoneraKingdom (i.e., prokaryotes), #$Fungus Kingdom, #$Plant Kingdom, and for the plant-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. In the #$Animal Kingdom, however, the main taxonomic subdivisions are instances of #$BiologicalPhylum (q.v.), rather than #$BiologicalDivision. bd58978f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organic events A specialization of #$BiologicalProcess (q.v.) instances of which are non-deliberately done by biological organisms. Each instance of #$BiologicalEvent is a biological process that has an instance of #$Organism-Whole as a bodily doer (see #$bodilyDoer). Note that not all physical events that have bodily doers are #$BiologicalEvents; they might (e.g.) be #$PhysiologicalConditions that are not biological events. Thus, having a bodily doer is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for being an instance of #$BiologicalEvent. bd5902b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological families The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalOrder (or #$BiologicalSuborder) and above #$BiologicalGenus. Especially important in Botanical classification. bd58cb2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological genera The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalSpecies. Sometimes, hybrids are possible between different instances of #$BiologicalSpecies that belong to the same #$BiologicalGenus. bd589a9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological intake events A specialization of #$BiologicalTransportationEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, some object(s) are taken into some living structure. bd588866-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 kingdoms A collection of collections. Each instance of #$BiologicalKingdom is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole whose instances all belong to one of the highest, most general taxonomic divisions of organisms. Notable instances of #$BiologicalKingdom include #$Animal, #$Plant, #$ProtistaKingdom, and #$MoneraKingdom. bd58989a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 living things The collection of all structures that are composed of one or more living cells (see #$Cell). Biological living objects (or BLO s) might either be instances of #$Organism-Whole (like dogs or pine trees) or components of such whole living organisms (like noses, tails, and pine needles). The healthy leg of a living person is a BLO (as is the person), but an amputated leg is not a BLO. Every instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject is either capable of biological reproduction itself or has components which are capable of biological reproduction (such as the cells in a living arm). bd58a6ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 metabolizing The collection of biological processes in which substrates are converted into metabolites. The metabolites may be more or less complex than the substrates. bd58ee48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological orders The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalClass (or #$BiologicalSubclass) and above #$BiologicalFamily. bd58e329-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological phyla The collection of main taxonomic subdivisions of #$BiologicalKingdom (or #$BiologicalSubkingdom if present) for the #$Animal kingdom and for the animal-like organisms within the #$ProtistaKingdom. The other elements of #$BiologicalKingdom have divisions belonging to #$BiologicalDivision instead of Phyla (Phyla is the plural of Phylum). bd589813-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological production A specialization of both #$PhysicalCreationEvent and #$BiologicalEvent. In each instance of #$BiologicalProductionEvent, raw materials are combined to produce a product, and at least one instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v.) is the producer. Specializations of #$BiologicalProductionEvent include #$SecretionEvent and #$BiologicalReproductionEvent. bd58c40f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 reproduction events A specialization of #$BiologicalProductionEvent. Each instance of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent is an event in which one or more instances of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v.) (related to the event by #$parentActors) produce at least one new instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject (related to the event by #$offspringActors), generally of the same kind as the parents. Notable specializations of #$BiologicalReproductionEvent include #$AsexualReproductionEvent and #$SexualReproductionEvent. bd58d8c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 species An instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType. Each instance of #$BiologicalSpecies is the lowest taxon common to both parents of fertile offspring, or, in the case of asexual reproduction, common to parent and child. Members of different species cannot produce fertile offspring by interbreeding. An instance of #$BiologicalSpecies has members who all have significant traits in common, and members of each biological species have other members as parents. In biological taxonomy, related species are grouped into a particular instance of #$BiologicalGenus. bd58caeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological subclasses The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions more specific than #$BiologicalClass but more general than #$BiologicalOrder. bd58cba7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological subfamily The collection of biological taxonomic subdivisions below #$BiologicalFamily and above #$BiologicalGenus. bf7063f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological subkingdoms A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon. Each instance of #$BiologicalSubkingdom is an immediate taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalKingdom (q.v.). Instances of #$BiologicalSubkingdom include #$Protozoan, #$EmbryophyteSubkingdom, and #$AlgaeSubkingdom. bd589857-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological suborder A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon. Each instance of #$BiologicalSuborder is an immediate taxonomic subdivision of some instance of #$BiologicalOrder. Instances of #$BiologicalSuborder include #$Crocodile and #$Lizard. bdf83894-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological subphylum A collection of #$BiologicalTaxons that is more restrictive than #$BiologicalPhylum. All instances of a particular #$BiologicalSubspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common which are not shared by all other members of the same #$BiologicalPhylum. bed637c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 subspecies A specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon whose instances are more restrictive than those of #$BiologicalSpecies. Each instance of #$BiologicalSubspecies is a specialization of some instance of #$BiologicalSpecies. Members of different subspecies of the same species can produce fertile offspring by interbreeding; but such offspring are not members of either of the parental subspecies, although they are members of the common species. All instances of a given biological subspecies have significant traits or collections of traits in common that are not shared by all other members of the subsuming species. A #$BiologicalSubspecies is formed by inbreeding of a restricted group of members of the same species. This can happen naturally through geographic isolation or intentionally through controlled reproduction to create, for example, dog breeds or crop strains. c0b6222b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 taxonomic groups A collection of collections and a specialization of #$OrganismClassificationType (q.v.). Instances of #$BiologicalTaxon correspond to ranked categories accepted by biologists for the classification of organisms according to their suspected evolutionary relationships. They include all levels of taxons. Specializations of #$BiologicalTaxon include #$BiologicalOrder and #$BiologicalSpecies; instances include #$Marsupial and #$Person. See also #$BiologicalTaxonType. bd58e2e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of biological taxon An instance of #$CollectionTypeType, and a specialization of #$DisjointCollectionType. Each instance of #$BiologicalTaxonType is a specialization of #$BiologicalTaxon (q.v.). Notable instances of #$BiologicalTaxonType include #$BiologicalSpecies, #$BiologicalClass, and #$BiologicalFamily. bd588dc6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological transportation The collection of processes involving living structures in which objects are transported. bd58fce2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 birds An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Bird is an air-breathing, warm-blooded, winged animal covered with feathers. Members of most, but not all, species of bird can fly. bd58bc48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 births The collection of events in which one animal (prototypically, a #$Mammal) gives birth to another. The mother is the #$birthParent and the child is the #$birthChild. Both are #$objectOfStateChange; the mother goes from being pregnant to not pregnant (therefore a #$BirthEvent is an instance of #$PregnancyEndingEvent), while the child changes from being inside the mother and relying on the mother for nutritional, respiratory, and excretory needs (called in CYC the #$Embryo life stage, although different English terms apply to different stages of in utero development in mammals and not all of these terms apply to live-born #$Fish) to the #$JuvenileAnimal life stage (see #$BiologicalStageOfDevelopment). bd58b30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 blimps #$BlimpTheAirship is a specialization of #$LighterThanAirCraft, #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle, and #$Balloon. Each instance of #$BlimpTheAirship is a dirigible, motorized, and lighter-than-air craft (airships). Each generally consists of a gas-filled gas-sack from which a control and passenger cabin hangs (the gas-sack may or may not have rigid reinforcement such as ribs). A #$BlimpTheAirship flies more slowly than an #$Airplane. They are also called blimps, dirigibles and Zeppelins. bd5892ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 workmen A subcollection of #$PersonWithOccupation and an instance of #$PersonTypeByOccupation. Each instance of #$BlueCollarWorker is a person whose occupation is manual-labor intensive, sometimes demanding physical strength and, in some jobs, considerable skill, practical judgment, and work experience. Types of blue-collar workers include miners, truck drivers, steelworkers, construction workers, agricultural workers, laborers, mechanics, garbage collectors, assembly line workers, janitorial workers, etc. Their jobs may require some specialized training or apprenticeship but don't require a college degree. bd58aecd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bodily function events The collection of animal activities that, from an evolutionary standpoint, the body of the doer was 'designed' to do, and that are instances of action types that can be and often are done without conscious volition. It includes dreaming but not rational thought, and breathing but not holding one's breath. If an instance of #$BodilyFunctionEvent involves the doer moving all or part of its body, either volitionally or as a reflex, it is also an instance of #$BodyMovementEvent. bd58f3d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 involuntary bodily functions A specialization of #$BodilyFunctionEvent. Each specialization of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary is a type of event each instance of which is done without conscious volition. Consequently, in each instance of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary, the `doer' of the event is a non-deliberate actor in that event (see the predicate #$nonDeliberateActors). Specializations of #$BodilyFunctionEvent-Involuntary include #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement, #$Bleeding, and #$ExperiencingHunger. bd59f763-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body movements The collection of activities in which an #$Animal agent moves a part of its own body, whether consciously and intentionally or reflexively. For example, #$BodyMovementEvent has the specializations #$TakingAStep, #$BlockingAPunch, #$Hiccoughing, and #$BlinkingOnesEyes. bd58f6e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body of water A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$BodyOfWater is a natural or artificial body of water. Instances may belong to specializations as #$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater includes #$Reservoirs, #$Canals, and navigation channels that are developed and/or enlarged by humans. However, it does not include smaller purely-artificial bodies of water such as #$SwimmingPools or tanks of water. #$Glaciers and snowpacks are not included, but lakes and ponds that are sometimes liquid are included, even if they have an ice crust or are solidly frozen. Examples of #$BodyOfWater include #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea, #$BayOfBengal, and #$NiagaraFalls. bd5884fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body of water - large Bodies of water which are substantial in some sense. For example, a #$Puddle or a small #$Creek are not substantial bodies of water, but #$Oceans and many #$Lakes are. A #$BodyOfWater-Large tends to be permanent, not seasonal (though there are exceptions). Large bodies of water count as water area in geographical calculations, while non-large bodies of water do not. bdfb4b45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 boiling events A collection of events. In each #$Boiling, a piece of liquid matter is raised to its #$boilingPoint and is thereby changed from being in the #$Liquid-StateOfMatter to being in the #$Gaseous-StateOfMatter. Note: this is not intended to cover the cases of heat/evacuation causing a solid to sublime directly into a gas. bd589c37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 books A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork and #$BookGeneric-CW. Each instance of #$Book-CW is an abstract work intended to be instantiated as a book of some sort. Instances of #$Book-CW may be intended to be instantiated in any book format: hardcopy (see #$BookCopy), electronic, audio tape, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually also instances of #$TextualPCW, but some may be comprised of mainly non-propositional information, such as images. Note that books with no propositional information (such as certain coloring books) would not be instances of this specialization of #$BookGeneric-CW. bd58e6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 book generic A specialization of #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of the collection #$BookGeneric-CW is an abstract work intended to be instantiated as a book of some sort (hardcopy, electronic, audio tape or compact disc, etc.). An important specialization is #$Book-CW, instances of which are books that contain propositional information. c0290c9b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bookkeeping predicates A collection of predicates used to make assertions about the creation and internal representation of particular CycL constants in the Cyc system. Bookkeeping predicates neither specify nor constrain the semantics of CycL constants. Examples include #$myCreator, #$myCreationTime, #$termOfUnit, #$multiplicationUnits, and #$defnSufficient. bd5880ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 borders The collection of all lines, linear regions, or dividing planes or surfaces--physical or abstract--that each constitutes the boundary between (#$formsBorderBetween) two regions (i.e., two instances of #$SpatialThing). bd62894d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is bored A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being bored. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e2234c1c-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 boredom The attribute-type associated with dissatisfaction, weariness, or restlessness accompanied by a felt lack of interest in what is going on around one. A specialization of #$Listlessness. (For the rationale behind treating feelings as types -- i.e. collections -- of attributes, see the comment on #$Happiness.) bd58a612-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 borrowing events A collection of events; a subcollection of #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights. In an instance of #$BorrowingSomething, an #$Agent takes temporary control of something, usually with the permission of its owner(s). Generally, the lending agent expects the borrowing agent to use the object for one of its normal functions (see #$intendedBehaviorCapable). bd58cf42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 plant organs A specialization of #$PlantPart. Each instance of #$BotanicalOrgan is a major morphological and functional feature of an individual plant. Notable specializations of #$BotanicalOrgan include #$Flower-BotanicalPart, #$Leaf, and #$Stem. bd58f8f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 undersides The collection of all the entire bottom sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces down. bd58d673-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 brains A specialization of #$InternalOrgan. Each instance of #$Brain is an organ that controls most bodily movement and receives sensory input from the body and objects outside the body. bd58d3eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 branch of military service A specialization of #$ModernMilitaryOrganization. Each instance of #$BranchOfMilitaryService is one of the main overarching organizations in a modern military command structure. Thus, for any given modern nation-state, its army, navy, and air force will each be instances of #$BranchOfMilitaryService. c12a5135-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 breathing events A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$Breathing is the collection of #$AirRespiration events in which the respiring organism takes air into its internal #$Lungs, where the gas exchange occurs. See also #$Respiration. bd58b773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 broad microtheory The collection of those microtheories that contain so many assertions that they are not useful for `relevance' focusing during inference. (A #$BroadMicrotheory is not used internally in Cyc's indexing scheme during inference.) Examples: #$BaseKB and #$EnglishMt. bd5c0498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buildings A collection of artifacts; a subcollection of #$FixedStructure and of #$HumanShelterConstruction. An instance of #$Building is typically a substantial structure and must have walls and a roof, with rooms inside or at least some area designed to be occupied by humans (but not necessarily as a residence). Examples include the #$EmpireStateBuilding, Michael Jackson's house in L.A., King Arthur's castle, an #$AircraftHangar at O'Hare, a #$Lighthouse in the Mediterranean sea, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, etc. bd58fb28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 construction materials #$BuildingMaterial is a specialization of #$Artifact-NonAgentive and #$PartiallyTangibleProduct. Each instance of #$BuildingMaterial is a material thing typically used in making new structures. Instances of #$BuildingMaterial include a piece of lumber, a brick, a slab of concrete, a roof shingle, a copper nail, a double-paned storm window, etc. c10af48b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buses (types of things) A specialization of #$RoadVehicle. Each instance of #$Bus-RoadVehicle is a ground transportation vehicle designed to carry many passengers (instances of #$Bus-RoadVehicle typically have capacities ranging from 20 to 80 passengers). Instances of #$Bus-RoadVehicle are often used as a means of public transportation (see the constant #$PublicTransportationDevice); instances used for public transportation are usually driven by professional drivers. bd58b4bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bushes A specialization of #$Plant-Woody. Each instance of #$Bush is a woody plant of branching growth habit that lacks a substantial trunk and is not usually taller than an adult person (and is typically re shorter than most specimens of #$Tree-ThePlant). This is a commonsense collection without distinct boundaries. bd589a2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 businesses A specialization of #$CommercialOrganization (q.v.). Each instance of #$Business is an organization intended to make profits, i.e. to make money for agents who own them. Note that not all #$CommercialOrganizations are #$Businesses. For example, in a franchise #$Organization, while the parent company (see #$parentCompany) is regarded as a business, the sub-organizations are commercial organizations but not businesses. Also, #$Businesses are typically #$LegalAgents, while #$CommercialOrganizations need not be. bd58d036-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 business events A collection of events. Each instance of #$BusinessEvent is an intentional occurrence that is closely associated with, and either helps or hinders, the business purpose of some agent. Examples include: the development of General Motors' business plan for 1996; an individual sales call on a particular customer; printing the 1996 Yellow Pages directory for the Austin, TX, area; selling a newspaper; designing and manufacturing a new memory chip. #$BusinessEvent does NOT include purely social or recreational occurrences. bd588c38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 businesspeople A subcollection of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$BusinessPerson is someone whose occupation primarily consists in the ownership or operation of a business. c0fcd0ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 activities in a business relationship A specialization of #$BusinessEvent. Each instance of #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is a (usually long-term, and often complex) social activity whose participants are in some type of business relationship. An instance of #$BusinessRelationshipActivity is typically carried out over multiple social occasions, and may consist of many sub-events. The social events constituting an instance of #$BusinessRelationshipActivity further, either directly or indirectly, the (usually mutual) business interests of the participants. c10afcc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 purchases A collection of events. Each instance of #$Buying is an event in which an agent voluntarily pays to acquire something tangible or intangible, or for the performance of a service, which another agent sells in the event. Payment may be in money or other exchange of assets. Instances of #$Buying may include #$subEvents of negotiation, the act of paying, and the transfer of the purchased thing to the buyer. Examples of #$Buying include: purchasing fighter jets for the Navy; buying a Pepsi from a vending machine; ordering dinner at a restaurant; acquiring a personal life insurance policy for oneself; mail-ordering clothes from Sears; shopping at a farmers' market. bd58cbda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 buying activities A collection of events. #$BuyingActivity very generally includes events related to purchasing goods or services. Each instance of #$BuyingActivity is an event that is either (i) a common prelude to buying (i.e., the kinds of activities that contribute to their doers becoming buyers), or (ii) an instance of #$Buying itself. Examples of #$BuyingActivity include shopping for, or ordering, something very specific, and also general expressions of interest in purchasing something, such as placing an `Item Wanted' ad in a newspaper. bd588f8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 centimeter-gram-second units of measure A specialization of #$UnitOfMeasure. Each instance of #$CGSUnitOfMeasure is either one of three basic units of measure - (#$Centi #$Meter), #$Gram, and #$SecondsDuration - or is derived from one or more of these basic units of measure. For example, #$CubicCentimeter, #$Dyne, and #$Barye-UnitOfPressure are all instances of #$CGSUnitOfMeasure, since they are units of measure derived from (one or more of) (#$Centi #$Meter), #$Gram, and #$SecondsDuration. bd589a3d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 c header file A specialization of #$ComputerProgramModule-CW. Each member of this collection is a header file that can be included in a C program with an #include directive. 8c27eaa4-8473-11d6-99bc-0002b34b9777 autumns (types of things) A specialization of #$CalendarSeason. Each instance of #$CalendarAutumn is a time interval that begins on a day considered to begin an autumn season, and ends on a day considered to end an autumn season. For example, according to mainstream culture in the U.S.A., instances of this collection begin each year on the #$AutumnalEquinox (about September 21) and end on the #$DecemberSolstice (about December 21st) (see #$CalendarAutumn-US), whereas according to mainstream Australasian culture, instances of this collection begin March 1st and end on the last day of May (see #$CalendarAutumn-Australasian). be011790-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 centuries An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarCentury is a century on a particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarCentury include #$TheNineteenthCenturyCE and #$TheTwentiethCenturyCE. bd58b8f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of calendar time interval #$CalendarCoveringType is a collection of collections. Each instance CC of #$CalendarCoveringType is itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that a sequence of all the instances of CC would completely cover all of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is a #$CalendarCoveringType because all of time consists of a sequence of non-overlapping #$CalendarYears. Similarly #$CalendarMonth, #$CalendarDay, and #$CalendarHour are instances of #$CalendarCoveringType. #$Monday and #$December are _not_ instances of #$CalendarCoveringType, because all of time is not a sequence of Mondays, or Decembers. Also notice that a collection Week -- defined as the collection of all seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not be an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, since several different Weeks could overlap; e.g., the week beginning today and the week beginning yesterday and the week beginning tomorrow. bd58a30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar days An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarDay is a day on some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarDay include (#$DayFn 1 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1646))) and (#$DayFn 8 (#$MonthFn #$November (#$YearFn 1848))). bd58de08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decades (types of things) An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarDecade is a decade on a particular calendar. For the example, the nineteen eighties is an instance of #$CalendarDecade. bd58b937-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 half centuries An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarHalfCentury is a half-century on a particular calendar, and thus will be either the first half or the second half of some century (see the constant #$CalendarCentury) on that calendar. Instances of #$CalendarHalfCentury include #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyCE and #$LastHalfOf20thCenturyCE. c0f71f9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar hours An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarHour is an hour in some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarHour include (#$HourFn 12 (#$DayFn 20 (#$MonthFn #$January (#$YearFn 1965)))) and (#$HourFn 13 (#$DayFn 13 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 2000)))). bd58933b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar minutes An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarMinute is a minute on a particular calendar. For example, the first minute of the year 2000 is an instance of #$CalendarMinute. bd58b9fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 months (types of things) An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarMonth is a month in a particular calendar. An example sub-collection of #$CalendarMonth is #$February , the collection of all months of February. One instance of the collection #$February (and thus one instance of the collection #$CalendarMonth) is (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1992)), February of 1992. bd58c029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar quarters An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType, and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarQuarter is a quarter of a year on a particular calendar, and thus will be either the first, second, third, or fourth quarter of some year (see the collection #$CalendarYear) on that calendar. Example instances of #$CalendarQuarter include (#$QuarterFn 1 (#$YearFn 1996)) and (#$QuarterFn 4 (#$YearFn 1929)). c10ae4c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar seasons A specialization of #$Date and an instance of #$ConventionallyClassifiedSuccessiveTimeIntervalType. Each instance of #$CalendarSeason is a time interval that is thought of by a significant group of people (often an entire culture -- see #$CalendarSeasonTypeByCulture) as significantly intersecting the instances of #$SeasonOfYear to which those people are typically exposed. For example, one instance of #$CalendarSeason (#$CalendarWinter-US) is the time interval that people in mainstream U.S. culture consider to be co-temporal with the cold winter season (the interval that begins on the December solstice -- about December 21st each year -- and ends on the Vernal equinox -- aboutt March 20th each year). For more on the difference between #$CalendarSeason and #$SeasonOfYear see the #$SharedNoteOnHemispheresAndCalendars. Important specializations of #$CalendarSeason include #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn. be0114e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seasons (types of things) A specialization of #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType and #$AnnualTemporalObjectType. Each instance of #$CalendarSeasonType is a specialization of #$CalendarSeason -- #$CalendarWinter, #$CalendarSpring, #$CalendarSummer, and #$CalendarAutumn. be01141f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seconds (types of things) A subcollection of #$Date (q.v.) and an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType (q.v.). #$CalendarSecond is the collection of seconds that make up the calendar. Each #$CalendarMinute (q.v.) is divided into sixty contiguous calendar-seconds. Note that (as with any instance of an instance of calendar-covering-type) a given calendar-second is a temporally-continuous individual that occurs only _once_; e.g. it is not something that recurs each hour or each year. bd58823e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 springs (types of things) A specialization of #$CalendarSeason. Each instance of #$CalendarSpring is a time interval that begins on a day considered to begin a spring season, and ends on a day considered to end a spring season. For example, according to mainstream culture in the U.S.A., instances of this collection begin each year on the #$VernalEquinox (about March 21) and end on the #$JuneSolstice (about June 21st) (see #$CalendarSpring-US), whereas according to mainstream Australasian culture, instances of this collection begin September 1st and end November 30th (see #$CalendarSpring-Australasian). be011735-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 summers (types of things) A specialization of #$CalendarSeason. Each instance of #$CalendarSummer is a time interval that begins on a day considered to begin a summer season, and ends on a day considered to end a summer season. For example, according to mainstream culture in the U.S.A., instances of this collection begin each year on the #$JuneSolstice (about June 21) and end on the #$AutumnalEquinox (about September 21st) (see #$CalendarSummer-US), whereas according to mainstram Australasian culture, instances of this collection begin December 1st and end on the last day of February (see #$CalendarSummer-Australasian). be011768-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 weeks (types of things) An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of #$CalendarWeek is a particular week on some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarWeek include the first week (i.e. the initial seven-day-long #$TimeInterval) of December, 2001. bd58c064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 calendar winters A specialization of #$CalendarSeason. Each instance of #$CalendarWinter is a time interval that begins on a day considered to begin a winter season, and ends on a day considered to end a winter season. For example, according to mainstream culture in the U.S.A., instances of this collection begin each year on the #$DecemberSolstice (about December 21) and end on the #$VernalEquinox (about March 21) each year (see #$CalendarWinter-US), whereas according to mainstram Australasian culture, instances of this collection begin June 1st and end August 31st (see #$CalendarWinter-Australasian). be0116f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 years (types of things) A subcollection of #$Date (q.v.) and an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType (q.v.). Each instance of #$CalendarYear is a year in some particular calendar. Examples include (#$TheYear1972) and (#$YearFn 2001). Note that (as with any instance of an instance of calendar-covering-type) a given calendar-year is a temporally-continuous individual that occurs only _once_; e.g. it is not something that recurs each century or each millenium. bd58f257-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 persons who is calm A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being calm. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e231b40a-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 calm The attribute-type associated with the feeling of calmness or serenity, being free from disturbance. (For the rationale behind treating feelings as types -- i.e. collections -- of attributes, see #$FeelingAttribute and the comment on #$Happiness.) bd58892c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 canals The collection of all canals, artificial waterways created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal). bd58f371-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cancer An instance of #$DiseaseType, and a specialization of #$AilmentCondition. Instances of #$Cancer may belong to any one of the many different types of disease that are studied and treated by oncologists. Instances of #$Cancer are characterized by abnormal (and usually rapid) growth of cells in some organ or system of the body; these growths are then prone to dispersal (metastasis) into other body regions. See also #$CancerFn. c0fd6a1a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 canines A specialization of #$CarnivoreOrder. Each instance of #$CanineAnimal is a member of a dog-like species belonging to the #$CarnivoreOrder. The collection #$CanineAnimal includes the specializations #$Dog, #$Wolf, and #$Fox (qq.v.). Canine animals constitute an instance of #$BiologicalFamily, the Canidae. bd58d044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 canoes #$Canoe is a specialization of #$Watercraft-Small and #$Device-UserPowered. Each instance of #$Canoe is a small and narrow watercraft powered by human paddling, poling, or by a small boat-engine. bd58ab49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 canonicalizer directive predicate The collection of #$Predicates which can affect the behavior of the #$CycCanonicalizer or its submodules. When canonicalizer directive GAFs are asserted, they are only relevant to the canonicalizer when it is canonicalizing expressions in the microtheory in which the directive is asserted, or a specMt thereof. c11e7a8a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 capability predicates This is a collection of #$TernaryPredicates which assert capabilities of different sorts, and all of which can be generalized in the same way on their second and third argument places. See the antecedent rule. c0d3b991-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instance-level capability predicates This is the subcollection of those #$CapabilityPredicates whose first argument #$isa #$Individual. be8c9ece-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 type-level capability predicates This is the subcollection of those #$CapabilityPredicates whose first argument is a specialization of #$Individual. These predicates are 'type-level' because they assert something about the capabilities of a type of thing, rather than an individual. Contrast #$CapabilityPredicate-InstanceLevel. c09a616d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 capitals A specialization of #$City. Each instance of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is a city that is the capital of its surrounding region. This includes capitals of countries as well as capitals of subregions of countries, such as states, provinces, and counties. Examples include #$CityOfRomeItaly, #$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLhasaTibet, and #$CityOfColumbusOH. See also #$capitalCity and #$capitalCityOfThisState. bd58f295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abductions A specialization of #$PurposefulPhysicalAction. In each instance of #$CapturingAnimal, an agent takes physical control of a (human or non-human) animal. Notable specializations of #$CapturingAnimal include #$Trapping and #$ArrestingSomeone. bd5c0f37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cards An instance of #$ExistingObjectType, and a specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$Card is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff -- usually cardstock paper, although it could be plastic or thin metal -- bearing some kind of information. Specializations of #$Card include #$CreditCard, #$BusinessCard, and #$PostCard. Note that electronic objects that perform the same functions as some instances of #$Card (for example, electronic greeting cards) are not instances of #$Card. c0fd456f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cardinal numbers The collection of all cardinals, finite and infinite. This collection includes #$NonNegativeInteger as well as all the infinite cardinals such as 'aleph-1' (or 'omega-1' as called sometimes). c080db90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cargo vessels #$CargoShip is a specialization of #$Ship. Each instance of #$CargoShip is a ship that is designed to transport a large amount of goods. See also #$TankerShip. c1009191-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meat-eating organisms A #$Collection of organisms classified by their typical source of food. Elements of #$Carnivore feed on animals. Note: #$Carnivore is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon; e.g., #$Carnivore contains #$Dog as a subset but is not its biological taxon. Note that a #$Carnivore is not necessarily a #$Heterotroph, as carnivorous plants both digest insects and produce food using #$Chlorophyll. bd5904f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 carnivores (types of things) An instance of #$BiologicalOrder, and a specialization of #$Mammal. Instances of #$CarnivoreOrder are mammals whose teeth are adapted for efficient cutting of meat and tendon. Although instances of #$CarnivoreOrder have teeth adapted for eating meat, not all instances of #$CarnivoreOrder are meat-eaters; #$Bears are omnivorous, while #$PandaBears are usually vegetarians. See also the collection #$Carnivore. bd58f431-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 carried Events in which something moves by locomotion, while holding some object, so that the object also moves. Examples include a person carrying a baby. A negative example is a propeller plane towing a glider. bd588c22-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 category changing affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdcfad71-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 category changing prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bef969ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events of causing another object's translational motion A collection of events. In each instance of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion, one object causes another object to undergo a translational motion. The object causing the motion is the #$providerOfMotiveForce. The object which is caused to move is the #$objectActedOn (and also the #$objectMoving) in the event. One way to cause another object's motion is to carry it along with oneself (see the specialization #$CarryingWhileLocomoting); other ways include throwing it, kicking it, or knocking it away. Some instances of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion may also be instances of #$Translation-Complete (such as instances of #$CarryingWhileLocomoting) whereas others (such as instances of #$PumpingFluid) may be instances of #$Translation-Flow. Examples include a train transporting passengers, a person pushing a coin into a vending machine, the release of a bowstring which propels an arrow, and a magnet attracting a nail. bd58d844-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cavities The collection of all cavities, including instances of #$Crevice, deep concavities or holes, and cavities of containers (for example, the interior of a box). Instances of #$Cavity can include walls as parts, in which case they are instances of #$CavityWithWalls. Instances of #$Cavity, unlike instances of #$Container, do not have well defined outside walls. bd5891a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cavity interior underspecified A subcollection of #$SpatialThing-Localized whose instances are cavity interiors , which might be either the intangible space region inside a cavity's walls (see #$CavityInteriorRegion) or the (partially) tangible material that occupies this region (see #$CavityInteriorContent). bea505de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cavity interior content The collection of pieces of matter that fill or occupy the space inside cavities (i.e. instances of #$CavityInteriorRegion). Instances of #$CavityInteriorContent can be solid (like a gold filling in a tooth) or fluid (like air in a cave or water in a pot-hole). beb528d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interiors The collection of space regions that constitute cavities inside the walls or boundaries of solid objects. Such regions need not be completely sealed off. As a space region, an instance of #$CavityInteriorRegion is intangible, and thus not to be confused with the partially tangible matter that might fill or occupy it (see #$CavityInteriorContent). See also #$Cavity, whose instances, unlike those of #$CavityInteriorRegion, can include walls (in which cases they are also instances of #$CavityWithWalls). bd58a8e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cavity or containers The collection of all cavities, containers, and hollow objects. An instance of #$CavityOrContainer spatially subsumes a hollow space region, and might include as #$physicalParts either no enclosing walls (#$CavityInteriorRegion), just the inside surface of the walls (#$CavityWithWalls), or the complete walls (#$ContainerShapedObject). #$Containers, such as coffee cups, buildings or stomachs, have well-defined outside walls. Instances of #$Cavity such as caves and rooms do not have well-defined outside walls. #$CavityOrContainer was reified since certain properties hold true of both instances of #$Container and of #$Cavity, and since we wish to use certain predicates interchangeably. For example, we wish to use the same predicate, #$pipeEndsAtCavity for talking about relationships holding between esophagi and stomachs in addition to that which holds between hallways and rooms. be1aa632-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 walled cavities A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible and #$Cavity. Each instance of #$CavityWithWalls is an individual that spatially subsumes both the intangible space region inside a cavity (see #$CavityInteriorRegion) and the surfaces that constitute the inner walls of the cavity. Compare #$CavityWithWalls to the collection #$Cavity -- some instances of #$Cavity have their walls as parts, and some do not. bddcd29a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ceilings #$CeilingOfARoom is a specialization of #$PartOfRoomInAConstruction. Each instance of #$CeilingOfARoom is a ceiling of some #$RoomInAConstruction. Note that, unlike walls, ceilings are conventionally considered to be 'one-sided' objects. The other side of a #$CeilingOfARoom may be a #$RoofOfAConstruction, or in a #$ModernShelterConstruction, more probably the #$FloorInAConstruction in another room. bd58f743-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 feelings of celebration bd5906fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 biological cells The collection of living cells; a specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$Cell is one of the basic structural units of nearly all living things, consisting (at least) of cytoplasm bounded by a cell membrane. Only the living structures viruses, mitochondria, and plastids are not composed of cells. bd58ee63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cell parts The collection of structures which are typically found and formed as parts of #$Cells. This covers components of both #$EukaryoticCells and #$ProkaryoticCells. It includes organelles, vesicles, cell walls, extracellular matrix, plasma membranes, receptors, cellular humours, microtubules, etc. c10c2471-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cereals A specialization of #$EdibleStuff and an instance of #$FoodGroup. Each instance of #$CerealFood is food that consists of a significant amount of grain products, such as breads and cereals. Note that #$CerealFood is not a specialization of #$VegetableMatter because some breads and grains (such as #$Muffins) contain non-plant constituents. bd58ccbd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cereal plants A specialization of both #$CropPlant and #$GrassFamily. Each sub-collection of #$CerealPlant is a type of grain-bearing plant. bd589beb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chain businesses A specialization of #$LargeIncorporatedBusiness. Each instance of #$ChainOrganization is a parent business which comes into contact with its customers or clients primarily through its geographically dispersed sub-organizations, which typically are (mostly) homogeneous in product line, style of physical quarters, and local organizational structure. Examples include the parent organizations of McDonald's and Starbuck's. bd58e960-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 changes in user rights A collection of events and a specialization of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each instance of #$ChangeInUserRights is an event in which some instance of #$Agent either gains or loses possession of something. `Possession' means having some right to use a thing that one has in hand or otherwise has access to. Different types of possession (e.g. ownership, rental, borrowings) can be specified by using the appropriate instance(s) of #$UserRightsAttribute (q.v.). Changes in an agent's user rights can come about in various ways: through buying and selling, renting, borrowing or lending, giving, repossession, etc. Specializations of this collection include #$LosingUserRights, #$GainingUserRights, and #$ExchangeOfUserRights; in the latter collection, there is an alteration in the rights of two (or more) agents to use two (or more) items -- as in a purchase, when one agent gets full use rights to an object by turning over a sum of money to the object's previous owner. In addition, some changes in user rights are classified explicitly in #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights (e.g. borrowing, renting), while others are permanent. Events that involve such changes in user rights all belong in the collection of events, #$ChangeInUserRights. In any particular #$ChangeInUserRights event, the item which is changing hands is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer. bd5e7431-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 changes in status Elements of #$ChangeOfStatusEvent are events in which the status of a person, group, or organization changes. becab87c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 changes of device state The collection of actions in which a device goes from one state (the #$fromState) to another state (the #$toState). A change of #$DeviceState may be due to an outside #$Agent adjusting a device, or it may happen automatically due to the behavior of a device. The two most general state changes (for powered devices) are from #$DeviceOn to #$DeviceOff, and vice versa. Many other states peculiar to specific devices can be identified; for example, the states of a #$Dishwasher include #$DeviceState-Washing and #$DeviceState-Rinsing; or the states that a trapping device may be in include #$TrapArmed, #$TrapTripped, #$TrapIdle. Note that a change in the state of a device is an intrinsic change in the device; i.e., #$ChangingDeviceState is a subcollection of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent. bd58d12d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract characters An abstract character from some #$characterSetForWritingSystem, which may occur in a #$CharacterString; a letter, numeral, space, punctuation-mark, ideograph, dingbat, hieroglyphic or the like. These may be concatenated to form #$CharacterString s. A #$Character-Abstract is not any particular physical, tangible representation of the character, nor a particular encoding of it. A #$Character-Abstract is taken from a fixed #$characterSetForWritingSystem, which depends in part on the language involved. A character is a unit of information and cannot contain other characters. Some characters are printing-characters in text, but others may be line-feeds, beeps, etc. A character can be represented digitally with 32 or fewer bits, usually from 5 to 16 bits. A character may be represented visually by a mark; it may represent one or more phonemes in speech. Some phonemes may be represented by strings of more than one character. By convention, a character may have attributes like Upper Case, Nonprinting, Numeric, etc. bd5cedfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 character object This is the character data type in C-like programming languages. Normally the char is stored in memory as one byte (8 bits). 0e473434-4bf0-11d6-9946-0002b34b9777 character string A specialization of #$AbstractInformationStructure. Each instance of #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note that an instance of #$CharacterString is _not_ any particular physical, tangible representation, since different encodings may represent the same string of characters. An instance of #$CharacterString is a list (see the collection #$List) of characters (instances of #$Character-Abstract) from some fixed character set. An instance of #$CharacterString may be any finite length, including zero (the zero-length string is the empty string, which has no characters). Notable specializations of #$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber, and #$TelephoneCountryCode. Note that a #$CharacterString is ordered formally as a #$List (rather than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first' character in the #$CharacterString for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing. bd6100db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 charm Fascination, allurement, delight; physical grace with compelling attractiveness bd58bbdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 checks (types of things) A specialization of #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$Check-TenderObject is a financial instrument, drawn on a particular #$CheckingAccount at some instance of #$FinancialOrganization (q.v.), which is redeemable for a monetary value by the agent who is the payee. The financial organization pays the payee funds from the account, upon proper presentation of the check. See also #$SaleByCheck. bd58cea8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cheerfulness The emotion characterized by having a spontaneous flow of good spirits as a result of feeling glad or happy or as a result of an equable disposition or of temperament bd58b23a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical compounds A collection of collections and a specialization of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType. Each instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType is a specialization of #$PartiallyTangible whose instances are defined _only_ by their chemical composition -- not by their physical state or any other property. Instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType can be of two varieties: (1) Collections whose instances are completely uniform with each other in terms of chemical composition; this includes (a) the chemical elements -- such as #$Carbon, #$Oxygen, and #$Hydrogen -- which are instances of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons (thus, the latter is a specialization of #$ChemicalCompoundType), and (b) compounds constituted of more than one substance chemically bonded, e.g., #$Water, #$Caffeine, and #$IronOxide. (2) Substances which have a general chemical specification, that is, whose instances do not have exactly the same chemical composition but fall within certain specifications, e.g., #$DNAStuff. Note that collections that are _not_ instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType include collections of substances which have some component which is of overriding significance in some context, so that in everyday language such substances are frequently referred to by the name of their important component (e.g., penicillin applied to a tablet containing penicillin), but which have significant admixtures of other substances. Thus, #$Penicillin is an instance of #$ChemicalCompoundType, but the collection of tablets containing penicillin and including other ingredients is not. Also, specializations of #$Mixture, such as #$Lemonade, are _not_ instances of #$ChemicalCompoundType, because mixtures are determined by their physical state rather than solely by their chemical composition. bd58cd95-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical interaction This is the class of chemical interactions, events in which molecules of two or more types come into proximity and react in ways determined by their structure. Note that this collection is more general that #$ChemicalReaction since these interactions may not amount to #$TransformationEvents. be417f8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical objects A specialization of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Each instance of #$ChemicalObject is an object whose behavior is typically described in terms of its outer cloud of #$Electrons. Specializations of #$ChemicalObject include the collections #$Atom, #$Molecule, and #$Ion. bd58916a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical reactions A collection of events; a subcollection of #$TransformationEvent. Each instance of #$ChemicalReaction is an event in which two or more substances undergo a chemical change, i.e., some portions of the substances involved are transformed into different #$ChemicalCompoundTypes. The transformations are brought about by purely chemical (including biochemical) means which affect chemical bonds between atoms in the molecules of stuff, rather than by physical means, biological means, or purposeful planning, etc. Examples of #$ChemicalReaction: instances of #$CombustionProcess; instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic. bd589bc8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chests The collection of the chests of #$Animals. The animal's chest is its #$AnimalBodyPart region located between its neck and its abdomen. For people and many other types of animals, the chest is bounded by (defined by, given shape by) the animal's ribcage. bd58a415-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Chinese persons The collection of people who are #$citizens of #$China-PeoplesRepublic. bd58b60a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chordates An instance of #$BiologicalPhylum within the #$BiologicalKingdom #$Animal, the #$ChordataPhylum contains the many chordate taxa. All chordate taxa have members who have a notochord (a flexible rod running the length of the body) at some stage of development and pharyngeal gills at some stage of development. The #$ChordataPhylum has as #$taxonMembers all the specializations of #$Vertebrate (including #$Person), as well as some non-vertebrate chordates like Amphioxus. bd59063b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chronic conditions A collection of ailments. An instance of #$ChronicCondition is an ailment that lingers or recurs in an organism throughout its life. In some cases, the symptoms of a chronic condition may abate with treatment. The condition may never go away completely. #$Asthma is an example of a subcollection of #$ChronicCondition. c0fd4e54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 circles (types of things) A specialization of #$PlaneFigure-Geometrical. Each instance of #$Circle is a region of space bounded by a closed curve, with each point on the curve equidistant from a single point (the center). Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the region bounded by the Arctic Circle, as well as abstract circles. bd58c265-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 circulatory systems A specialization of both #$AnimalBodyPart and #$ConnectedPathSystem. Each instance of #$CirculatorySystem is a system of organs and body parts, found in #$Vertebrates and some other animals, which function together to circulate the animal's blood throughout its body, supplying needed substances to its cells and removing waste products from them. An instance of #$CirculatorySystem is typically composed of blood vessels, heart, spleen, etc., considered as an interrelated functional system of each animal. bd58f31b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cities #$City is a specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity and #$UrbanArea. Each instance of #$City is a local human settlement which has its own government. This includes cities, towns, suburbs, villages, hamlets, and townships, as long as they have their own governments. A city government is usually mostly autonomous from the governments of its surrounding regions, rather than being a sub-organization of them. bd58e767-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conventional classification systems A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$ClassificationSystem is an agreed-upon or conventional classification system consisting of several #$ConventionalClassificationTypes (q.v.). In such a system, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the classificatory categories. #$ClassificationSystems include biological taxonomies, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems, military doctrinal systems, and calendar systems. c0d808c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clausal complement frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. This frame is used for words that take a clausal complement, possibly in addition to other complements. bdeffb29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sanitations A collection of events. In each #$Cleaning event, dirt (or other unwanted substances) is removed from the #$objectOfStateChange of that event. If a #$Cleaning event is successful, then the #$Dirtiness level of the object will have been lowered. bd58c9de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cleaning tools #$CleaningDevice is a specialization of #$PhysicalDevice and #$SolidTangibleProduct. Each instance of #$CleaningDevice is a device, manually powered or otherwise, whose #$primaryFunction is to be used in cleaning things. Specializations of #$CleaningDevice include #$Mop, #$Dishwasher, #$ShoeBrush, and #$ClothesWasher. bd58b64c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cleaning implements A collection of tools; a subset of #$HandTool and also of #$CleaningDevice. An instance of #$CleaningImplement is any hand-held tool used for cleaning something. Cleaning implements are used in a wide variety of activities and settings; some subsets include the collections #$Mop, #$DentalPick, #$ElectricToothBrush, #$WashCloth, #$FacialTissue, #$ShoeBrush. Many cleaning implements are intended for wiping, scrubbing, or polishing surfaces to remove patches of #$Dirt. bd589192-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 client programz A specialization of #$LocalProgram and an instance of #$ComputerProgramTypeByFunction. Copies of #$ClientProgram are run by computers on a network with connections to computers running copies of #$ServerProgram. Copies of #$ClientProgram request information or processing services from the copies of #$ServerProgram, which the server then provides to the client. See, for instance, #$DatabaseClientProgram. bd632350-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of climate cycle A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ClimateCycleType is a specialization of #$AnnualClimateCycle (q.v.), and thus is a collection of extended weather events of a certain type. Instances of #$ClimateCycleType include #$TemperateClimateCycle and #$SteppeClimateCycle. bd58b5f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of terrain classified by surface growth The collection of all types of (normally extensive) #$GeographicalRegion distinguised by the type of surface growth. See #$FixedTerrainGeologicalRegion f3aa0f5e-47fc-11d6-8000-0050dab92c2f closed-class words NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all words that are members of closed lexical classes such as #$Prepositions, #$Determiners, etc. be3ce100-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloth #$Cloth is a specialization of #$TextileProduct. Each instance of #$Cloth is a piece of textile sheet woven or knitted or pressed out of fibers. Instances of #$Cloth are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of such things as clothing items, towels, sails for sailing craft, parachutes, and draperies. bd590909-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clothing bottom #$Clothing-Bottom is a specialization of #$Garment. Each instance of #$Clothing-Bottom is a clothing item that covers at least the #$LowerTorso, but does not significantly cover the #$Chest-BodyPart. Instances of #$Clothing-Bottom are outerwear, in the sense that in modern western cultures someone wearing a #$Clothing-Bottom only needs a #$Clothing-Top and shoes to be considered #$FullyClothed. #$Overalls are a marginal case, in that they do cover some of the chest, but are normally worn with a #$Clothing-Top. bec2d971-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clothes (types of things) A specialization of #$SomethingToWear. Each instance of #$Clothing-Generic is something that a person wears as a protective and/or decorative covering or ornament. Instances of #$Clothing-Generic are usually made of flexible materials, such as cloth, leather, or yarn. Important specializations of #$Clothing-Generic include #$ClothingOutfit and #$ClothingItem. be4dec4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tops (types of things) #$Clothing-Top is a specialization of #$Garment. Each instance of #$Clothing-Top is a #$Garment that extends from the shoulders to the #$Waist or #$Hips. #$Clothing-Tops are outerwear, in the sense that in modern western culture someone wearing a #$Clothing-Top with trousers, shorts, or a skirt and shoes is considered #$FullyClothed. bdfaf60b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 full-body garments #$Clothing-WholeBody is a specialization of #$Garment. Each instance of #$Clothing-WholeBody is a #$Garment that covers the whole body. Someone wearing one would only require #$Shoes to be considered #$FullyClothed in modern western culture. bf891f8c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accessories A specialization of #$ClothingItem. Each instance of #$ClothingAccessory is something that is worn as an accessory with other clothing items. Notable specializations of #$ClothingAccessory include #$Hat, #$Cufflinks, #$Purse, #$Scarf, and #$Wallet. bd58cee4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 items of clothing A specialization of #$Clothing-Generic. Each instance of #$ClothingItem is something that a person wears as a protective and/or decorative covering or ornament. Items of clothing are usually made of flexible materials, such as cloth, leather, or yarn. The collection #$ClothingItem contains primarily individual garments (e.g., instances of the collections #$Pants, #$Shirt, #$Coat, #$Shoe), together with pairs of shoes, socks, and gloves (since each wearer needs a pair). Jewelry, suspenders, belts, etc., are in the specialization #$ClothingAccessory. Note: outfits (esp. specialized outfits) made up of several individual items worn together belong to the collection #$ClothingOutfit, which is _not_ a specialization of #$ClothingItem but _is_ a specialization of the broader collection, #$SomethingToWear. bd5903d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 outfits A specialization of both #$Clothing-Generic and #$Group. Each instance of #$ClothingOutfit is a group of clothing items (see the collection #$ClothingItem) that are intended to be worn together. An instance of #$ClothingOutfit may include some accessories, as well as garments. The different parts of an instance of #$ClothingOutfit are often sold together, rather than separately. Specializations of #$ClothingOutfit include #$MensSuit, #$Uniform, and #$Bikini. bd59033c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clouds (types of things) A specialization of #$CloudOfH2O. Each instance of #$CloudInSky is a cloud located in the sky over some instance of #$GeographicalRegion. Since #$CloudInSky is a specialization of #$CloudOfH2O, each instance of #$CloudInSky must be primarily composed of water particles. c0fba044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clouds of water A cloud of particles of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere covering a #$GeographicalRegion. bd58f48d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloudless An instance of #$OutdoorLocationByWeatherType and specialization of #$OutdoorLocation. Each instance is an #$OutdoorLocation that has no cloud cover. bd58e1f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clouds (types of things) A cloud is a kind of #$Suspension that has air as the suspending fluid. It is of #$ObjectType. Things like clouds of locusts are metaphorical, and are not treated as clouds in the kb. See #$Suspension for the structure of the material out of which clouds are made. bd588850-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cloudy An instance of #$OutdoorLocationByWeatherType and a specialization of #$OutdoorLocation. Each instance is an #$OutdoorLocation which has at least some cloud cover -- this cloud cover not being situated at exclusively ground-level (in which case #$Foggy would be applicable). bd590748-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 co-equivalence binary predicates A #$CoEquivalenceBinaryPredicate is a combined #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate and #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate such that (=> (& (PRED A B) (PRED B C) (different A C)) (PRED A C)). c02e4228-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 codes of conduct An instance of #$MicrotheoryType, and a specialization of #$Obligation. Each instance of #$CodeOfConduct is a microtheory containing rules and/or expectations governing the behavior of those agents subject to it. bd5895c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cognitive awareness predicates A collection of binary predicates that reveal information about the epistemological state of the ARG1. Examples include #$awareOf and #$knowsAbout, both of which indicate cognitive properties of the ARG1 with respect to ARG2. A necessary condition for membership in this collection is that the predicate is non-modal. This means that coreferential substitution into the ARG2 positions of these predicates preserves truth. This non-modal constraint amounts to the following: if (#$knowsAbout Joe #$GeorgeWashington) holds then so does (#$knowsAbout Joe 'the first U.S. president') and (#$knowsAbout Joe 'the Valley Forge commander buried in Baltimore, Maryland.') even though Joe might not know this last piece of information. In contrast, modal predicates, including instances of #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot, do not permit coreferential substitution. In some cases a modal predicate may have a non-modal counterpart (e.g. #$knows and #$knowsAbout), but only the non-modal sense will be a member of this collection. c09e2c6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 households A specialization of #$Group. Each instance of #$CohabitationUnit is a group of humans or other animals all living together in the same place at the same time, where the place in question may be a house, nest, warren, or other dwelling. A notable specialization of #$CohabitationUnit is #$FamilyCohabitationUnit. bd5891e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cold seasons A specialization of #$SeasonOfYear. Each instance of #$ColdSeason is the cooler part of an annual climate cycle for a region (see #$AnnualClimateCycle). If a place has a Winter (see #$WinterSeason), the cold season generally includes the Winter. Note that #$WinterSeason is _not_ a specialization of #$CalendarSeason (q.v.). c0f71116-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of things The collection of all Cyc collections. Cyc collections are natural kinds or classes, as opposed to mathematical sets; their instances have some common attribute(s). Each Cyc collection is like a set in so far as it may have elements, subsets, and supersets, and may not have parts or spatial or temporal properties. Sets, however, differ from collections in that a mathematical set may be an arbitrary set of things which have nothing in common (see #$Set-Mathematical). In contrast, the instances of a collection will all have in common some feature(s), some `intensional' qualities. In addition, two instances of #$Collection can be co-extensional (i.e., have all the same instances) without being identical, whereas if two arbitrary sets had the same elements, they would be considered equal. As with any Cyc constant, an instance of #$Collection should be created only if it is expected to have some purpose or utility. Moreover, the `best' collections to create are the ones which are impossible to define precisely, yet about which there are rules and other things to say. E.g., `WhiteCat' is not a good element of #$Collection to create, because it's easy to define with other Cyc concepts, and there's not much to say about the collection of white cats; but `WhiteCollarWorker' could be a good instance of #$Collection, because it is hard to define exactly, yet there are many things to say about it. bd5880cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collection-denoting functions The subcollection of #$Function-Denotational whose instances, when applied to any appropriate (sequences of) arguments, return instances of #$Collection. Examples include #$SwimmingEventFn, #$GroupFn, and #$MoleculeFn; (#$MoleculeFn #$Oxygen) denotes the collection of all oxygen molecules. Cf. #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$SetDenotingFunction. bd58806a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collections A specialization of #$TransferIn. Each instance of #$CollectionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are collected together at a single place . The objects might come from various sources, and might be gathered via some collection network. bd58dc1e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intensional representation predicate A collection of predicates used to relate collections to other things and thereby ascribe characteristics or properties (taken in a broad sense) either to the collections themselves or to each of the instances of those collections. As such, each instance of #$CollectionPredicate has an #$arity (q.v.) of 2 or greater and has at least one argument place (often including the first, or arg1 , place) constrained to instances (see #$argIsa) of either #$Collection or some specialization of #$Collection. For example, #$hasDepartmentTypes is a collection-predicate that relates a given organization to a type (i.e. collection) of departments such that the former has an instance of the latter as a suborganization; the relevant argument constraint here is (#$arg2Isa #$hasDepartmentTypes #$ExistingObjectType), and #$ExistingObjectType is a specialization of #$Collection. Other instances of #$CollectionPredicate include #$granuleOfTemporalStuff, #$objectTypeTransported, and #$contraryFeelings. See also #$ObjectPredicate. bd58b54a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of collection A collection of collections of collections. #$CollectionType is the collection of all (and only) types of #$Collections. More precisely, a thing COLLTYPE is an instance of #$CollectionType if and only if COLLTYPE is a non-empty collection all of whose instances are collections. Example: #$PersonTypeByCulture, each of whose instances is the collection of all persons who participate in some particular human culture, is an instance of #$CollectionType. Important specializations of #$CollectionType include #$DisjointCollectionType, #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType, and #$CollectionTypeType. beda6953-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of collection type The collection of all collections of collections of collections. (The collection of all third order (or higher) collections.) #$CollectionTypeType is a fourth order collection. be23d81f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 color tinge attribute A collection of attributes. Each instance is an attribute characteristic of objects having a tinge of a certain color. For example, #$Purplish is the attribute common to all purplish things, or things that have a tinge of purple color. Every instance of #$Color has some instance of #$ColorTingeAttribute one of its #$genlAttributes. Having a tinge of a certain color must not be confused with being a shade of that color. More precisely, possessing some #$ColorTingeAttribute, XISH, does not imply having the color X. For instance, an object can have the attribute #$Reddish, without having the attribute #$RedColor. Anything which has the attribute #$GrayishReddishBrown-Color has the attribute #$Reddish but lacks the attribute #$RedColor. Many colors have more than one #$ColorTingeAttribute as #$genlAttributes. #$GrayishPink-Color has both #$Grayish and #$Pinkish as #$genlAttributes. c053a5f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 combat aircraft A specialization of #$MilitaryAircraft. Each instance of #$CombatAircraft is an aircraft designed for use in combat, rather than (for example) for transport or reconnaissance. be6dc7ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fires A collection of events. Each #$CombustionProcess is an event in which rapid oxidation is taking place. These always have heat as an output and often involve emission of light as well (typically, flames). The #$objectActedOn in a #$CombustionProcess is at least partly consumed. See also #$Flammability. bd58c04e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial activities This is a large collection of events. As can be seen from its specializations, it embraces all types of buying, selling, offering to sell, offering to buy, requesting bids, performing services for hire, advertising, manufacturing for sale, etc. bd5887a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial fishing boats #$CommercialFishingBoat is a specialization of #$Watercraft-Surface. Each instance of #$CommercialFishingBoat is is some kind of fishing boat, including trawlers, seiners, and junks etc. They are marine-life-catching devices, and the main purpose of the fishing is commercial. Note that not all instances of #$CommercialFishingBoat have to be used exclusively in the ocean--they can also be used in rivers and lakes, etc. #$CommercialFishingBoat is disjoint with #$MilitaryWatercraft. be059efb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commercial organizations A specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$CommercialOrganization is an organization whose primary goal is to generate a profit for its owners, usually through the buying and selling of goods or services. A given instance of #$CommercialOrganization may also be an instance of #$Business, or it may merely be a sub-organization of some instance of #$Business. bd5892d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 service companies A specialization of #$CommercialOrganization. Each instance of #$CommercialServiceOrganization is a commercial organization which sells some service(s), rather than tangible goods, as its main product. Some tangible goods may accompany or supplement the main service sold, but only as side products; for example, some instances of #$HairSalon sell hair care products. bd58f1b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commissioned An instance of #$EmployeeTypeByWorkStatus and specialization of #$Employee. The collection of all instances of #$Employee that are paid on a commission basis for work done. See also #$HourlyWorker and #$SalariedWorker. bd58b8d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commissive illocutionary forces A collection of illocutionary forces. If a communication act has an instance of this collection as an attribute, then the communication explains or refers directly to some prospective action that the communication act compels the information sender (see #$senderOfInfo) to perform. Obligation on the information sender (#$senderOfInfo) may depend upon acceptance or confirmation by the communication target (see #$communicationTarget or #$recipientOfInfo) in the communication act. Whether this is the case depends upon which instance of the collection is an attribute of the communication act. bf4922f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commodities Commodities are those products for which the only relevant data are the quantity and the price (and possibly the location). That is, their quality is completely specified or describable in standardized terminology. Thus, fashion clothing is not a commodity, since opinions on it vary, whereas grade A extra large eggs are. The collection of all eggs is covered by various collections that are commodities, but is not itself an instance of commodity. bd58927b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communicating A specialization of #$Action and #$InformationTransferEvent. Each instance of #$Communicating is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since #$Communicating is a specialization of #$PurposefulAction, each #$Communicating event must be intentional on the part of the #$senderOfInfo; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the #$recipientOfInfo. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of #$Communicating. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not #$Communicating; this #$InformationTransferEvent would be an instance of #$Eavesdropping. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. #$CommunicationAct-Single, #$MultiDirectionalCommunication). Every event belonging to #$Communicating contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from #$Communicating, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., #$AudioCommunicating, #$NonVerbalCommunicating, #$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching, #$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g., #$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction). Examples of #$Communicating include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents. bd589ec5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communication acts A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single is a single-source transmission of information from _one_ sender (see the predicate #$senderOfInfo) to one or more recipients (see the predicate #$recipientOfInfo). Every instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of #$IBTGeneration) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of #$AccessingAnIBT). An instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end. bd589e83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 communication conventions The collection of conventions used to encode and interpret things which bear information; a syntax together with a semantic mapping. Instances include natural languages like French or English, database data formats, and computer languages or idiosyncratic systems of gestures or symbols known only by a small group of people. bd58f43f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 community groups #$CommunityOrganization is a specialization of both #$LocalOrganization and #$OrganizationOfPeopleOnly. Each instance of #$CommunityOrganization is a group that consists of residents of a #$Neighborhood (q.v.) or apartment building or condominium complex, and which is concerned with issues affecting the #$Neighborhood or complex. bd58852b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 commutative relations An important specialization of #$Relation. Each instance of #$CommutativeRelation is a relationship whose argument order can be changed without changing the value or meaning of the expression; e.g., #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, #$or, #$bordersOn, #$temporallyIntersects, #$teammates. Most #$Relations are NOT commutative: if (#$isa EL COL) is true, it is rare that (#$isa COL EL) is also true. bd6449a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 companionship The collection of feelings of comradery, companionship c10c36e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 comparison predicate #$ComparisonPredicates are predicates used to represent comparisons between things. Although the distinction between relationships that compare and those that do not is not a sharp one, there are a large number of cases where people would agree that things are being compared when they stand in such-and-such relations, and there are a large number of cases where people would agree that things are not being compared when they stand in thus-and-so other relations. For example, GAFs using #$similarTo in arg0 represent a comparison between the things in arg1 and arg2, whereas GAFs using #$doneBy do not represent a comparison between the things in arg1 and arg2. One use for this distinction might be to narrow the range of appropriate predicates used to parse expressions such as '<type> is ____er than <type>'. An important subcollection is #$ComparisonWRTPredicate. bfd0eb7a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 comparison w r t predicates The instances of #$ComparisonWRTPredicate are designed to represent English sentences in which at least two things are explicitly compared with respect to some feature in virtue of which these two things are similar, different, greater, lesser, etc. The respect of comparison serves as an explanation of why/how the two things being compared are similar, different, etc. If it makes no sense to ask for this sort of explanation of a comparison relation, then it is not an instance of #$ComparisonWRTPredicate. For example, #$NumericComparisons such as #$greaterThan are not #$ComparisonWRTPredicates because it doesn't make sense to ask why/how (#$greaterThan 5 3). A positive example is #$similarWRTTypeViaBinRel because it is used to represent the fact that two things are similar in virtue of the fact that they bear the same relation to similar instances of a given collection. #$similarTo and #$different are negative examples because they do not specify any respect in virtue of which the things in arg1 and arg2 are similar or different. The collection #$ComparisonWRTPredicate can be used to constrain Asks designed to return assertions that represent known comparisons between two specified things. Two important subcollections are #$SimilarityWRTPredicate and #$DifferenceWRTPredicate. be8b5d2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 competitions A specialization of #$ConflictEvent. An instance of #$Competition is a conflict event that typically involves one or more agents who are each striving to attain a certain goal uniquely or to outdo the other competitors with respect to some game or task. Examples include arm wrestling contests, football games, fighting for prey, competitive courting, racing events, and spelling bees. Note that it is possible for the competitors in a competition to be unaware that a competition has been going on until after it is over (e.g. the first year a Best Restaurant in Town award is given out in a particular city). See also #$competingAgents. bd58801a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complementizer NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all complementizers. In English, this is only the word 'that'. Complementizers introduce a tensed clauses. bd588595-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 overcast A instance of #$DegreeOfCloudiness and a specialization of #$OutdoorLocation. Each instance is an #$OutdoorLocation that is so clouded over with a uniform layer grey or white clouds that direct sunlight is blocked out. There are no shadows, the shape or exact location of the sun or moon is impossible to identify. bd588622-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complex action predicates A specialization of #$ActionPredicate (q.v.). Each instance of #$ComplexActionPredicate is such that a task specification formed with it may decompose into further actions, in contrast to specifications formed with instances of #$SimpleActionPredicate (q.v.). By convention, expressions that denote relations that are typically instances of #$ComplexActionPredicate are characterized by having the prefix do , whereas expressions that denote relations that are typically instances of #$SimpleActionPredicate lack this prefix. Note, however, that whether a predicate is an instance of #$SimpleActionPredicate or #$ComplexActionPredicate depends on context. c146251b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complex number A specialization of both #$Number-General and #$NTupleOfIntervals. Each instance of #$ComplexNumber can be thought of as a vector of two numbers, which are usually called the real part and the imaginary part of the complex number. Complex numbers may also be considered as corresponding to points in the real plane, where the x axis determines the real component of a complex number and the y axis the imaginary component. The unit value on the real number line is 1, the unit value on the imaginary number line is the square root of -1, generally written `i' in mathematics and `j' in engineering. bd58b80a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complex physical objects Complex physical objects are divisible into (usually well-defined) parts. bd58ce52-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complex temporal predicates Instances of #$ComplexTemporalPredicate are #$BinaryPredicates used to qualitatively interrelate instances of #$TemporalThing in time. Some of them (e.g., #$startsAfterEndingOf) make statements about the relationship of the beginning and/or end of their first argument to the beginning and/or end of their second argument. One can think of this as an interval-based theory of time. Some of them (e.g., #$temporallyIntersects and #$temporallySubsumes) make statements about the relationship of the entire set of points that is their first argument to the entire set of points that is their second argument. One can think of this as a set-theoretic theory of time. bd58ec70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 complex words NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf11a2d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite data types A specialization of #$ComputerDataType. The collection of all data types that are compositional in nature, usually consisting of several named data fields. Examples include structs in #$C-ComputerLanguage and objects in #$JavaProgrammingLanguage. 650118c0-7b31-11d6-8000-0002b34b9777 events with both physical and mental components A specialization of both #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent and #$PhysicalEvent. Each instance of #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent is an event that involves some mental event(s), as well as some interaction between physical objects. Examples include a news broadcast program, a court trial, someone inheriting property, someone writing a letter, a physical examination, and a charity ball. bd588d27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite scalar intervals A specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of #$CompositeScalarInterval is an attribute that is essentially a vector with many dimensions. Instances of #$Color are good examples; colors have intensity, hue, and saturation as independent dimensions. bd58d8d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite attribute types A collection of collections. Every instance of #$CompositeScalarIntervalType is a specialization of #$CompositeScalarInterval (q.v.). bd588238-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite tangible and intangible things The collection of individuals that have both a tangible and an intangible component. Instances include people (who have bodies and minds), information bearing objects (which consist of intangible information encoded in a tangible object, such as the music on a CD or the text in a book), and many other things. Each instance of #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject, being partially tangible, exists in time (see #$TemporalThing). Although occasionally it can be useful to reify separately the tangible and intangible components of a composite object (e.g. to state certain things about Lenin's body as opposed to his mind), in most cases it is sufficient simply to reify the composite. bd58f771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 compound words NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf879415-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 compounding - word formation process NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c043f657-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computational objects A specialization of both #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing and #$IntangibleIndividual. Each instance of #$ComputationalObject is a syntactically structured form, such as a Cyc system expression, a Lisp string, a C variable name, or an equation in a particular canonical form format. bd58803b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computational systems A specialization of #$InformationBearingObject and #$PoweredDevice. Each instance of this collection is a system used for computing purposes. It includes as specializations both #$Computer and #$ComputerNetwork. Anything that can be said about both collections can more efficiently be stated about this collection. For example, instead of saying that system administrators maintain instances of #$Computer and #$ComputerNetwork, one can simply say that system administrators maintain instances of #$ComputationalSystem. c06abb01-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer A specialization of #$ComputationalSystem, #$ElectronicDevice, and #$ComputerHardwareItem. Each instance of #$Computer is an electronic device that acts on input according to some set of instructions (often in the form of software -- see #$ComputerProgram-CW) producing some output. Instances of #$Computer have specialized parts to handle input and output (sometimes peripherals like screens and keyboards, sometimes just input-output terminals on a chip), storage (internal memory and external storage such as disk drives), and reasoning (see #$CentralProcessingUnit). The more specialized collection #$PersonalComputer is the collection of the popular archetypes of what a computer is (e.g., desktop, laptop, and palm computers); however, instances of #$Computer are incorporated into many devices (e.g., cars, cameras, and VCRs). Hydraulic computers, analog computers, biological computers, etc. are not instances of this collection because #$Computer is a specialization of #$ElectronicDevice. bd58d7cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer activity A collection of events, and a specialization of both #$Action and #$PhysicalEvent. In each instance of #$ComputerActivity, at least one instance of #$Computer is somehow involved. An instance of #$Person may or may not be involved. (Instances of #$ComputerActivity where no #$Person is involved fall under the more specialized collection #$ComputerProcessRunning.) A wide variety of activities falls into this collection - from sending an email (see the more specialized collection #$EMailSending), to scanning a set of ports (see #$PortScan), to a computer crash (see #$ComputerCrashing). A situation where someone took to a computer with an axe would also fulfil the requirements for being an instance of #$ComputerActivity, though (hopefully) in an unusual and 'degenerate' sense. bd588550-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer architecture attribute A specialization of #$ComputerHardwareAttribute. Each instance of this collection is a variety of computer processor architecture -- for instance #$X86ProcessorArchitecture. Notable specializations of this collection are #$RISCArchitecture and #$CISCArchitecture. bd588c1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 source code The collection of all computer source code written in any computer language. bdaee95d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 data structures A specialization of #$ComputerAIS. Each instance of #$ComputerDataStructure is data structured in such a way that when it is stored a computer can use it efficiently. Important specializations include #$Array-DataStructure and #$HashTable-DataStructure. dcd33006-382d-11d6-872e-0002b34b8539 computer data types The collection of all data types found in programming languages. Every instance of this collection should be a specialization of #$ProgramObject. 17c55ce5-5167-11d6-82b6-0002b34b9777 computer file In some respects and in some domains (notably, #$ComputerSecurityMt) it is sometimes more convenient and more natural to represent computer files as instances of #$ConceptualWork. This enables #$Cyclists to adapt existing, program-(#$ConceptualWork) oriented vocabulary to represent files. On the other hand, in some respects (notably when dealing with encryption) it is sometimes more convenient and natural to represent computer files as instances of #$AbstractInformationStructure. Thus we have two collections, #$ComputerFile-AIS and #$ComputerFile-CW. This collection, #$ComputerFile-Abstract, serves as the union of these two collections in order that there might be some vocabulary which can apply to both collections (e.g., #$fileFoundOnComputer). c109dc68-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer file - c w #$ComputerFile-CW is a collection of conceptual works. Each instance of #$ComputerFile-CW is abstract information that was created at a particular time to be stored on a computer or on media that is readable by a computer. Commonly, files are either programs or data or both. Instances of this collection have associated #$ComputerFile-AISes and #$fileCopies. A physical instantiation of a #$ComputerFile-CW is a #$ComputerFileCopy which is an #$InformationBearingThing. Notable specializations include #$ComputerProgram-CW and #$FileDirectory. c100bd63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer file copy A specialization of #$InformationBearingThing. Each instance of #$ComputerFileCopy is an IBT that contains digitally coded information readable by a computer. Examples include individual image files, text files, sound files and executables (instances of #$ComputerProgramCopy) that are stored on some #$ComputerStorageDevice. Instances of #$ComputerFileCopy are actual physical objects or events (e.g., the magnetic domains, holes in a piece of paper, or voltage fluctuations in a device corresponding to bits or bytes) which encode information. beb80716-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer hardware A specialization of #$ElectronicDevice and #$ComputerProduct. Each instance of this collection is either an entire #$Computer, or a device used with or in computers to accomplish some computing-related task (for instance, computer terminals, printers, keyboards, etc.). bd5890d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer interface devices A specialization of #$ElectronicDevice. Each instance of this collection is a device that allows a user to communicate with a #$Computer. One sigificant specialization of #$ComputerInterfaceDevices is #$ComputerInputDevice -- with its subsets #$ComputerKeyboard, #$Scanner-Optical, #$ComputerMouse, etc. Another is #$ComputerOutputDevice -- with its subsets #$MonitorPort, #$ComputerMonitor-Color, etc. bd5907c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer languages (types of things) A specialization of #$ConstructedLanguage and #$FormalLanguage. Each instance of #$ComputerLanguage is designed expressly for the purpose of creating expressions that are in some sense interpretable by computers. This may mean that the expressions are used to program computers (for which, see the specialization #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage), to facilitate interaction between pieces of software, or to indicate how to represent pieces of text (for which, see #$MarkupLanguage). Machine and assembly languages are also included in this category. bf7ea85d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer memory capacity A specialization of #$PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of #$ComputerMemoryCapacity is a measure (for the range of possible units of this measure, see the collection #$UnitOfComputerStorageCapacity) of the amount of information that can be stored on some computer. It includes measures of #$RAM, #$ROM and #$VirtualMemory. For making assertions of a particular #$Computer that it has a particular #$ComputerMemoryCapacity, see the predicates #$physicalMemorySize and #$virtualMemorySize. bd58b880-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer networks A specialization of #$ConnectedPathSystem and #$ComputationalSystem. Each instance of this collection is a network used to link computers together to allow them to transfer information between each other. This is done using packets of information (see #$Packet-Network) exchanged according to certain well-defined protocols (see #$NetworkProtocol). A particularly large and notable instance of this collection is #$Internet. Networks may be structured according to different topologies, the most notable of which are #$BusNetwork, #$StarNetwork and #$RingNetwork. bd58ab51-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer peripheral devices A specialization of #$ComputerHardwareItem. Each instance of this collection is an electronic device intended to be used with (but not in) some computer. Examples include #$ComputerKeyboard and #$ComputerPrinter. An external floppy drive is a positive exemplar, but an internal floppy drive is a negative exemplar. Notable specializations of this collection include #$ComputerInputDevice and #$ComputerOutputDevice. bd58ddf5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 programz (types of things) A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork, #$ComputerFile-CW and #$SoftwareObject-Individual. Each instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW is a deliberately created abstract object comprised of propositions that together constitute a list of instructions for computers to execute. Example instances include #$Emacs-TheProgram and #$LinuxKernel-TheProgram. Instances of this collection are distinct from computer code and from both running and installed programs. The instructions that comprise an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW can be expressed as abstract computer code (see #$ComputerCode), but no list of instructions expressed in code constitutes an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW. Rather, the code in which an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW is expressed constitutes an instance of #$AbstractInformationStructure that can be related to the program it expresses using the predicate #$programCode. More than one instance of #$ComputerCode can express the same instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW; for example, a single instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW can be written in source code (see #$ComputerCode-Source) in several different computer languages, or it can be complied as a binary executable (see #$ComputerCode-Binary). A physical instantiation of a #$ComputerProgram-CW is a #$ComputerProgramCopy which is an #$InformationBearingThing and is related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW by the predicate #$programCopies. An instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW that is being executed is a #$ComputerProcessRunning, related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW by the predicate #$programOfProcess. c09c6244-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 software engineers A specialization of #$ComputerUser. Each instance of this collection is an agent (usually a #$Person) who programs computers in some capacity -- professional or otherwise. See also #$programsIn, #$ComputerLanguage. bd58cdf8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 server (type of thing) A specialization of #$Computer. Each instance of this collection provides some service for other computers connected to it via a #$ComputerNetwork, by running instances of #$ServerProgram. bd653b22-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 computer user A specialization of #$Agent-Generic. Each instance of this collection is an agent that uses a #$Computer. This collection includes #$Persons, and also copies of certain computer programs that access other programs (such as web spiders). #$ComputerUsers may be using their computers for personal, scientific, and/or institutional purposes. bf06c9e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concealing This is the collection of events in which an animal conceals an object from the line of sight of another animal. For instance, a squirrel staying on the opposite side of a tree trunk, a robber donning a mask, and a pirate burying a treasure. Note that no animal needs to be looking at the hidden object at the moment that it is hidden for an instance of this collection to occur. c08c6d65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conceptual works A specialization of #$DevisedPracticeOrWork (q.v.). #$ConceptualWork is the collection of abstract works which either have associated #$AbstractInformationStructures (q.v.) or have versions that have associated #$AbstractInformationStructures. Conceptual works or versions of conceptual works can be instantiated in instances of #$InformationBearingThing; every such instantiation of a conceptual work will also be an instantiation of an instance of #$AbstractInformationStructure. Positive examples of instances of #$ConceptualWork include: #$MobyDickNovel (as opposed to any instance BC of #$BookCopy such that (#$instantiationOfWork #$MobyDickNovel BC)), Beethoven's 9th Symphony (as opposed to any performance of this symphony or any copy of its score). Negative examples include games (see #$DevisedStructuredActivity) and awards (see #$AwardPractice) -- these are instances of #$DevisedPracticeOrWork but not #$ConceptualWork because they do not have associated #$AbstractInformationStructures. For works with propositional content see the more specific collection, #$PropositionalConceptualWork. c0294064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concern Care for, preocupation, worry. Feeling of a person with his mind engrossed by something pertinent to himself or another, due to his responsibility, interest or affection bd5893f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concrete #$Concrete is a specialization of #$ArtificialMaterial and #$BuildingMaterial. Each instance of #$Concrete is a piece of an artificial mixture of cement, gravel, sand, and (during mixture, pouring, and forming) water. Used widely in construction, pieces of concrete are formed into the desired shape while fluid and afterward hardened into a sturdy, durable material. Instances of #$Concrete include bridge pilings, foundations of houses, and sidewalks. bd590360-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 concrete noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 28f6ebf1-369b-11d6-94f7-00b0d074c11f condensation processes A collection of events. In each instance of #$Condensing, a gas is cooled to (or its pressure lowered to) the point where the relative humidity (or similar partial pressure measure if something other than water is condensing) is greater than 100%, changing part of a component of the gas from the #$Gaseous-StateOfMatter to the #$Liquid-StateOfMatter. be01163d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 condiment A specialization of #$FoodIngredientOnly. Each instance of #$Condiment is a substance used to flavor or complement a foodstuff. Some commonly used condiments are ketchup, mustard, relish, mayonaise, salt and pepper. Instances of #$Condiment are not eaten by themselves, but they are often served in their own dishes, so that the consumer can season his/her own food directly. bd58dd7d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conducting media An instance of #$ExistingStuffType, and a specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$ConductingMedium is a partially tangible object that can serve as a conductor, e.g., for heat or electricity. Specializations include #$PowerLine, #$Superconductor, and #$ElectricalWire. bd58887d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cones A specialization of #$ThreeDimensionalGeometricThing. Each instance of #$ConeShape is a three-dimensional object with a circular base; the surface of the object is formed by lines joining each point of the periphery of the base to a common vertex. Examples include spatially localized objects (for example, the space occupied by a traffic cone can be approximated as an instance of #$ConeShape), and abstract objects, such as the cone generated by rotating a right triangle about one of its legs. c10c3348-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 certainties The positive emotion felt when one is free from doubt about an event or object from which the agent feeling #$Confidence expects positive contingencies. For example, one might say 'I feel confident that tomorrow it will not be rainy'. Do not confuse this with a personality disposition, e.g. 'Joe is a confident person.' (See #$PersonalityAttribute.) This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingTypes include #$Grief, #$SelfConfidence, etc. bd589c8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 configurations A specialization of #$StaticSituation. Each instance of #$Configuration is a static situation consisting of two or more #$PartiallyTangible things of certain types standing in a certain type of spatial relationship (or set of relationships). This (set of) spatial relationship(s) characterizes the #$Configuration's _type_ in the sense that any group of objects of the appropriate types standing in that relationship (or those relationships) correspond to a #$Configuration of that type; and each of these objects, in turn, is said to be configured (see #$objectConfigured) in the (individual) #$Configuration. For example, a #$KnotConfiguration might correspond to a particular intertwining of end-segments of two #$CordlikeObjects, or to the intertwining of several segments of a single #$CordlikeObject. For configurations like the latter, whose characterizing relationship(s) hold between different parts of a single salient object, see the specialization #$ConfigurationOfComplexObject. Note that a static situation involving an #$Agent might be a configuration, but only so long as it's just the agent's _spatial_ relationship(s) to other partially tangibles that matters (see e.g. #$WearingSomething); static situations in which an agent's agency or sentience is crucial, on the other hand, are not configurations (cf. #$AgentRelationship and #$InterAgentRelationship). bd58ee23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 configuring events The collection of events in which at least two spatially distinct objects become spatially configured relative to each other, producing an instance of #$Configuration. be62279d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conflicts A collection of all events in #$SocialOccurrence that can be called 'conflicts'. For each #$ConflictEvent CONF, there are at least two #$IntelligentAgents AGT1 and AGT2 such that (#$opponentsInConflict AGT1 AGT2 CONF) holds. For each #$ConflictEvent CONF, there are subevents ACT1 and ACT2 of CONF, which are #$PurposefulActions, and there are GOAL1 and GOAL2 such that (#$purposeInEvent AGT1 ACT1 GOAL1), (#$purposeInEvent AGT2 ACT2 GOAL2), and GOAL1 and GOAL2 are in conflict, i.e., (#$and GOAL1 GOAL2) is not consistent (in the current #$Microtheory). bf2126cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 confusion - generic Every element of this collection is a feeling of being confused or bewildered. bdc26d11-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 congenital conditions A specialization of #$PhysiologicalCondition. Each instance of #$CongenitalCondition is a physiological condition that is present in an organism from the time of gestation (i.e. before birth). Instances of #$CongenitalCondition may be genetic conditions (see the specialization #$GeneticCondition) or they may be caused by the behavior of the mother during pregnancy (for example, as in a case of congenital heroin addiction). c0fd5c28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conjunct adverbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. Adverbials which are neither disjuncts nor subjuncts. #$ConjunctAdverbs can generally act as sentential modifiers, however, they cannot appear as the focus of a cleft sentence. Semantically, these conjuncts generally indicate how the speaker views the connection between two linguistic units. bd61db6f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conjunction NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all coordinating and subordinating conjunctions c136c44b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connected path systems A subcollection of #$PathSystem instances of which are connected , as opposed to being in separate pieces. For any distinct points A and B in a connected path system SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS that both A and B are on. That is, a path system SYS is an instance of #$ConnectedPathSystem if and only if, for any distinct points A and B in SYS, there is a path PATH in SYS such that (#$pathBetweenInSystem PATH A B SYS) holds. Note that according to this definition, a connected path system does not necessarily contain a link -- a path system containing a single node and no links will be a connected path system. Note also that because of the CycL treatment of paths (see #$pathInSystem) and nodes (see #$nodeInSystem), there is a path between every two points in SYS just in case there is a path between every two nodes in SYS. bd73edb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mergers A collection of events. In a #$ConnectingTogether event, two or more tangible things get physically connected together (attached) by means of some sort of connector or fastener. Some specializations of this include welding, buckling-up, using nailing, tying-up, etc. #$ConnectingTogether need not be a spec of #$Movement-TranslationEvent since two objects being connected may be already at rest with each other. bd589c6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connection - physical A specialization of #$SolidTangibleThing. Each instance of #$Connection-Physical is a group consisting of parts of at least two instances of #$PartiallyTangible that are in physical contact and which are connected in way such that they resist spatial separation. Examples include the connection between a table leg and a tabletop, two pieces of metal welded together, and a hinge joining a CD case cover to its backing (the last would be an instance of the more specialized collection #$Joint-Physical). While each #$Connection-Physical is an instance of #$SolidTangibleThing, and therefore has a determinate spatial boundary, there are many cases in which there are no easily describable boundaries between the parts of connected objects that are parts of the connection, and those which are not. For example, consider a connection between a table and one of its legs. If the leg is merely glued to the bottom surface of the table top, the exact spatial boundaries of the connection bewteen the parts is not clear. In contrast, the connection between a sewing needle and a thread attached by a knot to its eye is more clearly defined, because the boundaries of their connected parts are more easily determined. The group consisting of the knot and the eye of the needle determine the spatial extent of the connection. bf8f22b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 connection predicates A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$ConnectionPredicate is a predicate that specifies physical connections between objects. Examples: #$nailedTo, #$rivetedTo, #$connectedTo-Rigidly, #$rotationallyConnectedTo, #$hangsFrom, and #$in-Embedded. bd60da90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fastener A specialization of #$NonPoweredDevice. Each instance of #$Connector is a device which connects two objects. An instance of #$Connector may be a part incorporated into one or both of the objects connected, or it may be a totally separate device. Notable specializations of #$Connector include #$Staple, #$Pin, and #$Nail. bd58b973-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cons p object A specialization of #$LispObject. The collection of cons pairs in #$Lisp. The concept of the cons pair is closely linked the idea of a #$List (vis. #$ListPObject) in #$Lisp. 1b158a70-52f5-11d6-82b6-0002b34b9777 consonant NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be01439d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 constative illocutionary forces A collection of illocutionary forces. If a communication act has an instance of this collection as an attribute, the #$senderOfInfo expresses a belief and intends that the #$communicationTarget or the #$recipientOfInfo-Intended hold a like belief. be346268-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 construction events A specialization of #$MakingSomething. In each instance of this collection, one or more #$ConstructionArtifacts, such as a house or a road, are made (or incrementally enlarged or remodeled). bd58c896-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 constructions A specialization of #$Artifact. Each instance of #$ConstructionArtifact is a structure designed and built by humans. This collection includes buildings and parts of buildings, as well as things like dams, railroad lines, and roads. Examples include the #$RomanColiseum, the #$ArcDeTriomphe, #$HooverDam, the #$EmpireStateBuilding, and the #$HollywoodBowl. Note that the collection #$ConstructionArtifact includes some instances (such as instances of the specialization #$MannedSpacecraft) that are not tied to a fixed location, as well as some instances (such as instances of the specialization #$BridgeSpan) that, although tied to a fixed location, are not free-standing artifacts. #$FixedStructure, an important specialization of #$ConstructionArtifact, is the collection of free-standing construction artifacts that are tied to a fixed location. bd589da5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 construction companies A specialization of both #$CommercialServiceOrganization and #$PrivateSectorOrganization. Each instance of #$ConstructionCompany is an organization whose main function (see the constant #$MainFunction) is constructing or remodeling buildings, houses, dams, bridges, or other construction artifacts (see the collection #$ConstructionArtifact). bd58f6d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 construction repair or maintenance companies #$ConstructionRepairOrMaintenanceOrganization is a specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$ConstructionRepairOrMaintenanceOrganization is an #$Organization that is primarily engaged in the construction industry or the business of repairing and maintaining physical structures or whose activities focus on that industry. Examples of specializations of #$ConstructionRepairOrMaintenanceOrganization include #$PestControlCompany and #$BuildingContractor-Organization. c0aee492-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 construction vehicles #$ConstructionVehicle is a specialization of #$LandTransportationDevice, #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle, and #$InternalCombustionPoweredDevice. Each instance of #$ConstructionVehicle is a land vehicle that is used to make roads, dams, buildings etc. They also may be either a #$WheeledTransportationDevice or a #$TrackedVehicle. be4f2d7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 consultant A specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$Consultant is a person who works with some business in a consulting capacity. Consultants can be self employed, or they can work for a consulting company. c0fdc41c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 consumable products A specialization of #$PartiallyTangibleProduct. Each instance of #$ConsumableProduct is a product of which any portion can be used only once. A portion of a #$ConsumableProduct is `used up', i.e., destroyed or transformed into an unusable or waste form, during normal use. Note: `consumable' here does not necessarily mean consumed by mouth; the consumption may be any use of the product. bd58e656-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which food or drink is consumed A specialization of both #$Ingesting and #$AnimalActivity. Each instance of #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink is an event in which an animal ingests some portion of food or drink through its mouth. Notable specializations of #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink are #$EatingEvent and #$DrinkingEvent. bd58cbb4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contact information A specialization of #$IDString. Each instance of #$ContactInfoString is a character string that conveys information about how to contact an agent or a place (see #$ContactInformation). Specializations include #$PostalCode, #$DomainName, and #$PhoneNumber. c060f9a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contact locations A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$ContactLocation is a location at which some particular agent (e.g. a person or a corporation) may be contacted by any of several means, for any of several purposes. #$ContactLocations include any place to which one may direct one or more of the following: letters, packages, phone calls or voice messages, bills, email, faxes, pages, subpoenas. Contact locations must be fairly specific -- e.g. my house or my office, but not simply my city of residence. bd58d337-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of contact location A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ContactLocationType is a collection of places at which a particular agent may be contacted. Instances of #$ContactLocationType may be characterized in several different ways, including the following: by method of contact (e.g., #$VoicePhoneLocation, #$FaxLocation); by purpose of contact (e.g., #$BillingLocation, #$ShippingLocation, #$EmergencyContact); by the agent's relationship to those places (e.g., #$HumanResidence, #$Workplace). Note that a particular place may be an instance of two or more instances of #$ContactLocationType, since, for example, one person's home might be another's vacation location. bd58d0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 customer contact points #$ContactPointSubOrganization is a specialization of #$ServiceOrganization. Each instance of #$ContactPointSubOrganization is an organization that is a #$subOrganizations of another #$Organization and is an important (within the larger #$Organization) contact point between the public and that #$Organization or between the #$Organization's #$clients and the #$Organization. bd58c08b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 containers (types of things) The collection of tangible objects whose primary function (see #$primaryFunction) is to contain something (see #$ContainingSomething). Note that just about anything can serve as a container without actually being a container. For example the palm of your hand when cupped may contain some marbles. But because your palm is not always configured as and does not function primarily as a container, it would not be represented as a #$Container but would rather stand in a particular *relation* to the marbles via some containment predicate. To relate contents to the thing containing them (whether or not that thing is a #$Container) use one or more specific predicates indicating the type of containment present (#$in-ContOpen, #$in-ContClosed, #$in-ContFullOf, #$in-Held, #$packagedIn, #$physicallyContains, #$protectiveContains, ...). If the type of containment is not known use the general predicate #$in-ContGeneric. bd58ce18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pressure barrier containers A container which when closed does not necessarily have the same ambient pressure as that which surrounds it. c0fbb57e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 container products #$ContainerProduct is a specialization of #$Container, #$PhysicalDevice, and #$Artifact-NonAgentive. Each instance of #$ContainerProduct is an object whose primary function (or one of whose main functions) is to be a container. Instances of #$ContainerProduct include storage containers for books, office records, food, clothing, tools, and materials; containers for transporting the same; passenger compartments of various kinds of vehicles; and artificial constructs for housing humans and animals. Specializations include #$Crib, #$Sandbox, #$OfficeSpace, and #$Coffin. bd58cd8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 container-shaped objects The collection of #$CavityOrContainers which have a distinct or clearly defined outside surface (see #$ClearlyDefinedEntireExternalSurface). Unlike instances of the more specialized collection #$Container, instances of #$ContainerShapedObject do not necessarily contain things as their main function. Examples of #$ContainerShapedObject include the cap of an #$Acorn, the flower of a #$Tulip-Plant, a #$RadioTelescope dish, or a table tennis ball. Negative examples include a #$Cave. Although a cave is a #$CavityOrContainer it does not have clearly defined outside walls. However, the existence of clearly defined *inside* walls entails that any #$Cave is a #$CavityWithWalls (q.v.). be1f8dfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contamination events A specialization of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent. In each instance of #$ContaminationEvent, some instance of #$PartiallyTangible comes to contain a contaminant, and this state of affairs is considered undesirable from the point of view of some agent (see the related predicate #$unwantedMatter). Specializations of #$ContaminationEvent include #$InfectionTransmissionEvent and #$PollutionProcess. bffdf971-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contemptuous Emotion characterized by vehement condemnation of its object as being low, vile, feeble, or ignominious. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Contempt are #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. bd58a597-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who feels contempt A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being contemptuous. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e23f0718-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 contentment Feeling of satisfaction with one's possessions, status, or situation. Appeasement to the point where one is not disquieted or disturbed by a desire for what s/he does not have bd5894e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 continents A collection of topographical features. The instances of #$Continent on the #$PlanetEarth are the six traditional main land masses on the surface of the earth (plus the two #$geographicalSubRegions of Eurasia, Europe and Asia). The current instances are: #$ContinentOfAfrica, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia, #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfEurasia, #$ContinentOfEurope, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica. Former instances of this collection include Pangaea and the two continents it broke up into Gondwanaland and Laurasia (all of which are instances of #$TrueContinent (q.v.)). bd590bbb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 continuous physical contact event A collection of physical contact events in which two or more objects are in physical contact (see #$touches) throughout the event's entire duration. befdb075-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 situations involving continuous physical contact A specialization of #$PhysicalContactSituation each instance of which involves two or more tangible objects touching (see #$touches) continuously throughout the entire duration of the situation. Every #$PhysicalContactSituation has a #$ContinuousPhysicalContactSituation as a (proper or improper) sub-situation (see #$subSituations). c0d2f9c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contract negotiations The collection of negotiations intended to lead to the formation of a contract between the participants (or the parties they represent in the negotiations). bd5ad3ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 control devices #$ControlDevice is a specialization of #$ControlStructure-Physical and #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$ControlDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to control the behavior/functioning/properties of another thing (usually another instance of #$PhysicalDevice). Obvious instances of #$ControlDevice include: the remote control for one's TV (an instance of #$RemoteControlDevice), the brake pedal on one's car (an instance of #$Pedal-ControlDevice), the light switch on one's bedroom wall (an instance of #$ElectricalSwitch); a less obvious instance of #$ControlDevice is #$HooverDam (an instance of #$Dam). bd59097b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical control structure The collection of all physical control structures. An instance of #$ControlStructure-Physical is a physical object (#$PartiallyTangible) with the #$behaviorCapable of controling the behavior/functioning/properties of another physical object. Instances of #$ControlDevice include manufactured #$ControlDevices and biological control structures. bd7a2541-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of controllable autonomous action The collection of all types of actions that are #$doneBy an #$Animal which are often done automatically, but could also be intentionally #$performedBy the animal. bdd750d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 controlled land A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$ControlledLand is a geopolitical entity that is at least partially controlled by some other instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Furthermore, the instance of #$ControlledLand is not a geopolitical sub-division (see the predicate #$geopoliticalSubdivisions) of the power that controls it. Instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity include #$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet. bd58a21e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 controls a physical device This is the subcollection of actions of #$ControllingSomething in which the #$objectControlled is a #$PhysicalDevice. c0464a44-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 controlling events A specialization of #$PurposefulPhysicalAction (q.v.). Each instance of #$ControllingSomething is a purposeful physical action in which an agent intentionally controls an object (i.e. instance of #$SomethingExisting). It is not necessary that the agent touch the object being controlled (see #$objectControlled), only that s/he exercise control over some its movements, functioning, or actions. Specializations of #$ControllingSomething include #$GuidingAMovingObject (some instances of which involve a #$RemoteControlDevice), #$HandlingAnObject, #$Braking, #$SteeringADeviceByHand, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$CuttingFabric, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting, and #$FlushingAToilet. When a #$ControlDevice (q.v.) is being used by an agent for its primary function, a #$ControllingSomething event is typically taking place. bd588c1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conventional classification types A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ConventionalClassificationType is a collection that corresponds to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (see #$ClassificationSystem) used by people. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing the intrinsic natures of the actual objects in the category. #$ConventionalClassificationTypes include categories in biological taxonomy, standard classifications in data dictionaries and thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, and named calendar intervals. bee6da31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conventional weapons #$ConventionalWeapon is a specialization of #$Weapon. Each instance of #$ConventionalWeapon is a weapon which is not classified as nuclear weapons, biological weapons, or chemical weapons. c0676a92-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of conventionally classified disjoint time interval Each instance of #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType is a collection of `solid' intervals, which is conventionally named (such as #$Friday) and has its instances scattered over time in the sense that they are disjoint with each other and usually have gaps between them. This is the intersection of current (3/6/00) #$ConventionalClassificationType and #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType. c115c458-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 confabulations Every #$Conversation includes at least two #$CommunicationAct-Single as #$subEvents, with the #$senderOfInfo in one being the #$recipientOfInfo in the other. be00fa0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conversion - word formation process NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. beb94f31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 convex tangible object The collection of all instances of #$PartiallyTangible that are convex; i.e., have no significant concave surfaces, cavities or crevices (the size of allowable minor concavities may depend on the context). An instance of #$ConvexTangibleObject occupies about the same space as its convex hull; see #$ConvexHullFn and #$ConvexHullSpaceFn. A solid physical sphere or cube is an instance of #$ConvexTangibleObject, but a cup or doughnut cannot be. c0b9215a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conveyances (types of things) A collection of solid tangible objects each instance of which is used for moving partially tangible things. A #$Conveyance could be a car, ship, plane, or other vehicle for transporting people; it could be a conveyor belt or a grocery bag for moving goods; it could be a gun, a bow, or a cannon for launching projectiles. Notable specializations include #$TransportationDevice, whose instances actually move along with the things they transport, and #$Conveyance-Stationary, whose instances remain stationary while moving other things. Note that not all conveyances are artifacts, as (e.g.) horses and rivers can be used to convey things. See #$Conveying-Generic, #$TransportationEvent, and #$Conveying-Stationary for the different kinds of conveying events. bd58d480-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stationary conveyances The subcollection of #$Conveyance that contains object that are intended for moving partially tangible things while remaining stationary. Positive examples are conveyor belts or guns. A borderline case is a #$River that is used to transport logs; that river is a #$Conveyance-Stationary because the river as a whole does not change its location (only parts of it; the water). c15289fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conveying events A specialization of both #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion and #$Translation-SingleTrajectory. In each instance of #$Conveying-Generic, some object (see #$conveyor-Generic) enables or facilitates the conveyance of another object, or objects, or stuff (see #$transportees). The conveyor itself might or might not also be undergoing translational motion (see #$objectTranslating) during the event. See also the various specializations of #$Conveying-Generic. bdce2745-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events involving a stationary conveyor A collection of events. An instance of #$Conveying-Stationary is an event in which one object (in the role of #$conveyor-Stationary) aids in the translational movement of another (having the role of #$transportees). Note that by definition the #$conveyor-Stationary does not move along with the #$transportees. bfdc4259-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conveying materials Moving some kind of material from one point to another, where the goal is to transport the goods. Different from just mixing stuff or putting stuff with other stuff. This collection of events remains agnostic as to whether the #$conveyor-Generic remains stationary (transport through a #$Pipeline) or moves along with the #$transportees (transport in a #$Truck). bd588c64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cooked A specialization of #$PreparingFoodItem and #$HeatingProcess. Each instance of #$CookingFood is an event in which some item of #$Food (q.v.) is prepared by heating it. Typically, the foodstuff is heated until it reaches a certain temperature over some period of time; during the heating, chemical and/or physical changes occur which are supposed to make the foodstuff healthier or tastier (or, in some cases, ethically acceptable). A #$CookingFood event may last from a few minutes (e.g., #$SteamingFood (vegetables), #$MakingToast) to several hours (e.g., #$RoastingFood). bd58ad09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cooling processes A specialization of #$TemperatureChangingProcess. Each instance of #$CoolingProcess is an event in which the temperature of some object (related to the instance of #$CoolingProcess by #$objectOfStateChange) is lowered. bd58f7dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 collaborations A collection of all instances of #$SocialOccurrence that can be called 'cooperations'. For each #$CooperationEvent COOP the following hold: (i) there are at least two #$IntelligentAgents AGT1 and AGT2 such that (#$partnersInCooperation AGT1 AGT2 COOP), (ii) AGT1 and AGT2 share a GOAL, (iii) there are subevents ACT1 and ACT2 of COOP, both of which are #$PurposefulActions, such that ACT1 is performed by AGT1 with the intent of furthering GOAL and ACT2 is performed by AGT2 with the intent of furthering GOAL, (iv) AGT1 believes that ACT2 furthers GOAL and AGT2 believes that ACT1 furthers GOAL, and (v) the fact ACT1 and ACT2 both further GOAL is not an unexpected coincidence: it was a part of AGT1's expectation that an act like (i.e. of the same kind as) ACT2, performed by AGT2, would further GOAL; and it was a part of AGT2's expectation that an act like ACT1, performed by AGT1, would further GOAL. bfac01d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 coordinating conjunction NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all coordinating conjunctions. Typically, coordinating conjunctions can appear in phrases with any number of conjuncts. Coordinating conjunctions can link terms of any functional category. Example: 'and'. bd644b08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 file transfers A specialization of #$AccessingAFile-ReadOnly, #$CreatingAFile and #$IBTCopying. In each instance of this collection a computer reads a file and creates a new file with the same contents. Immediately after the event, the original file and the new file will contain exactly the same information. The two files may be stored on the same or different storage media. Notable specializations of this collection include #$UploadingAFile and #$DownloadingAFile. See also #$MovingAComputerFile. bf3c8646-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cord-like objects A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$CordlikeObject is a partially tangible non-fluid object (so #$CordlikeObject is disjoint with #$FluidTangibleThing) whose length is significantly greater than either its height or width. Moreover, each instance of #$CordlikeObject has a high degree of flexibility. Notable specializations of #$CordlikeObject include the collections #$Nerve, #$Tape, and #$Cable. bd58f581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 core constant The collection of constants that form a useful 'core' ontology for CycL which should be assumed by any ontology which would want to be maximally conformant with the Cyc inference engine (including the Cyc KB itself). These are constants (such as #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate and #$February) which have sufficiently useful support in the Cyc inference engine that they are strongly preferred for ontology building purposes in Cyc. See also #$CoreImplementationConstant. c0dd1b7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 core implementation constant The collection of constants from the 'core' ontology for CycL that are specific to the Cyc implementation. Any ontology built using CycL intended to have Cyc as its implementation (such as the Cyc KB itself) should use these constants to maximally leverage the implementation. See also #$CoreConstant. 88245a95-516c-11d6-9165-0002b364be7b core union constant The collection of constants that constitute the useful 'core' ontology for CycL in Cyc. It is the union of those specific to the CycL language (the elements of #$CoreConstant) and those specific to the Cyc implementation (the elements of #$CoreImplementationConstant). 88245a96-516c-11d6-9165-0002b364be7b two-dimensional corners The collection of all regions wherein two linear edges of a two dimensional or sheet-shaped object (i.e., considered in this context to be sheet shaped) meet to form an angle of substantially less than 180 degrees. Polygons have at least three corners each. c0fbbe43-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corners A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$Corner-2or3d is a region centered around a point where two edges of a sheet-like object meet at an angle, or where three or more surfaces (together with three or more solid edges dividing them) meet at one place forming a solid angle. Instances of #$Corner-2or3d are either #$Convex or #$Concave with respect to some perspective. c0fba90e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 three-dimensional corners The collection of all regions where three or more surfaces of an object (which is considered three dimensional in current context), and three or more #$EdgeOnObjects, meet. This includes corners of boxes, the tops of pyramids, etc. Each #$Corner-3d includes some solid angle of part of the object. c0fba450-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 officers (types of things) A subcollection of #$Administrator. Each instance of #$CorporateOfficer is a person who is officially recognized as an officer of a corporation. Common types of #$CorporateOfficer include #$President-CorporateOfficer, #$VicePresident-CorporateOfficer, and #$ChiefFinancialOfficer. c10aec18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cost breakdown slot A specialization of #$BinaryPredicate. Each instance of #$CostBreakdownSlot is a binary predicate used to describe some pecuniary aspect of an instance of #$Buying. The first argument to every #$CostBreakdownSlot is constrained to be an instance of #$Buying and the second argument is constrained to be an instance of #$MonetaryValue. Instances of #$CostBreakdownSlot include #$moneyTransferred, #$discount, #$salesTax, and #$salesCommission. bd5896b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cotemporal objects slot #$CotemporalObjectsSlot is the collection of #$BinaryPredicates PRED such that whenever a formula without free variables (PRED ARG1 ARG2) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of both ARG1 and ARG2 (i.e., that ARG1 and ARG2 are #$TemporalThings which temporally subsume the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), a closed assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)), with PRED a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, licenses the conclusions (#$temporallySubsumes ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallySubsumes ARG2 TIME). And a closed assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)) licenses the conclusions (#$temporallyIntersects ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallyIntersects ARG2 TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine the conclusions above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG1 and ARG2 are not #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerms; in practice, they almost never are. See also the generalization of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, #$CotemporalPredicate, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg. bd58af35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cotemporal predicates #$CotemporalPredicate is the collection of #$Predicates PRED such that whenever a formula (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN) is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the moment belongs to the temporal extent of each ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN that is an instance of #$TemporalThing (so that each such ARG temporally subsumes the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalPredicate. So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), we can conclude (given that Nick and Spot are #$TemporalThings) that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalPredicate. The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington)) doesn't justify the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes #$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In general (with the qualifications indicated below), an assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)), with PRED a #$CotemporalPredicate and ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN an instance of #$TemporalThing, licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes ARG TIME). Moreover, an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects ARG TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between moments (note that the presence of such gaps would undermine the conclusion above about temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG is not a #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost never is. In order to bar predicates that would otherwise trivially qualify as instances of #$CotemporalPredicate, the argument-type of at least one of the argument-places of a #$CotemporalPredicate PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing (or, more generally, the intersection of the argument-types of at least one of the argument-places of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing). See also the specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate, #$CotemporalObjectsSlot, and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg. bd5981b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 count nouns (types of things) The collection of all simple nouns, also called common nouns. Simple nouns can typically be preceded by a determiner, and in English they inflect for number. These nouns, unlike mass nouns, are countable. Example: 'dog'. bd588078-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 feminine count nouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdad79c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 count nouns (types of things) NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all count nouns. This collection also includes proper count nouns like 'Rolodex', agentive count nouns like 'teacher', etc. c0e918e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 masculine count nouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdcd1e30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 neuter count nouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0e41dad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 counterfactual contexts The collection of microtheories that are each assumed to include at least one counterfactual assertion: an assertion which is believed to be untrue in the real world. It may be, however, that there is no explicit counterfactual assertion in a given #$CounterfactualContext. In particular, it is not required that there be any explicit contradiction of assertions in the #$genlMts of the #$CounterfactualContext. But intuitively speaking, most adults would be reticent about trusting too strongly in a propositon whose only justification was in a #$CounterfactualContext. All works of fiction relate events that transpire in counterfactual contexts. Examples: #$WorldMythologyMt, #$PaddingtonBearStoriesMt, #$ChristmasMythologyMt. bd58f4b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 numbering A specialization of #$Evaluating. Each instance of this collection is an event in which at least one agent evaluates the numeric quantity of some (reasonably discrete) group of things by assigning numbers to each thing in turn. The items counted may not necessarily be tangible objects (e.g, close your eyes and count to 10 , a mathematician counting the number of primes between 1 and 100). See also #$CountingDevice. f0d89a14-8ea3-11d6-8000-0001031bfeec countries A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$Country is a nation-state having its own territory, population, and government, whether or not it is fully independent. For example, #$Scotland is an instance of #$Country, even though it is a part of the #$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland. See also the important specialization #$IndependentCountry. bd588879-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 districts A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$CountrySubsidiary is a political region that is a direct subsidiary of some country. This collection includes states, provinces, territories, and some special districts such as Washington, D.C. c0c0184c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 counties A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$County is a geopolitical region having an area typically larger than that of a #$City, but smaller than that of a #$State-Geopolitical. bd58e498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 county governments #$CountyGovernment is a specialization of #$LocalOrganization and #$RegionalGovernment. Each instance of #$CountyGovernment is a local government that has jurisdiction over a single county. bd67f8fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 courageousness - feeling Braveness. Emotion of those who show undismayed resolution in presence of evil or danger. bd588403-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 course of a meals A specialization of #$ManipulatingFood. Each instance of #$CourseDuringAMeal is an event in which one or more diners at a meal consume a single course. Specializations of #$CourseDuringAMeal include #$AppetizerCourse, #$MainCourse, and #$DessertCourse. c1008170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 courts #$Court-Judicial is a specialization of #$Organization, #$GovernmentAgency, and #$JudicialAgent. Each instance of #$Court-Judicial is an established judicial court, i.e., an enduring governmental organization whose primary function is to settle disputes by means of legal reasoning by one or more #$Judges (q.v.). Typically, a court's orders are enforced by some other agency belonging to the government of which that court is a part. The collection #$Court-Judicial includes federal, state, county, and municipal courts, appellate and chancery courts, tax courts, courts of claims, courts-martial (if non-temporary), admiralty courts, courts of chivalry, American Indian tribal courts, and the Permanent Court of International Justice. It excludes Gypsy/Rom Kris courts, nonjudicial administrative county courts, stannaries, and temporary #$Tribunals (q.v.). c08b79f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 coverings The collection of all objects designed or evolved to be used as coverings for other objects. The intended purpose could be to shelter or protect the covered object, or even just to serve a decorative function. Examples include paint, #$Tile, #$Wigs, #$Carpets, and #$Eyelids. bd590735-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cracking events A collection of change events. In each #$Cracking, something becomes cracked. I.e., two or more areas of the thing are separated from one another (though perhaps not divided wholly into parts). In order to undergo a #$Cracking, the #$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$Solid-StateOfMatter. bd58f8e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which something is deliberately created A specialization of #$PurposefulAction. In every instance of #$CreatingAnArtifact, an #$Agent deliberately brings an #$Artifact-Generic into existence. This artifact may be tangible or intangible. Chiseling a marble statue, writing a computer program, or whistling a tune would all be instances of #$CreatingAnArtifact. Two important specializations of #$CreatingAnArtifact are: (1) #$IBTGeneration-Original, the creation of #$InformationBearingThings expressing an original thought or idea. (2) #$MakingSomething, where #$PartiallyTangible things are created. See also #$artifactsCreated. bdb9167b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 creation events A specialization of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent. In each instance of #$CreationEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (q.v.) is brought into existence (see #$outputsCreated). bd58de89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 creation or destruction events A specialization of #$Event-Localized. During each instance of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent, one or more instances of #$Entity (q.v.) come into or go out of existence. Notable specializations of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent include #$Manufacturing, #$MakingSomething, and #$Killing-Biological. bd675149-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 credentials A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$Credential is specific information about one #$SocialBeing, provided by another #$SocialBeing; the information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of #$Credential is wholly intangible, instances of #$Credential usually have some associated #$TextualMaterial (e.g., a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e., the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g., legal bar certification, ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g., GED schooling, Ph.D. requirements; is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g., travel visa, permission slip); and so on. See also the predicate #$issuesCredential. bd58b0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 credit cards A specialization of both #$Card and #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of #$CreditCardAccount (q.v.) under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user (see #$Bill-PaymentRequest), usually with interest. See also #$creditor, #$owesDebts. bd58ceea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clefts The collection of all long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows in otherwise solid objects. The width of a crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth of a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never significantly less than its width. c0fcdf4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crime detection A specialization of #$LawEnforcementActivity. In each instance of #$CrimeDetection, an authorized law enforcement agent detects a crime (i.e., some instance of #$CriminalAct). bd6857bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 crop plants #$CropPlant is a specialization of #$Plant. Each instance of #$CropPlant is a plant that has been or is commonly grown and harvested as crops, e.g. #$TobaccoPlant, #$CornPlant, #$OrangeTree, etc. be7b645b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cruciform A specialization of #$ThreeDimensionalGeometricThing. Each instance of #$Cruciform is a three-dimensional object consisting of an upright beam and a transverse beam, with the two beams roughly orthogonal to each other. Examples include spatially localized objects (for example, the space occupied by a cross worn by a Christian approximates an instance of #$Cruciform), as well as abstract cruciform shapes. c1006702-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cubes The collection of all three-dimensional cubes. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as dice, as well as abstract cubes. c0fe2a4f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 culture The collection of events having something to do with #$HumanCulture. This includes museum displays, concerts, celebrations, etc. each of which is a #$subEvents of the local #$HumanCulture. c0b0a0cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 curiosity The collection of feelings of intellectual interest, desire to know (more), to understand (more about) a thing. c10c317c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 items of currency A specialization of #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$Currency is a physical object generally accepted as legal tender, and used as a means of transferring a quantity of #$Money (q.v.) between some instances of #$Agent. Instances of #$Currency may be coins, items of precious metal, paper bills for which precious objects are payable by a government to the bearer on demand, or unbacked paper bills required by a government to be accepted for payment of debts. Instances of #$Currency are typically backed by and issued by national governments. bd58cc42-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 customary path cyc l constant The collection of Cyc constants created to set up the general framework for reasoning with customary paths. c05944ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 customary system of links A specialization of #$SpatialThing-Localized. Each instance of #$CustomarySystemOfLinks is a customary or conventional network system consisting of interconnected links (instances of #$Path-Customary) and nodes of obvious types, where the elements of the system (i.e., the points, nodes, and links of the system) can be assumed without specifying them as sets (note that this is in contrast to instances of #$PathSystem, in which the sets of point, nodes, links, and loops (if any) have to be specified for the system). Instances of #$CustomarySystemOfLinks include pipe systems, road systems, vascular systems, wiring systems, and mechanical linkages. The links of any #$CustomarySystemOfLinks are assumed to share certain characteristics. For example, in a road system, pipes are not links, nor are streetlights, road paint, or other non-roadways; only the roadways forming the road system are links in that system. Moreover, what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths (q.v.) or #$pathTerminus (q.v.) in the system should be obvious from the system type. The links are related to the assumed system by #$linksOfCustomarySystem (q.v.). c0ee5ac3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cuteness - emotional response Attractive or pretty in a delicate way c0ed121f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cutting implements A specialization of #$PoweredDevice. Each instance of #$CuttingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to (enable its user to) cut another object. Specializations of #$CuttingDevice include the collections #$Razor, #$Scissors, and #$LawnMower. bd589153-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cutting something into pieces The collection of all cutting events [#$CuttingSomething] in which there is a complete separation [#$Separation-Complete] so that two (or more) distinct connected objects result. The pieces may be of similar or vastly dissimilar size. For example, #$DrillingSomething and #$SawingSomething are specializations of #$CuttingInPieces since small pieces (e.g. sawdust) are removed from the larger piece. c037beb1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cuts A specialization of both #$HandlingADevice and #$SeparationEvent. Each instance of #$CuttingSomething is an event in which some piece of material stuff is cut, whether or not a complete separation of parts occurs. Specializations of #$CuttingSomething include #$CuttingNails, #$Butchering, and #$CuttingFabric. bd58a3ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc - based project Collection whose instances represent projects based on Cyc. Used to categorize and organize terms and assertions. An example project is #$OpenCycProject. See also #$myCreationPurpose and #$assertionAssertPurpose. c038af41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc el variable list A subcollection of #$SubLList, each instance of of which is an expression consisting of a sequence of #$ELVariables enclosed in parentheses. Note that this collection is quoted (see #$quotedCollection). Thus (e.g.) the sentence `(#$isa (?X ?Y ?Z) #$CycELVariableList)' means that the string `(?X ?Y ?Z)' is an instance of #$CycELVariableList. bfbe5dab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc hl truth value The truth/strength combinations used in the Cyc HL implementation of #$CycLAssertions and arguments. bd58f7f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc inference descriptor predicates The collection of predicates which describe the internal inference mechanisms of the Cyc theorem prover. be5f43aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc inference heuristic predicates The collection of predicates which describe the heuristic mechanisms available in the internal inference mechanisms of the Cyc theorem prover. c0d66b1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 asserted CycL assertions A specialization of #$CycLAssertion. An instance ASSERT of #$CycLAssertion is also an instance of #$CycLAssertedAssertion just in case ASSERT was explicitly asserted to the Cyc Knowledge Base by one of its users (see the collection #$Cyclist), as opposed to having been deduced by Cyc's inference engine (in which case it would be an instance of #$CycLDeducedAssertion (q.v.)). Note that since a single assertion can be both explicitly asserted to the knowledge base and also deduced by the inference engine, the collections #$CycLAssertedAssertion and #$CycLDeducedAssertion are not disjoint. bed06ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL assertions The collection of semantically well-formed #$CycLSentences asserted to the Cyc Knowledge Base. Each instance of #$CycLAssertion is either (1) an #$HLAssertion : a Heuristic Level CycL sentence reified in the Cyc Knowledge Base (i.e. a CycL sentence that corresponds to a data structure actually in the Cyc KB), or (2) an #$ELAssertion : an Epistemological Level CycL sentence that can be canonicalized into one or more already extant #$HLAssertions. #$CycLAssertion is used as an argument type constraint for certain meta-predicates, such as #$overrides. bd5dbcd4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL assertion directions The collection of possible directions for #$CycLAssertions; the direction indicates how the #$CycLAssertion will be propagated during inference. bd58e1fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL atomic assertions A specialization of #$CycLAtomicSentence. An instance ATOM of #$CycLAtomicSentence is also an instance of #$CycLAtomicAssertion just in case ATOM has been explicitly asserted to the Cyc Knowledge Base (see #$CycLAssertedAssertion), or deduced in the Knowledge Base by the Cyc inference engine (see #$CycLDeducedAssertion). bfd86bf1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l atomic sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic sentences in the CycL language. Each instance of #$CycLAtomicSentence consists of a CycL constant denoting a #$Predicate followed by one or more (closed or open) CycL terms, with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. Thus CycL atomic sentences never contain other sentences as truth-functional components (see #$TruthFunction). Note that atomic as used here specifically in connection with _sentences_, has a less strict meaning than it does when applied to terms generally, where it means not constructible from other terms via CycL syntax (see #$CycLAtomicTerm). c130750e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l atomic term The collection of all atomic #$CycLDenotationalTerms (q.v.). Atomic here means not constructible from other CycL terms via the syntax of CycL. Thus, subcollections of #$CycLAtomicTerm include #$CycLConstant, #$CycLVariable, and #$SubLAtomicTerm. Note that #$CycLAtomicTerm, like most instances of #$CycLExpressionType, is quoted (see #$quotedCollection). be1d78c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed atomic sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed atomic sentences in the CycL language that contain no free variables. Each instance of #$CycLClosedAtomicSentence consists of a CycL expression denoting a #$Predicate followed by one or more (closed) CycL terms, with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. Such sentences are sometimes called GAFs (an acronym for ground atomic formulas ). bdcc8689-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed atomic term The collection of all closed #$CycLAtomicTerms. Closed here means not containing any free (i.e. unbound) variables. Since a variable itself is the only type of _atomic_ term that contains a variable (and contains it _free_, moreover, as a variable cannot bind itself), #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm has as instances all #$CycLAtomicTerms except #$CycLVariables. Like all CycL atomic terms, Cycl closed atomic terms are denotational (see #$CycLDenotationalTerm). Note that this collection, like most instances of #$CycLExpressionType, is quoted (see #$quotedCollection). bda21728-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL closed denotational terms The collection of all closed denotational terms in the CycL language. An expression is said to be closed if it contains no free variables (see #$CycLClosedExpression). A CycL term is said to be denotational if it is the right sort of term to have a denotation (or value) in the universe of discourse (see #$CycLDenotationalTerm). CycL sentences, while terms of CycL, are not considered denotational terms. Each instance of #$CycLClosedDenotationalTerm is either a #$CycLClosedAtomicTerm (i.e. a #$CycLConstant or #$SubLAtomicTerm) or a #$CycLClosedNonAtomicTerm (i.e. a NAT with no free variables). Examples of closed denotational terms include `#$Muffet', `(#$JuvenileFn #$Dog)', `(#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X GreenColor))', and `212'. Note that these are also examples: `(#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico)' (despite the fact that it fails actually to denote anything) and `(#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls #$JuvenileFn)' (despite the fact that it is not semantically well-formed). c04da45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL closed expresses The collection of #$CycLExpressions that contain no free variables. (A variable VAR occurs _free_ in an expression EXPR if and only if there is an occurrence of VAR in EXPR that is not bound by a quantifier in EXPR.) Note that those CycL sentences that are treated (in the context of representing assertions in the Cyc Knowledge Base) as implicitly containing universal quantifiers are _not_ closed expressions (see #$CycLClosedSentence). Also cf. #$CycLOpenExpression. c03209e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed formula The collection of #$CycLFormulas that contain no free variables. c017ff79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed non atomic term The collection of closed, non-atomic denotational terms of the CycL language. Each instance of #$CycLClosedNonAtomicTerm is a CycL term that contains no free variables, is constructible from other CycL terms via the syntax of CycL, and can have a denotatum (this last requirement excludes closed CycL sentences from #$CycLClosedNonAtomicTerm). Examples: `(#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus)', `(#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls)', and `(#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor))'. Non-example: `(#$JuvenileFn ?X)'. c0cc2458-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l closed sentence The collection of #$CycLSentences that contain no free variables. Note that those CycL sentences that are treated (in the context of representing assertions in the Cyc Knowledge Base) as implicitly containing universal quantifiers are _not_ closed sentences (cf. #$CycLOpenSentence). be27a8ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ART (type of thing) The collection of all constants in the CycL language. #$CycLConstant has as instances all #$CycLAtomicTerms other than #$CycLVariables and #$SubLAtomicTerms (qq.v.). Orthographically, CycL constants are those atomic terms (i.e. terms not constructable from other terms via CycL syntax) that are prefixed by #$ in their printed (as opposed to their HTML-displayed) representations. For example, `#$Dog' and `#$isa' are CycL constants, while other CycL terms like `?X', `42', and `(#$GovernmentFn #$France)' are not. bf3491c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deduced CycL assertions The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions that are supported by at least one argument which is a deduction by Cyc's inference engine, as opposed to having been explicitly asserted to Cyc. A given assertion can have more than one argument, and can therefore be both a #$CycLAssertedAssertion and a #$CycLDeducedAssertion. beff1a9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL denotational terms The collection of all CycL terms that are not sentences (cf. #$CycLSentence), and thus are either #$CycLAtomicTerms (such as constants or variables) or #$CycLNonAtomicTerms (also known as NAT s). #$CycLDenotationalTerms are so-called, not because they all have denotations (not all of them do), but because they are in a certain sense the right kind of term for having a denotation. That is, an instance of #$CycLDenotationalTerm -- if it is semantically well-formed and closed (i.e. contains no free variables) -- might denote something in the universe of discourse. (Even so, it will not _necessarily_ denote something, considering (e.g.) the fact that a function need not be defined for every (sequence of) thing(s) satisfying its argument type constraints; see #$PartialDenotationalFunction.) But note that neither semantic well-formedness nor being closed is a requirement for being a CycL denotational term: `(#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X #$genls #$JuvenileFn)', for example, is a NAT and thus a denotational term. Other examples of denotational terms are the expressions: `#$Muffet', `?X', `(#$JuvenileFn ?X)', `(#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor))', and `212'. Note also that, like most instances of #$CycLExpressionType, #$CycLDenotationalTerm is a #$quotedCollection (q.v.). bd9733c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l expression The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the CycL language. This includes constants, variables, non-atomic terms, formulas, sentences, etc. Since the CycL syntax allows any CycL expression to be used as a term, #$CycLExpression is actually coextensional with #$CycLTerm (q.v.). Note that #$CycLExpression, like most #$CycLExpressionTypes, is a #$quotedCollection (q.v.). be90c21d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l expression - askable The collection of #$CycLExpressions that are either themselves askable as queries to the Cyc system (see #$CycLSentence-Askable) or could appear as non-atomic terms within sentences that could be so asked (see #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Askable). More precisely, each instance of #$CycLExpression-Askable is a CycL expression that is constructible via the syntax of CycL without violating any applicable arity constraints (see #$arity). Note that askable CycL expressions do not necesarily obey other semantic constraints beyond arity, such as argument-type constraints (see #$ArgTypePredicate); thus they are not always semantically well-formed in the fullest sense (cf. #$CycLExpression-Assertible). bd601781-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l expression assertible A #$CycLExpressionType. The collection of all compound CycL expressions that either could themselves be asserted to the Cyc Knowledge Base (see #$CycLSentence-Assertible) or could appear as non-atomic terms within sentences that could be so asserted (see #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible). More precisely, each instance of #$CycLExpression-Assertible is a CycL expression that is both syntactically and semantically well-formed. By definition, any compound CycL expression is syntactically well-formed. To be semantically well-formed, a CycL expression must be constructible via the syntax of CycL without violating any applicable arity or argument-type constraints (see #$arity and #$ArgTypePredicate). A CycL formula must be semantically well-formed in order to be interpretable as having a semantic value , such as a truth-value (if the formula is a sentence) or a denotation (if it's a #$CycLDenotationalTerm). Note that being assertible in the present sense does not require an expression's actually being asserted in (or being a component of something asserted in) the KB. c091e184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of CycL expression A collection of collections. Each instance of #$CycLExpressionType is a type (i.e. a subcollection) of #$CycLExpression. Note that, while #$CycLExpressionType is not itself a #$quotedCollection (q.v.), most of its reified instances are quoted-collections. bf364d35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l formula The collection of well-formed non-atomic CycL expressions. Each instance of #$CycLFormula consists of a CycL expression that denotes a relation (e.g. a #$Predicate, #$Function-Denotational, or #$TruthFunction) -- or at least an expression that could be interpreted as having a relation as its semantic value (see #$CycLGenericRelationFormula) -- followed by one or more CycL terms (see #$CycLTerm), with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. For example, (#$isa #$Muffet #$Poodle) and (#$BirthFn #$Muffet) are both CycL formulas. Two important specializations of #$CycLFormula are #$CycLNonAtomicTerm (whose instances are also called denotational formulas ) and #$CycLSentences (whose instances are also called logical formulas ). (Note that this notion of formula differs somewhat from that used in formal logic, where a formula is normally defined as an (atomic or non-atomic, quantificationally closed or open) sentence.) c03ec3ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc lgaf assertion The collection of #$CycLAtomicAssertions that contain no free variables. The acronym `GAF' stands for ground atomic formula . An atomic formula (or, more specifically, an atomic CycL sentence) consists of an expression denoting a #$Predicate followed by one or more CycL terms, with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. Ground means no variables . GAF assertions are at least _closed_ at the EL (i.e. they contain no free EL variables) and are genuinely ground at the HL (i.e. their HL representations contain no HL variables at all). For example, the atomic EL sentence (#$isa (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor)) #$Thing) is closed (though not ground). Thus, if used to make an assertion in Cyc, this sentence would be a GAF assertion, and the HL sentence representing it in the Knowledge Base would be a ground atomic sentence. GAF assertions typically express particular facts (as opposed to general rules) about the world. c0f63e9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l generic relation formula A subcollection of #$CycLFormula (q.v.). Each instance of that #$CycLGenericRelationFormula is a CycL formula that begins (immediately after the opening parenthesis) with a variable or other open expression (see #$CycLOpenExpression); i.e. it has an open expression in its 0th or arg0 position. A CycL generic relation formula thus consists of an open expression followed by some number of terms, with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. But note that the open expression in the formula's arg0 position must be such that, given the syntax and intended semantics of CycL, it could conceivably have a #$Relation -- i.e. a #$Function-Denotational or a #$TruthFunction (such as a #$Predicate or #$LogicalConnective) -- as its semantic value. Hence the arg0 open expression might be a variable, as in the generic relation formula `(?RELATION #$Muffet #$Dog)'; or it might be an appropriate open non-atomic term (or NAT ; see #$CycLNonAtomicTerm), as in `((#$Kappa (?ARG1) (#$knows ?ARG1 ?ARG2)) #$Muffet)'; or it might itself be a generic relation formula, as in `((?REL ?ARG1 #$Dog) #$Muffet)'. On the other hand, `((#$BorderBetweenFn ?ARG1 ?ARG2) #$Muffet #$Dog)' is not a #$CycLGenericRelationFormula, since #$BorderBetweenFn only returns instances of #$Border, which is disjoint with #$Relation; thus the open NAT `(#$BorderBetweenFn ?ARG1 ?ARG2)' couldn't possibly have a #$Relation as its semantic value, no matter what values were assigned to the variables `?ARG1' and `?ARG2'. be2eb4e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL indexed terms The collection of indexed or indexable terms in the CycL language. This includes reified HL terms as well as reifiable EL NATs and assertions. bd84623c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL NL assertions NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of #$CycLAssertions whose main (i.e. arg0) operators denote #$NLPredicates. bfcf9d86-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL NL pragmatic assertions NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of #$CycLAssertions whose main (i.e. arg0) operators denote #$NLPragmaticPredicates. c0b247fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL NL semantic assertions NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of #$CycLAssertions whose main (i.e. arg0) operators denote #$NLSemanticPredicates. c0f443fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL NL syntactic assertions NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of #$CycLAssertions whose main (i.e. arg0) operators denote #$NLSyntacticPredicates. bf5b433b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NART The subcollection of #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms that are reified in the KB. Example: (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog). Counterexample: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), because that term is not currently reified in the KB. These are often called NARTs, which stands for 'non-atomic reified term'. c0c6b0d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NAT The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in the CycL language. A CycL term is _non-atomic_ if it constructible from other CycL terms via the syntax of CycL. A CycL term is said to be denotational if it is the type of term that can have a denotatum (or assigned value; see #$CycLDenotationalTerm). #$CycLNonAtomicTerm thus includes all CycL denotational terms except constants and variables. A CycL non-atomic term (or NAT ) consists of a CycL expression denoting a #$Function-Denotational followed by one or more CycL terms, with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. The NAT itself denotes the value (if any) of this function for the denotations of the other terms taken as arguments. (If there is no such value then the NAT has no denotatum; see #$undefined.) NATs are also known as denotational formulas , in contrast to logical formulas (i.e. sentences). Currently, there are two main types of NAT: (i) #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerms (or NART s), which are a type of #$HLReifiedDenotationalTerm and are implemented with data structures that have indexing that enables all uses of the NAT to be retrieved, and (ii) #$ELNonAtomicTerms (or NAUT s), which have no such indexing and remain in the form of an EL expression in the assertions in which they occur. bf1f951d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 askable CycL non-atomic terms The collection of #$CycLNonAtomicTerms that can appear within sentences that are askable as queries to the Cyc system (see #$CycLSentence-Askable). More precisely, each instance of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Askable is a CycL non-atomic term that is constructible via the syntax of CycL without violating any applicable arity constraints (see #$arity). Note that askable CycL non-atomic terms do not necesarily obey other semantic constraints beyond arity, such as argument-type constraints (see #$ArgTypePredicate); thus they are not always semantically well-formed in the fullest sense (cf. #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible). bdda1e3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 assertible CycL non-atomic terms A #$CycLExpressionType and a specialization of both #$CycLExpression-Assertible and #$CycLNonAtomicTerm (qq.v.). The collection of all CycL non-atomic terms that could appear within a sentence that could be asserted to the Cyc Knowledge Base. More precisely, each instance of #$CycLNonAtomicTerm-Assertible is a non-atomic term that is both syntactically and semantically well-formed. By definition, any CycL non-atomic term is syntactically well-formed. To be semantically well-formed, a non-atomic term sentence must be constructible via the syntax of CycL without violating any applicable arity or argument-type constraints (see #$arity and #$ArgTypePredicate). A CycL term must be semantically well-formed in order to be interpretable as having a semantic value , which for terms means having a denotation. Note that being assertible in the present sense does not require a sentence's actually being asserted in the KB. be2e0d29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL closed functor non-atomic terms The subcollection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms which have no free variable in the arg0 position. Examples: (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus), (#$JuvenileFn #$isa #$genls), (#$TheSetOf ?X (#$colorOfType ?X #$GreenColor)), (#$JuvenileFn ?X). Counterexample: (?SOMEFN #$Gold) ((#$USDollarFn ?YEAR) 5). bf26025d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL open denotational terms The collection of all open denotational terms in the CycL language. An expression is open if it contains one or more free variables (see #$CycLOpenExpression). A CycL term is said to be denotational if it is the right sort of term to have a denotation (or value) in the universe of discourse (see #$CycLDenotationalTerm). Each instance of #$CycLOpenDenotationalTerm is either a #$CycLOpenNonAtomicTerm (i.e. a NAT with a free variable) or a #$CycLVariable iself. Examples include `?X', `(#$JuvenileFn ?X)', and `(#$JuvenileFn #$isa ?X #$genls #$JuvenileFn)' (even though the latter is semantically ill-formed). c0d211d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open expression The collection of CycL expressions that contain one or more free variables. A variable VAR occurs _free_ in an expression EXPR if and only if there is an occurrence of VAR in EXPR that is not bound by a term denoting a #$ScopingRelation (q.v.), such as a quantifier or #$TheSetOf, in EXPR. bfab7ef3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open formula A specialization of both #$CycLOpenExpression and #$CycLFormula. An instance FORM of #$CycLFormula is also an instance of #$CycLOpenFormula just in case FORM contains one or more free variables. be0a552b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open non atomic term The collection of denotational #$CycLNonAtomicTerms that have free variables. Examples: `(#$JuvenileFn ?X)', `(#$JuvenileFn ?X ?Y ?Z)'. Counterexample: `(#$TheSetOf ?X (#$objectHasColor ?X #$GreenColor))'. c010ce47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l open sentence A specialization of both #$CycLOpenExpression and #$CycLSentence. An instance PROP of #$CycLSentence is also an instance of #$CycLOpenSentence just in case PROP contains one or more free variables. be00bf6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l propositional sentence The collection of CycL sentences that express propositions (see #$Proposition). Two necessary (and, arguably, jointly sufficient) conditions for a CycL sentence's expressing a proposition is that it be semantically well-formed (see #$CycLSentence-Assertible) and closed (see #$CycLClosedSentence). c05a7c46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL reformulation rule predicates The collection of #$Predicates which may appear as the operator in a #$CycLReformulatorRule. c129e5bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL reformulator rules The subcollection of #$CycLAssertions which express reformulation rules to be used by the #$CycLReformulator. Even though the reformulator may treat these as rules, they are GAFs in the KB. Each #$CycLReformulatorRule must have a #$CycLReformulationRulePredicate as its predicate. They are relevant in the microtheory in which they are asserted, and in specMts of that microtheory unless overridden. For meta-directives, the convention is that the #$CycLReformulatorRule argument comes last. bd94b604-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL reifiable denotational terms A subcollection of both #$CycLClosedDenotationalTerm and #$CycLIndexedTerm (qq.v.). #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm is the collection of all CycL terms that both may be reified and may denote something in the universe of discourse. It thus includes all instances of #$CycLConstant as well as any NAT (see #$CycLNonAtomicTerm and #$Function-Denotational) whose functor denotes an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. For example, the NAT `(#$GovernmentFn #$France)' is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm, since #$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. Similarly, `(#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus)' is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm; although it is not currently reified in the KB, it is reifiable and denotational (see #$CycLClosedDenotationalTerm). Finally, `(#$BorderBetweenFn #$Canada #$Mexico)' is a #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm; although it happens not to denote anything in the universe of discourse, it is nonetheless the kind of NAT that can and often does denote. Note that #$CycLVariables are not considered reifiable terms. bd63a0ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL reifiable non-atomic denotational terms A collection of Cyc terms that are NATs (#$CycLNonAtomicTerms; see #$Function-Denotational) whose functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction. E.g., since #$GovernmentFn is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, it is true that (#$GovernmentFn #$France) is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm. be760011-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 FORT (type of thing) The collection of denotational terms in the CycL language which are reified in the KB. Examples include #$Muffet and (#$JuvenileFn #$Dog); a counterexample would be (#$JuvenileFn #$Platypus) because that term is not currently reified in the KB. These are often called 'FORTs', which stands for 'first-order reified terms' beee8a4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL represented atomic terms A specialization of #$CycLAtomicTerm. An instance ATOM of #$CycLAtomicTerm is also an instance of #$CycLRepresentedAtomicTerm just in case ATOM is explicitly represented in the CycL language (as opposed to being represented in SubL, the underlying implementation language of the Cyc system). Important specializations of #$CycLRepresentedAtomicTerm include #$CycLVariable and #$CycLConstant. bddd55a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL represented terms The collection of all denotational terms that are represented in the CycL language, instead of being defined in SubL, the underlying implementation language used by Cyc. That is, each instance of #$CycLRepresentedTerm is either (i) an atomic term, and thus also an instance of #$CycLRepresentedAtomicTerm (q.v.), or (ii) a non-atomic term (or NAT ), and has a #$CycLRepresentedTerm as its arg0 functor (the other arguments in the NAT need not be CycL represented terms). Thus #$CycLRepresentedTerm has as instances all #$CycLConstants, all #$CycLVariables, and all #$CycLNonAtomicTerms. be920bae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l rule assertion The subcollection of semantically well-formed #$CycLAssertions whose formulas are rules. More precisely, the formulas are not GAFs (see #$CycLGAFAssertion), so they either have more than one literal (and therefore are non-atomic) or they quantify over some free variables (and therefore are non-ground). Any free variables are implicitly universally quantified. bddb0a48-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence The collection of syntactically well-formed sentences of the CycL language. Each instance of #$CycLSentence consists of a CycL expression denoting a logical relation (i.e. a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) followed by one or more CycL terms, with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. #$CycLSentences need not obey arity constraints or other semantic constraints (such as argument type constraints). #$CycLSentences are also called logical formulas , and are to be distinguished from denotational formulas (which are also known as NAT s; see #$CycLNonAtomicTerms). Note that this notion of a CycL sentence is broader than the notion of sentence standardly used in formal logic, where a sentence is defined as a _closed_ well-formed formula: CycL sentences may be _open_ (i.e. contain free variables). bd5880a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence askable The collection of #$CycLSentences that are askable as queries to the Cyc system. More precisely, each instance of #$CycLSentence-Askable is a CycL sentence that is constructible via the syntax of CycL without violating any applicable arity constraints (see #$arity). Note that askable CycL sentences do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints beyond arity, such as argument-type constraints (see #$ArgTypePredicate); thus they are not always semantically well-formed in the fullest sense (cf. #$CycLSentence-Assertible). The idea behind this criterion of askability is that such a sentence, even if it isn't true or false (which it can't be unless it also obeys all argument-type constraints), at least makes enough sense to be asked as a query to the Cyc system. be7266e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence - assertible An instance of #$CycLExpressionType and a specialization of #$CycLExpression-Assertible. The collection of all CycL sentences that could be asserted to the Cyc Knowledge Base. More precisely, each instance of #$CycLSentence-Assertible is a CycL sentence that is both syntactically and semantically well-formed. By definition, any CycL sentence is syntactically well-formed. To be semantically well-formed, a CycL sentence must be constructible via the syntax of CycL without violating any applicable arity or argument-type constraints (see #$arity and #$ArgTypePredicate). A CycL sentence must be semantically well-formed in order to be interpretable as having a semantic value , which for sentences means having a truth value. Note that being assertible in the present sense does not require a sentences's actually being asserted in the KB. c1164108-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l sentence closed predicate The subcollection of #$CycLSentences whose arg0 does not contain a free variable although free variables may occupy other argument positions. bdb7f18f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 CycL terms The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the CycL language that can be used as terms, i.e. that can be combined with other expressions to form non-atomic terms or formulas. Since the grammar of the CycL language allows any CycL expression to be used as a term, #$CycLTerm and #$CycLExpression are coextensional collections. Note that, as with most #$CycLExpressionTypes, #$CycLTerm is a #$quotedCollection (q.v.). c107fffb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l unreified reifiable non atomic term A collection of Cyc terms that are #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerms but are not meant to be reified at the top level (but sub-nats are still reified). #$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerms are handled specially by the canonicalizer. As an example of how this works, see #$termOfUnit. Its arg1 is a #$CycLReifiableNonAtomicTerm and its arg2 is an #$CycLUnreifiedReifiableNonAtomicTerm. becacce8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc l variable The collection of all variables in the CycL language. A #$CycLVariable is a character string consisting of a question mark `?' (as its initial character) followed by one or more characters, where each of these latter characters is either an (upper- or lower-case) Roman letter, an Arabic numeral (i.e. `0' through `9'), a hyphen (`-'), an underscore (`_'), or another question mark. (The letters occurring in a CycL variable used in an actual assertion will typically be all uppercase; but this convention is not enforced in any formal way.) Examples: `?WHAT', '?OBJ-TYPE', and `?var0'. bf7800bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc subject clump c0fa0ffc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc (type of thing) A specialization of (#$ProgramTypeCopyFn #$IntelligentComputerProgram) and (#$ProgramTypeCopyFn #$InteractiveComputerProgram). Each instance of #$CycTheCollection is a copy (see #$programCopies) of #$CycProgram. Instances of #$CycTheCollection include all of the copies of #$CycProgram on storage media (see #$CycCopy) or running on computers (either #$CycAgent or #$CycImage) at any time in history. A notable instance of this #$CycAgent is #$Cyc, which is the agentive copy of #$CycTheCollection that one is currently running and using. bd58ea5d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dates expressed in YYYYMMDD format A collection of integers which represent #$CalendarDays expressed as an integer of the form YYYYMMDD. For example, 19690720 was the day of the Apollo 11 moon landing, July 20 1969, expressed as a #$CycUniversalDate. c0f63e8a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyc universal second A collection of integers which represent #$CalendarSeconds within their #$CalendarDay expressed as an integer of the form HHMMSS. For example, 130759 represents 1:07:59 pm expressed as a #$CycUniversalSecond. c12cd6ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclical interval group type (#$isa X #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) means that X is a collection of interval types whose instances recur in a set pattern throughout all of calendar history. X must partition all of time: the elements of X must be mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must encompass all time. For example, X could be the set of the seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of the twelve calendar months (January through December). I.e., (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) and (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType). `Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one can put the elements of X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be #$contiguousAfter that instance x1a of X1), and there will be an instance of X3 immediately following that particular instance of X2, and there will be an instance of X4 immediately following that instance of X3, etc. One final note: when we arrange elements of X into such a pattern X1,...Xn (whose repetitions then `tile' all time), n may be larger than the cardinality of X. E.g., X might be the set with just the 2 elements WeekendDay (the union of the set #$Saturday and the set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and then the arrangement that tiles all time is 5 contiguous WeekDays followed by 2 contiguous WeekendDays. be0113f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cyclists A specialization of #$IndividualAgent. Each instance of #$Cyclist is an agent (usually a person) entitled to inspect and modify the Cyc knowledge base. bd588068-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 cylinders A specialization of #$ThreeDimensionalGeometricThing. Each instance of #$CylinderShape is a three-dimensional object bounded by a circular base and top. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the cylinders that house pistons in an internal combustion engine, as well as abstract cylinders. c1006021-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hollow cylindrical objects A specialization of #$SolidTangibleThing; instances are characterized by a cylindrical, single-walled structure and a hollow interior. Examples include #$GunBarrels and #$Bottles. The structure in question must be 'long' enough to justify the appelation of 'hollow'. Borderline non-cases might include two-dimensional ringlike structures like wedding-rings. bd58dbcf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 daily personal cleaning A collection of events. Each #$DailyPersonalCleaning encompasses the standard cleaning and grooming activities that an animal engages in over the course of a day. Such a `daily routine' is almost sure to include many brief grooming and cleaning actions, such as licking one's paws, combing one's hair, washing one's hands, shaving, bathing, etc., and those are sub-events of that #$DailyPersonalCleaning event. For example, a human's #$DailyPersonalCleaning might have a #$TeethCleaning as one of its sub-events, along with a #$TakingABath, two instances of #$CombingHair, etc. Note: Those specialized kinds of events, like #$CombingHair, are NOT subsets of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, since it would be abnormal for someone to JUST comb their hair each day (and do absolutely no other daily cleaning activity whatsoever). Note: In the context #$HumanActivitiesMt --- where all the performers of actions are, by default, human beings --- #$DailyPersonalCleaning designates human grooming activities only. In that microtheory, dog-grooming performed by human beings does not constitute #$DailyPersonalCleaning, even if it happens on a daily basis for some pampered poodle, as it is not PERSONAL (i.e, self-) cleaning. bd58d05d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dairy products A specialization of #$FoodOrDrink and an instance of #$FoodGroup. Each instance of #$DairyProduct is a foodstuff that is milk or processed milk. Important specializations of #$DairyProduct include #$CowsMilk-Product, #$Cheese, #$Butter, and #$IceCream. bd58ccdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc data microtheories A collection of microtheories. An instance of #$DataMicrotheory contains information about #$Individuals, such as specific #$Persons, #$Organizations, #$GeographicalRegions, #$ConceptualWorks, etc. Assertions that do not refer to such individuals normally should be asserted in a more general microtheory. be5275a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 streams (types of things) This generic data type encapsluates the concept of streams in programming languages. This includes all streams, including Input and Output streams, as well as Byte and Character streams. 1b15b183-52f5-11d6-82b6-0002b34b9777 abstract databases The collection of all databases considered as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular #$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical. bfe46ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 databases (types of things) A specialization of both #$InformationBearingObject and #$StructuredKnowledgeSource. Each instance of #$Database-Physical is an IBO (either hardcopy or electronic) that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a database involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some functionality for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, an instance of #$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract content of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent, which is a specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. For computer programs which deal with databases, see #$DatabaseProgram. bd589d12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 database client program A specialization of #$DatabaseProgram. Each instance of this collection is some instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW which presents information taken from a database (or databases) to the user -- often mediating between the user and one or more #$DatabaseServerProgram. 3ff8248e-35fd-11d6-8000-0001031bfeec database programz A specialization of #$ApplicationProgram. Each instance of this collection is an instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW which has something (where this is deliberately left vague) to do with database usage or maintenance. Its major specializations are #$DatabaseServerProgram and #$DatabaseClientProgram (though the odd case will not fit under either of these -- for example programs which repair fragmented databases). See also #$Database-Physical, #$Database-AbstractContent. a52343d1-0ad2-11d6-90a8-0001031bfeec database server programz A specialization of #$DatabaseProgram. Each instance of this collection is some instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW which stores and manages databases, often presenting that information to #$DatabaseClientPrograms. See also #$RelationalDatabaseServerProgram. bdeec67e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dates A specialization of #$TimeInterval. Each instance of #$Date is a temporally continuous instance of #$TimeInterval which can be defined purely by its location on a particular calendar. Thus, an instance of #$Date could be a particular calendar day, calendar quarter, calendar month, or decade. bd58ac59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 date-denoting functions #$DateDenotingFunction is a specialization of #$IndividualDenotingFunction. For each function FN, FN is an instance of #$DateDenotingFunction if and only if (1) FN is an instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction, (2) FN is not a #$SkolemFunction, and (3) (#$resultIsa FN COL) holds for some specialization COL of #$Date. bedd814e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dawns (types of things) Each instance of #$Dawn is a dimly-lit period before a #$Sunrise. bd588ee3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 days of the week A collection of collections and a specialization of #$WeeklyTemporalObjectType. Each instance of #$DayOfWeekType is a collection of #$CalendarDays, all of whose instances correspond to the same particular day of the week in the respective weeks in which they occur. For example, #$Monday -- the collection of all mondays -- is an instance of #$DayOfWeekType. bd58d679-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 daytime working hours A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each instance of #$DaytimeWorkingHours is a time interval during which most members of a working population perform their daily jobs. Instances of #$DaytimeWorkingHours will vary in their respective durations, starting points, and ending points (see the constants #$duration, #$startingPoint, and #$endingPoint), according to which group of workers is being considered. bd58ac70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de adjectival abstract noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be37f432-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de-adjectival adjectives NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf748353-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de adjectival adjective producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be7e4cdb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de-adjectival adverbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bec10fd3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de adjectival adverb producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdfa5538-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de-adjectival affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485ebf2-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f de adjectival concrete noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c1102ad2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de-adjectival nouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bee1d86f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de adjectival noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdf6cb1b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de adjectival suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bee691c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de-adjectival verbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bea1bfd2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 de adjectival verb producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bebac901-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deverbal nouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all nouns derived from verbs, including (but not limited to) those ending in '-ing', '-er/or', and 'tion'. bf69785d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corpses A specialization of #$OrganicStuff (and not, of course, of #$Animal, whose instances must be alive). Each instance of #$DeadAnimal is a corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing. bd5894c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dead languages A specialization of #$NaturalLanguage. Each instance of #$DeadLanguage is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language (though written texts may survive and continue to be interpretable -- as is the case with #$LatinLanguage). bd58a2a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 debugging a computer program A collection of events, and a specialization of #$SimpleRepairing. In each #$DebuggingAComputerProgram event, a computer program is tested, analyzed, and modified (perhaps repeatedly) in order to remove unwanted features, restore intended functionality, etc. This is more of a #$TemporalStuffType than a #$TemporalObjectType (i.e., more substance-like than object-like), since each `portion' of the total #$DebuggingAComputerProgram event is itself a small #$DebuggingAComputerProgram event. bd58cae7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decagons The collection of all ten-sided #$Polygons. Note also that each instance has ten angles. bfc03950-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 December A specialization of #$CalendarMonth. Each instance of #$December is the twelth and final month of a particular year in the #$GregorianCalendar (q.v.). bd58b8ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deciduous plants A specialization of #$Plant-Woody. Each instance of #$DeciduousPlant is a plant which sheds all of its leaves once a year, seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones. Cf. #$EvergreenPlant. bd588481-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 declarative context The collection of all contexts [#$Microtheory] which assert facts and rules about some world or facet of a world. This is disjoint with #$PropositionalAttitudeContext which refers to groups of assertions which have the property of having some specific relationship with a sentient beings internal state (beliefs, hopes, goals, questions, etc.). It is necessary, but not sufficient for a context to be a #$DeclarativeContext in order to derive new assertions in it. A #$SourceMicrotheory or #$PropositionalInformationThing contains assertions that are expressly in some source. Assertions that can be derived from those assertions are NOT expressly in such sources and so should not be derived within them, even though they may be instances of #$DeclarativeContext. c1333ce9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deciphering The collection of events where some data in an #$InformationBearingThing are transformed from a complex/compressed format to a more usable or natural format. c0b6c084-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decomposed The collection of events in which one or more objects decompose more or less completely. See also the more general concept #$DecompositionProcess, in whose instances objects at least partially decompose. bd58b357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decomposition A specialization of both #$SeparationEvent and #$TransformationProcess. Each instance of #$DecompositionProcess is an event in which some object's matter undergoes chemical reactions (sometimes mediated by microorganisms) that result in the object losing its shape and other material characteristics. bd58b2de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 decryptions The collection of actions in which an encrypted IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) is transformed so that it can be accessed. bd659b49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of food An instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType (q.v.), and thus a collection of collections. Each instance of #$DefaultDisjointEdibleStuffType is a collection of beverages or foodstuffs (a specialization of #$EdibleStuff) that is by default disjoint with every other instance of #$DefaultDisjointEdibleStuffType. Instances of #$DefaultDisjointEdibleStuffType include #$SubmarineSandwich, #$Rice-Foodstuff, and #$Sauerkraut. bd58bd03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of sibling disjoint script A collection of collections and an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType (q.v.). Each instance TYPE of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType is a specialization of #$Event of which the following is true, as a default assumption: every instance of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType is either a specialization of TYPE, a generalization of TYPE, or is disjoint with TYPE. Asserting that TYPE is an instance of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType is thus a convenient way to make TYPE disjoint a lot of other specializations of #$Event (viz. the other instances of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType), without having to enter a lot of #$disjointWith assertions. Note that the default assumption mentioned above can be overridden, with respect to TYPE and some other #$DefaultDisjointScriptType OTHER-TYPE, by asserting (#$siblingDisjointExceptions TYPE OTHER-TYPE). bd58efca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 default monotonic predicate A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate is a predicate whose use as the predicate of a locally asserted ground formula causes that formula to be entered, by default, as :MONOTONIC. Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$disjointWith, #$equals, #$arity, #$arg1Isa. c10c3008-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 defeatedness - feeling The feeling of despair and loss one feels when defeated or overthrown. c0ed0d20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 defense systems #$DefenseSystem is a specialization of both #$ProtectiveSystem and #$Artifact. Instances of #$DefenseSystem are created by agents to protect things (not necessarily the agents themselves) from harmful situations or individuals. bdc0e9f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 defined data types A specialization of #$ComputerDataType. The collection of all data types that are currently available for parameters in the current context of a #$ComputerCode-Source. Negative examples for this collection would include abstract classes in #$JavaProgrammingLanguage, and underspecified data types like (#$ProgramRepresentationFn #$RealNumber). 9702af51-7721-11d6-8500-0002b34b9777 definitional predicate The collection of all instances of #$Predicate whose uses are almost always considered definitional and thus are normally asserted in an instance of #$VocabularyMicrotheory. If the use of a predicate is sometimes, but not primarily definitional, it should be an instance of #$SometimesDefinitionalPredicate, instead beabd856-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 degenerates A collection of events. In each #$DegenerationEvent, some object loses its function(s) through a process of deterioration and/or a series of discrete breakdowns. bd58c357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 degree granting institutions #$DegreeGrantingHigherEducationInstitution is a specialization of #$HigherEducationInstitution. Each instance of #$DegreeGrantingHigherEducationInstitution is a higher education institution that grants degrees. For those that do not grant degrees, such as colleges of universities, e.g. Trinity College, Cambridge, see specs of #$NonDegreeGrantingInstitution. be70f357-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 levels of cloudiness A collection of collections of #$OutdoorLocations. Each instance of #$DegreeOfCloudiness is collection of #$OutdoorLocations with a particular degree of cloud cover. Instances of #$DegreeOfCloudiness include #$Cloudless, #$PartiallyCloudCovered, and #$CompletelyCloudCovered. bd590706-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 degree prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf54c150-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 delight Live and obvious (and somewhat ephemeral) emotion found in the satisfaction or gratification induced by the possession, acquisition or expectation of something good or greatly desired. bd589110-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 delivering (type of thing) The collection of events in which an object is delivered to someone as part of one's job. bd58b56a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal abstract noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf3bb9a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal adjectives NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be51b57c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal adjective producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c042c301-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal adverbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be55ed8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal adverb producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0fbd7ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485ebf1-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f denominal concrete noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0ca715c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal nouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf7d93bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 05e79da4-2258-11d6-9424-00b0d074c11f denominal suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bee74e55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal verbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bee75390-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 denominal verb producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bfb894aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 predicates relating words to argument positions NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be481bb3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 densities A specialization of #$PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of #$Density is a measure of an aspect of a tangible object, namely, its mass per volume. Instances of #$Density include #$DenseAsOil, #$GaseousDensity, and #$SolidDensity. See also the predicate #$densityOfObject, which relates an object to its density. bd589819-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dental care The collection of events in which dental care is administered. This includes personal teeth cleaning. bd58b4e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 tooth doctors A specialization of #$MedicalCareProfessional. Each instance of #$Dentist is a medical care professional who has been trained to diagnose and treat diseases of, and injuries to, the gums and teeth. bd58df82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 feelings of depression An emotion marked by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, feelings of dejection and hopelessness; unhappiness, discouraged and without vigor bd58c152-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derivational affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd8ba2fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derivational affix by base p o s category NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 4e0fd264-1366-11d6-9f2f-00b0d074c11f derivational affix by result p o s category NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485c4e2-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f derivational affixation NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be1df45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derivational prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0db569b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derivational prefixation NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c12aad91-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derivational suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bda4b261-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derivational suffixation NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be2e45ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of derived numeric scalar interval A collection of collections. Each instance of #$DerivedNumericScalarIntervalType is a collection of numerically measurable #$ScalarIntervals whose units are complex (that is, whose units are derived from some more basic units of measure). Instances include #$Volume, #$Area, and #$Acceleration. See also the related collection #$FundamentalNumericScalarIntervalType. bd58dae0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derived words NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bef967a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derived word forming functions NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c139f63d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 descents An event is an #$DescendingEvent if and only if its object (#$objectMoving) has a lower altitude (#$altitudeAboveSeaLevel) at the end of the event than it did at the beginning of the event. Thus, some ascent may occur during the descent so long as the net effect is to decrease altitude. Descending stairs, walking over a ridge on the way to a lower valley, being lowered, and airplane landings are exemplars of #$DescendingEvent. Technically, sitting down and souffles falling are not exemplars because the #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel of these objects is not lower at the end of the event. (#$altitudeAboveSeaLevel is based on the distance between the bottom of the object and the mean sea level.) c0deda22-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 desert climates The attribute of having a desert climate. Wide temperature extremes from very hot in day to cold at night. Very little precipitation on a year-long basis, although there may be desert storms. bd589427-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 office worker A subcollection of #$PersonWithOccupation. #$DeskWorker is a very broad category, consisting of those people who do a significant amount of their work sitting at desks (as opposed, e.g., to those who do physically demanding or outdoor work). While the sorts of work performed at desks make up too heterogeneous a class for #$DeskWorker itself to be considered an #$PersonTypeByOccupation (q.v.), some of its subcollections do correspond to types of occupations, e.g. #$Administrator, #$ComputerOperator, and #$Secretary. bd58ab18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 despair Utter loss of hope bd58a6d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 destruction events A collection of events. In each instance of #$DestructionEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$inputsDestroyed) ceases to exist. bd58f920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 articles (types of things) NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all determiners. Determiners are function words which can precede nouns. Example: 'these'. bd588077-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 determiner - central NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be1d2e86-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 determiner - class a NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd615545-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 determiner - class b NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd62aa46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 determiner - class c NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd5b955b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 determiner - class d NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd683ffd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 determiner - definite NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd5e419a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 determiner - indefinite NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd5b258a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 determiner - numeric NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. the collection of all #$Determiner-Indefinites that represent numeric values. All #$Number-SPs are also #$Determiner-Numerics. be22ce8f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deverbal abstract noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bedf1fc4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deverbal adjectives NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. beec75a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deverbal adjective producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be49ce38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deverbal affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485ebf0-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f deverbal concrete noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0861aa6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deverbal noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c00c1427-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deverbal suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c12f8ef6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 single-user devices #$Device-SingleUser is a specialization of #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$Device-SingleUser is a device that typically has exactly one (i.e., one and only one) user who is the only individual who derives the value of its single function at a single time. A screwdriver (an instance of #$Screwdriver) is a #$Device-SingleUser, but a grand piano (an instance of #$GrandPiano) is not. A borderline non-example is a multiple-passenger car --- although only one person operates it, several can use it at once, i.e. derive the value of its primary function (transportation). So a multiple-passanger car is not a #$Device-SingleUser. A borderline example is a telephone -- although it requires two or more users (each on telephones) for meaningful use, each phone generally has just one user at a time. So a telephone is a #$Device-SingleUser, but a telephone-circuit is not. c10093ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 user-guided devices #$Device-UserControlled is a specialization of #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$Device-UserControlled is an artifact which is normally controlled by its user while serving its intended function(s). The artifact may be guided during part or all of its operation, and the user may guide it by hand or some other means of interaction. #$Tool is an important specialization of this collection, and further examples of #$Device-UserControlled include instances of the collections #$PomPom, #$Van, #$Spoon, and #$ToiletPaper. This collection does not include those devices which merely require some user intervention to get started or to be set up, e.g., instances of #$SofaBed, #$Holster, or #$LightBulbIncandescent. #$ManualCarWindow and #$AutomaticCarWindow are also not included, since they do not require user guidance while performing their main task (keeping out the wind), although they can be adjusted by the user. c083ee38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 user-powered devices A specialization of #$MusclePoweredDevice. Each instance of #$Device-UserPowered is an artifact deliberately designed to perform a particular function, and one which depends upon the physical efforts of the user to perform that function in part or in whole. A paradigm example would be a bicycle. However, the definition also leaves room for some counterintuitive cases -- for example, combs and forks also qualify as user-powered devices. Borderline cases would be devices which require effort on the part of the user to perform part of the function, but not all of it. For example, many gas-powered lawnmowers have to be pushed by hand, but use an internal combustion engine to impart the necessary velocity to the cutting surfaces. bd5894f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 running (type of thing) A specialization of #$PhysicalEvent. Each instance of #$DeviceRunning is an event in which some device is running. This collection includes events which are complete cycles of a device's normal function (see the specialization #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice), as well as random time slices (see the predicate #$timeSlices) of such events. Examples of #$DeviceRunning include instances of the collections #$AirplaneTakeOff, #$SkateBoarding, and #$OffRoadMotorcycleRiding. Note that an instance of #$DeviceRunning does not need to be a continuous event. Examples of discontinuous instances of #$DeviceRunning include the following: the event of all the ignition phases of the firing of a particular automobile's engine during November of 1996; the event in which a particular TV was on and showing a commercial in the year 2001. bd589045-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 works (types of things) A specialization of #$Artifact-Intangible, #$IntangibleExistingThing, and #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$DevisedPracticeOrWork is an abstract work which is the deliberate creation of one or more individuals working in concert. Such works are instantiated either in #$Events (for instances of #$DevisedStructuredActivity (q.v.)) or in #$InformationBearingThings. Positive examples include: #$MobyDickNovel (as opposed to any instance COPY of #$BookCopy such that (#$instantiationOfWork #$MobyDickNovel COPY), #$Chess (as opposed to games of chess -- see (#$PlayingFn #$Chess)), and Beethoven's 9th Symphony (as opposed to any performance of this symphony or any copy of its score). Negative examples include paintings (instances of #$InformationBearingObject), customs (not deliberate creations), natural languages (not deliberate creations), and codes (their uses, not instantiations, are IBTs). For those works which have associated #$AbstractInformationStructures see #$ConceptualWork. bfda77c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 devised structured activities A specialization of #$DevisedPracticeOrWork. Each instance of #$DevisedStructuredActivity is an abstraction of a largely rule-governed activity. Major specializations of this collection include #$Game and #$Sport -- instances of these collections are abstractions of activities that are obviously rule-governed. be4cde78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 diagnosing and repairing something A specialization of both #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent and #$HumanActivity. Each instance of #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething is an event in which something is diagnosed and repaired. Such events can range from fixing an instance of #$PhysicalDevice (q.v.) to killing pests that infest a place. All instances of #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething involve an intrinsic change in the thing which undergoes repairs. Note that a diagnosis action alone, or a repair action alone, would not be instances of this collection, although they could be sub-events of an instance of this collection. bd58ab98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dietary deficiency conditions The collection of physiological conditions brought on by consuming less of a nutrient than the body requires. c0fd5773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 diffidence Unsure of himself. Emotion of a person who feels hesitant, lacking self-confidence. Distrust in my own ability, opinions or powers bd589d0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 digesting A specialization of #$BiologicalTransportationEvent and #$BiologicalDestructionEvent. Each instance of #$DigestionEvent is a process in which a single animal converts food into substances that can be assimilated by the body. This collection should not be confused with #$DigestingInStomach, each instance of which occurs only in an instance of #$Stomach; an instance of #$DigestionEvent spans the whole #$DigestiveSystem, from start to finish. bd588d98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 digestive systems A specialization of #$AnimalBodyPart and #$ConnectedPathSystem. Each instance of #$DigestiveSystem is a system of organs and other body parts which work together to accomplish the digestion function (see #$DigestionEvent). bd58b41a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 digits A specialization of #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart. Each instance of a #$Bird, #$Bat-Mammal, or other #$Vertebrate. bf32c3fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dimensionless units of measure A subcollection of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure is the collection of measurement functions whose results are instances of #$ScalarInterval which have no dimension; i.e., they are simply numbers, instances of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Examples include #$Percent, #$Unity, #$Per1000. (#$Percent 50) returns the point-interval, one-half (0.5). (#$Unity 3 4) returns the interval that is the range of numbers between 3 and 4, inclusive. bd58842e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 diphthong - vowel NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0f90225-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 diplomatic mission - the post #$DiplomaticMission-ThePost is a specialization of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization. Each instance of #$DiplomaticMission-ThePost is an official diplomatic mission (the organization --embassy or consulate -- not physical structure) of a legal government in a foreign country. bf147bd8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 direct fire weapons #$DirectFireWeapon is a specialization of #$ProjectileLauncher and #$Weapon. Each instance of #$DirectFireWeapon is a weapon that shoots a projectile such as a bullet in a flat trajectory as opposed to the arching trajectory of an #$IndirectFireWeapon. be413b45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Directed Acyclic Graph (type of thing) The collection of all those #$DirectedGraphs (node-and-link structures in which each link has one direction) each of which has no directed cycle in it. This is the intersection of #$DirectedGraph and #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem (which is the same as the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem). A #$DirectedAcyclicGraph is often used as a representation of a #$PartialOrdering. bed5ca59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed acyclic path systems The collection of all #$DirectedPathSystems each of which has no directed cycle in it (see #$directedCycleInSystem). Note that each instance of #$DirectedAcyclicPathSystem has no loops in it, although it may have an undirected graph cycle in it. bdd9cff1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed graph The collection of all directed simple graphs, i.e., node-and-link structure in which every link has one direction and no multiple links (between a pair of nodes) or loops are allowed, as studied in graph theory. This is the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedMultigraph, which is the same as the intersection of #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic and #$DirectedPathSystem. beb3df26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed multigraph A specialization of both #$DirectedPathSystem and #$Multigraph. Each instance of #$DirectedMultigraph is a multigraph in which every link has one direction. Note that there can be loops and multiple links between a pair of nodes in a given instance of #$DirectedMultigraph. c0ba0c32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed path systems An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a specialization of #$Semi-DirectedPathSystem. Each instance of #$DirectedPathSystem is a path system SYS in which every link LINK is given exactly one direction (specified by (#$linkFromToInSystem LINK X Y SYS), (#$PathFromFn LINK SYS), or (#$PathToFn LINK SYS)). Note that #$PathFromFn and #$PathToFn are only defined for directed path systems. c0a745ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directed movements A specialization of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each instance of #$DirectedTranslation is a movement event that is #$performedBy an #$Agent that intends for the #$objectMoving to reach a particular #$target. Examples: William Tell shooting the apple off his son's head, John Wilkes Booth shooting Abraham Lincoln, the last time you tossed a frisbee to someone, a pilot landing an airplane, and a skiier skiing one run of the downhill course. bdb6c421-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 direction expression A specialization of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each instance of #$DirectionExpression is a vector representing a direction. Typically these expressions are used to indicate direction between two objects or locations. An important specialization of this collection is #$GeographicalDirection (q.v.). bd58dff3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directive illocutionary forces A collection of illocutionary forces. If a communication act has an instance of this collection as an attribute, then the communication explains or refers directly to some action and, depending upon the relevant illocutionary force, expresses the speaker's (see #$senderOfInfo) desire that the communication target (#$communicationTarget) either perform or not perform the action referred to in the communication act. bf5ec855-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dirtiness A specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of the collection #$Dirtiness is a specific level of dirtiness (or, alternatively, cleanliness). Instances of #$Dirtiness include #$Dirty, #$ReallyDirty, #$ALittleDirty, #$Clean, and #$Sterile. Indicate a particular object's #$Dirtiness with the predicate #$dirtinessOfObject (q.v.). bd58d42d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disappearing from sight This is the collection of events in which an object becomes hidden from an animal's sight, either by becoming too distant to be seen, or by the animal's line of sight becoming blocked by another object. An animal may not actually see the object before it disappears, but it was visible in the context. beb2488d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is disappointed A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being dissapointed. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e24e2068-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 disappointment The attribute-type associated with feeling defeated in expectation or hope. (For the rationale behind treating feelings as types -- i.e. collections -- of attributes, see the comment on #$Happiness.) bd58b543-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disapproval The emotion or state of disapproving of something; a negative attitude towards some situation, proposal, person, or thing, implying a judgment based on explicit or implicit standards (rational, moral, pragmatic, or etc.). This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Disapproval are #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. More subtly, it is often true that feelings of #$Jealousy or #$Envy manifest in superficial shows of #$Disapproval. #$Disapproval is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. be00ca70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 expressing disapproval A specialization of #$Inform-CommunicationAct. In each instance of #$Disapproval-CommunicationAct, an #$Agent expresses disapproval of something. Instances of #$Disapproval-CommunicationAct are often (though not always) accompanied by feelings of #$Disapproval. For situations where what the agent disapproves of can be expressed in propositional form, see #$disapprovedStatement. It is also worth noting that instances of #$Disapproval-CommunicationAct differ from instances of #$Rejecting-CommunicationAct, in that the former are expressed judgments that a certain action or opinion is inappropriate, morally wrong, etc., while the latter involve the denial of the propositional content of some communication. bf6d0cfb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disk shaped A subcollection of #$CylinderShape. Each instance of #$Disc3DShape has a height much less than the radius of its base. c0fb9e9f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 diseases A collection of collections. Each instance of #$DiseaseType is a subcollection of #$AilmentCondition that is normally classified as a type of disease. bfa581b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disgusted A feeling of repulsion or aversion towards something considered distasteful or repugnant. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Disgust include feelings of #$Abhorrence. bd58b1cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is disgusted A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being disgusted. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e25bbcf0-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 types of disjoint collection The collection of collections of collections which are disjoint from each other. Each element DIS-COL-TYPE of #$DisjointCollectionType is a collection whose instances are disjoint--that is, no two elements of DIS-COL-TYPE have any elements in common. bd63e846-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disjunctive sets A collection of mathematical sets and collections whose elements are themselves mathematical sets or collections. A set or collection, SETORCOL, of sets or collections is an instance of #$DisjointSetOrCollectionType just in case the elements of SETORCOL are mutually disjoint -- that is, no two elements of SETORCOL have any elements in common. 93c77139-5706-11d6-8bc2-0002b34b8539 dislikes (types of things) A feeling of disaffection or disaffinity for a person or thing. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Dislike are #$Disgust, #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Resentment, etc. bd58a553-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 disputes A collection of events with multiple participants. In each #$DisputeEvent, some participants seek to achieve states of affairs that other participants seek to prevent. Disputes may or may not get settled. Settlement of a dispute may be by fighting, by competition, by using a mediator or court, by chance, by mutual reasoning, etc. bd58f3d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dissatisfaction Feeling of discontent, due to a lack of fulfillment of an agent's desires, needs, or requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Dissatisfaction are #$Disappointment, #$Frustration, #$Impatience, #$Anger, etc. bd58a58e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is dissatisfied A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being dissatisfied. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e2694ee2-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 dissolving events A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a solvent and a solute mix to form a solution. be0116b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distances A specialization of #$PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of #$Distance is the length of a path in space extending from one point to another. In some contexts, for example in the argument 2 position of #$altitudeAboveSeaLevel, an instance of #$Distance will include directional information. In these contexts, instances can take on positive or negative values. In other contexts, directional information will not matter, and instances of #$Distance will only take on non-negative values. See the specialization #$Distance-Absolute for measures of distance that necessarily do not include directional information, and thus are always non-negative. An instance of #$Distance may be either a fixed interval, such as the height of the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC or the altitude of the #$DeadSea, or a range, such as #$WithinAudibleDistance (see #$ScalarInterval for more explanation). See #$UnitOfDistance for the units used by Cyc to measure distances. bd58809a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 absolute distances #$Distance-Absolute is the length of a path in space extending from one point to another. Unlike #$Distance, instances of #$Distance-Absolute do not contain directional information. Rather #$Distance-Absolute is by definition a scalar, not a vector quantity, and is thus always positive or zero. Instances of #$Distance may be either a fixed interval such as the height of the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, or a range, such as #$WithinAudibleDistance (see #$ScalarInterval for more explanation). Also see #$UnitOfDistance for the units used by Cyc to measure distances. Distances must be #$NonNegativeScalarIntervals. See also #$Distance, which can take on negative values. Exemplars of #$Distance-Absolute include the distance in miles between Austin and San Antonio, or the turning radius of a Model T Automobile. Non-exemplars of #$Distance-Absolute include height above sea level. Since the Dead Sea is below sea level, its height above sea level is a negative value. Thus #$Distance is a more appropriate argument constraint for height above sea level. bdf33868-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trouble Extremely troubled; mentally confused, distracted. bd58d06f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distributing meta knowledge predicate A subcollection of #$MetaKnowledgePredicate, instances of which distribute over each of the multiple assertions resulting from the polycanonicalization of an assertion. Let DIST-METAPRED be an instance of #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate, and suppose that one asserts (DIST-METAPRED ARG1 ARG2) and that ARG1 polycanonicalizes into ASSERTION1 and ASSERTION2. Then (DIST-METAPRED ASSERTION1 ARG2) and (DIST-METAPRED ASSERTION2 ARG2) will both be asserted to the Knowledge Base automatically. c0ab9eda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distributions A specialization of both #$PurposefulPhysicalAction and #$TransferOut. Each instance of #$DistributionEvent is an event in which tangible objects are distributed from a source to various destinations via some distribution network. bd58fd6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 distributive lattices The subcollection of #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic that contains all those lattices called 'distributive lattices' by lattice theorists. A #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic LATICE (with the #$baseSet S, meet operation MEET and join operation JOIN) is distributive if the distribution laws hold, i.e., for each X, Y and Z in S, (MEET X (JOIN Y Z)) = (JOIN (MEET X Y) (MEET X Z)). Note that this condition is equivalent to the condition that for each X, Y and Z in S, (JOIN X (MEET Y Z)) = (MEET (JOIN X Y) (JOIN X Z)). bdbc5d4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ditransitive pp comp frame Frames used for verbs that take an NP complement followed by a PP complement. Examples include 'make X out of Y', etc. be47bcd8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 divine beings The collection of all divinities, or supernatural beings that are gods (or God) or god-like. Instances of #$DivineBeing are usually (if not always) immortal. Note that this collection is _not_ a specialization of #$Agent-Intangible, since some god-like beings are believed to have physical bodies. c10065ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 the auxiliary verb 'do' NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The auxiliary verb 'do'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, do-support in yes/no questions, so it is treated as a separate part of speech. bd598127-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 docks #$Dock is a specialization of #$FixedStructure, #$TransportFacility, and #$OutdoorLocation. Each instance of #$Dock is a long flat walkway that juts out over water from shorelines. A dock's main function is to provide a place to secure boats and to provide a place where passengers and cargo can be loaded and unloaded. be0112f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doctors An instance of #$PersonTypeByOccupation, and a specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$Doctor-Medical is a person with a certain type of education in the field of medicine (usually such a person has obtained an MD degree) who is professionally licensed to practice medicine. bd58eb55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 documentation constant A collection of CycL constants whose purpose is to facilitate users in their understanding of the system, tracking knowledge representation work being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Documentation constants are usually not involved in inference. Instances may be excluded from versions of the knowledge base in which available memory is a premium without affecting the performance of applications. bd5c5e99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 documentation predicates A collection of predicate-denoting constants specifically designed for facilitating #$Cyclists in their understanding of the system, tracking knowledge representation work being done, noting cleanup work to be done, etc. Documentation predicates are usually not involved in inference. They may be excluded from knowledge bases in which available memory is a premium without affecting the performance of applications. #$DocumentationPredicate is used in code to determine which documentation to show to the user when they request to see documentation for a first-order reified term (or FORT ). be1f1654-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dodecagon A specialization of #$Polygon. Instances of #$Dodecagon are polygon with 12 sides. c0a17169-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dogs A specialization of #$CanineAnimal (q.v.). Each instance of #$Dog is a canine animal bred to be a domestic pet or a wild animal (#$Dog includes the dingo dogs of #$Australia). However, #$Dog excludes the members of #$Wolf, #$Fox, and the other non-dog specializations of #$CanineAnimal. #$Dog is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies, Canis familiaris. bd58daa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 domestic pets #$DomesticPet is a specialization of #$DomesticatedAnimal, #$HumanOccupationConstructResident, and #$PortableObject. Each specialization of #$DomesticPet is a type of domesticated animal kept by humans primarily for companionship. Many members of #$DomesticPet live in the homes of their owners. bd590532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 domesticated animals A specialization of #$TameAnimal. Each instance of #$DomesticatedAnimal is an animal that has been bred and trained in such a way that it cannot readily survive in the wild. Domesticated animals are kept by humans for labor, transportation, food, or as pets, and their relations with humans are more or less cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal does _not_ include most wild animals kept in zoos (see #$CaptiveAnimal). Cf. #$WildAnimal. c10c22cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 domesticated animal food A specialization of #$Food. Each instance of #$DomesticatedAnimalFood is a foodstuff produced by human beings and intended for consumption by domesticated animals. This collection includes feed manufactured for horses, cattle, chickens, and other farm animals, as well as pet food. bd588c3b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doorways #$Doorway is a specialization of #$Portal, #$CavityWithWalls, and #$Artifact-NonAgentive. Each instance of #$Doorway is a portal in some instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct (q.v.), suitable for people (and perhaps vehicles) to enter and exit. Each instance of #$Doorway includes the frame, not merely the empty space within the doorway. Instances of #$Doorway include doorways to houses, office buildings, elevators, automobiles, airplanes, and garages. bd58f914-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doors (types of things) A specialization of #$PortalCovering. Each instance of #$DoorwayCovering is a physical object used to cover some kind of portal, including but not limited to doorways in buildings. This collection also includes doors of cars, buses, subways, elevators, garages, airplane hangars -- coverings over any doors that people (and perhaps vehicles) pass through. bd5899ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 #$DoubleFloatObject An instance of #$ComputerDataType. The double precision floating point number representation in, for example, the #$C-ComputerLanguage. 17c50ec1-5167-11d6-82b6-0002b34b9777 double helix shaped An important specialization of #$Helix. Each #$DoubleHelix consists of two instances of #$Helix that turn about a common axis. c02a574c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 doubt Feeling of unsureness; lack of certitude or conviction about someone or about the result of something. Skepticism. Carries no evil suspicion, as Mistrust does bd58e1f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 downloading a file A specialization of #$CopyingAComputerFile. In each instance of this collection, a computer copies a file from a file system that it is #$remotelyConnectedTo over a #$ComputerNetwork to a local #$ComputerDisk or other long-term storage device. c064472a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 apprehension (type of thing) Each Dread is an intangible object which specifies some undesirable state or event (which, by the way, are also intangible objects) bd58c9d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dresses #$Dress is a specialization of #$Clothing-WholeBody, #$WomensClothing, and #$EnvelopingCovering. Each instance of #$Dress is an article of women's clothing that covers the upper and lower body, but which usually does not drape down to the feet. bd58b437-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 beverages A specialization of both #$FoodOrDrink and #$LiquidTangibleThing. Each instance of #$Drink is a portion of a liquid of a type that is ingestible and commonly consumed by humans or animals. Instances of #$Drink, unlike instances of #$Food (q.v.), are ingested by drinking without chewing. Since soup and applesauce are normally ``eaten'' by being placed in the mouth with a spoon, they are not considered to be drunk (although one can certainly drink either), and so are not specializations of this collection. Specializations of #$Drink include #$Water-Ingestible, #$Tea-Hot, #$HotChocolate, #$Lemonade, and #$Beer. bd58f408-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drinking A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a single individual consumes a portion of some drink. A #$DrinkingEvent typically consists of several instances of #$DrinkingASip. See #$EatingEvent. bd58eeee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 prescriptions A specialization of #$OfficialDocument. Each instance of this collection is a document in which a doctor (#$Doctor-Medical) authorizes a patient to purchase a certain amount of a #$PrescriptionDrug and take it according to some specified schedule. See also the predicates #$prescriptionFilled and #$prescribedDrug. c0fd5806-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medications A specialization of both #$Artifact and #$DrugSubstance. Each instance of #$DrugProduct is a drug substance manufactured by some agent. Instances of #$DrugProduct include drugs prescribed by a physician, drugs purchased as over-the-counter medicines, and drugs used for recreational purposes (so #$AlcoholicBeverage, #$Nicotine, and #$Caffeine are specializations). bd58aef7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drugs A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$DrugSubstance is something that can be introduced into an organism's body to produce certain physiological effects. This collection includes naturally occuring substances, as well as manufactured substances (for the latter, see the specialization #$DrugProduct). bfc1633e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 drug therapies A collection of medical care events in which drugs accomplish a medical purpose. An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the result of an instance of #$AdministeringADrug (q.v.). An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the event of the patient's body undergoing the physiological effects of the drug it was given. Note: #$DrugTherapy events do not include the administration of the drug; rather, they are the results of such administrations. Cf. #$AdministeringADrug. c0fd5e28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dry seasons A specialization of #$SeasonOfYear. Each instance of #$DrySeason is the driest season of the year in a particular region during an annual climate cycle (see #$AnnualClimateCycle). Note that #$DrySeason is _not_ a specialization of #$CalendarSeason. bd58ea2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dried A collection of events in which involves a reduction in the moistness of something -- either its water content or its surface wetness -- by evaporation, absorption (e.g. with towels), or some other process. Typical objects of a #$Drying event include instances of: paint, food, dishes, clothes, humans. The event of a clothes dryer running is a #$Drying. bd58d388-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 consumer durables #$DurableGoods are #$PartiallyTangibleProducts whose usefulness continues for a number of years -- that are not destroyed in a single usage. Examples: household appliances, automobiles, machinery. bd58cf57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dusks A specialization of #$Twilight. Each instance of #$Dusk is a dimly-lit period of time which is #$contiguousAfter an instance of #$Sunset, and is the event which starts an instance of #$Night. be010707-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deaths A collection of events. Each instance of #$Dying is an event in which a living organism (an instance of #$Organism-Whole) ceases to live and thus ceases to exist. The physical portion of the organism may remain, but that is not considered an instance of #$Organism-Whole (cf. #$DeadAnimal). Note that the expiring animal is related to its dying event by #$bodilyDoer (q.v.)--in contrast to the role an organism plays when it is the #$objectActedOn in a #$Killing-Biological event (which will have some #$Dying event among its #$subEvents), and cf. #$bodilyActedOn. bd590953-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 el assertion A specialization of #$ELSentence-Assertible. Each instance of this collection is a syntactically and semantically well-formed sentence of CycL (i.e. an #$ELSentence-Assertible) that has been actually asserted to the Cyc Knowledge Base. When an EL assertion is presented to the Knowledge Base, the #$CycCanonicalizer transforms it into (more exactly, replaces it with) a logically equivalent #$HLAssertion, for more efficient storage and inferencing. (Note, however, that the HL Assertion will not always differ from the EL assertion it was derived from. For more detail on this canonicalization process, see the shared note #$NoteAboutELVersusHLVersusCycL). For information re. using #$ELAssertion as an arg-constraint, see #$NoteAboutAssertionsAsArgConstraints. c12ed6da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l expression A specialization of #$CycLExpression. The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the EL (i.e. epistemological level ) sub-language of CycL. Any component expression of an EL expression must itself be an EL expression. An EL expression can appear in (or be) a sentence asserted to or queried of the Knowledge Base; but unless it is also an instance of #$HLExpression (q.v.), it cannot appear in (or as) an assertion actually stored in the system in data structures accessible by the inference engine. c0e1b69a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l expression - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed #$ELExpressions which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). The name 'Askable' derives from #$ELSentence-Askable, but instances of #$ELExpression-Askable are not necessarily askable as a query (after being converted to HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer) unless they are also instances of #$ELSentence-Askable. See #$CycLExpression-Askable for more details. c06a5e56-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l expression - assertible The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed #$ELExpressions. Note that the suffix 'Assertible' is meant to connote syntactic and semantic well-formedness only (cf. #$ELSentence-Assertible): an instance of #$ELExpression-Assertible is assertible into the Cyc Knowledge Base (after being converted to HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer) only if it is also an instance of #$ELSentence-Assertible. bf51a8d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ELF The collection of expressions in the EL language which involve the application of a relation to some arguments. be88bb87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NAUT The collection of non-atomic denotational terms in the EL language. Each instance of #$ELNonAtomicTerm has as its functor either an instance of #$Function-Denotational or a function-denoting function. Also it optionally has other EL terms as additional arguments. If the functor is an instance of #$ReifiableFunction, an #$ELNonAtomicTerm can be reified, whereupon it becomes an #$HLNonAtomicReifiedTerm, or 'NART'. bfbd3230-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 askable EL non-atomic terms The subcollection of syntactically well-formed non-atomic terms in the EL language which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These terms 'make enough sense' to be used as part of a query, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Just because a term is 'askable' does not require it to be used in a query, and denotational terms are not askable themselves. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. bf05e356-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 EL assertible non-atomic terms The collection of syntactically and semantically well-formed non-atomic terms in the EL language. These sentences meet the criteria necessary to be part of an assertion into the Cyc KB, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Instances of this collection are not themselves assertible. Just because a non-atomic term is assertible does not require it to be used in an assertion. Each instance of this collection involves a #$Function-Denotational applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the logical relation. For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. bf7697ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 EL reifiable denotational terms A subcollection of both #$CycLReifiableDenotationalTerm and #$ELExpression (qq.v.). #$ELReifiableDenotationalTerm is the collection of all EL terms that both may be reified and may denote something in the universe of discourse. c12bcd6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 EL relations A specialization of #$MacroRelation (q.v.) instances of which appear only at the epistemological level (or EL) of the Cyc system. Each instance of #$ELRelation is associated, via the #$expansion (q.v.) relation, to another (non-EL-only) relation to which the former is essentially equivalent and for which the former serves as a convenient alternative. More precisely: A GAF (see #$CycLClosedAtomicSentence) whose main functor (or 0th argument ) is a term that denotes an EL relation can occur only at the EL, and not at the underlying HL ( heuristic level ) of the system. Thus, although one can use an EL-relation-based GAF to make an assertion to the system, the GAF that actually gets stored as an assertion in the Cyc Knowledge Base is a different (though logically equivalent) one that is related to the first via the #$expansion assertion on the EL relation. Upon assertion, the first GAF is transformed into the second GAF by the #$CycCanonicalizer. For example, #$lessThan is an EL relation whose #$expansion correlate is the template (#$greaterThan :ARG2 :ARG1). So if one makes an assertion using the sentence `(#$lessThan 1 2)', the assertion that actually shows up in the KB is `(#$greaterThan 2 1)'. Note that terms for EL relations _do_ appear in stored assertions in which they occur in argument places other than the 0th; e.g. the sentence `(#$isa #$lessThan #$OrderingPredicate)' is in the KB. EL relations afford cyclists the convenience of having alternative forms of expression, while their expansions serve to minimize redundancy in the types of GAFs that the system has to store. c09a6e2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l sentence The collection of all syntactically well-formed sentences (also called logical formulas ) of the EL ( epistemological level ) subset of #$CycL. Each instance of #$ELSentence consists of an EL expression denoting a logical relation (i.e. a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) followed by one or more EL terms (cf. #$CycLTerm), with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. An EL sentence need not obey #$arity constraints or other semantic constraints (such as argument-type constraints) -- for those that do, see the more specialized collection #$ELSentence-Assertible. bea72250-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l sentence - askable The subcollection of syntactically well-formed sentences in the EL language which obey arity constraints, but but do not necessarily obey other semantic constraints (e.g. argument type constraints). These sentences 'make enough sense' to be asked as a query, after being converted into HL form by the #$CycCanonicalizer. Of course, just because a sentence is askable does not require it to be used in a query. Each instance of this collection involves a logical relation (a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) applied to some number of arguments, as permitted by the arity of the relation. Note that an instance of #$ELSentence-Askable does not mean that the sentence must be used in a query; only that it can be used in a query. bf581c53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l sentence - assertible A specialization of #$ELSentence. Each instance of this collection is an #$ELSentence which is not only syntactically but also semantically well-formed -- which includes such matters as the (in-context) satisfaction of #$arity and argument-type constraints on predicates and relations. Each instance of #$ELSentence-Assertible meets the necessary criteria for being asserted into the Cyc Knowledge Base (at which time it becomes an #$ELAssertion, which is subsequently transformed into one or more #$HLAssertions by the #$CycCanonicalizer). Of course, a sentence's being assertible does not entail that it is actually asserted, but only that it could be asserted. An assertible EL sentence consists of an EL expression denoting a logical relation (i.e. a #$Predicate or #$TruthFunction) followed by an appropriate (in accordance with the #$arity of the logical relation) number of EL terms (cf. #$CycLTerm) of the appropriate types, with the entire sequence enclosed in parentheses. Here is an example of an #$ELSentence-Assertible : (#$and (#$isa #$Muffet #$Dog) (#$residesInRegion #$Muffet #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation. bd58809e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l sentence template The collection of expressions which are valid CycL formulas except that their EL variables are not canonicalized into HL variables. bf8471b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l template The collection of expressions for which EL variables are not canonicalized into HL variables, #$ELRelations are not expanded, and functions are not reified. be923319-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e l variable The collection of all #$CycLVariables that are also #$ELExpressions (q.v.). An #$ELVariable is a character string consisting of a question mark `?' (as its initial character) followed by one or more characters, where each of these latter characters is either an (upper- or lower-case) Roman letter, an Arabic numeral (i.e. `0' through `9'), a hyphen (`-'), an underscore (`_'), or another question mark. (The letters occurring in an EL variable used in an actual assertion will typically be all uppercase; but this convention is not enforced in any formal way.) Examples: `?WHAT', `?OBJ-TYPE', and `?var0'. Note that this collection, like most instances of #$CycLExpressionType, is quoted (see #$quotedCollection). bd61ff36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 e-mail addresses A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each instance of #$EMailAddress is a string that identifies an e-mail user's electronic mailbox. bd58d86f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sending e-mail A specialization of #$InformationTransferEvent-Electronic. Each instance of this collection is an #$Event in which somebody or something sends an #$EMailMessage to some #$EMailAddress. If successful, an instance of #$EMailSending ends when the email message reaches the intended recipient's #$MailServer-Network, at which point it is likely that an instance of #$EMailReceiving will ensue. See also #$EMailCommunication -- events in which an email message is successfully sent and received. bdd32f80-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eagerness Intensely desiring something; impatiently expectant. c010d0dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ears The organ of hearing, which occur in pairs on most animals bd58cbd3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eating A specialization of #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink. Each instance of #$EatingEvent is an event which involves the consumption of a substantial portion of food (i.e., a portion larger than a morsel) by one animal. Each instance of #$EatingEvent is a meal or snack taken in its entirety; it is a series of individual #$EatingAMorsel (q.v.) events. bd58d570-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 echo location #$EcholocationPerception is the collection of spatial #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent (such as a bat or a submarine) generates sounds (potentially ultra- or sub- sonic in frequency), hears the sounds reflected from surfaces, and thereby acquires information about the position of other objects in its environment. bd58fd57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ecological regions A collection of geographical regions. Each instance of #$EcologicalRegion is a region having one or more characteristic ecosystems. From knowledge of those ecosystems, we can posit whether certain organisms can forage, reproduce, and live successfully there. Information about ecological regions typically also includes what kinds of organisms are in fact found there. In theory, any arbitrary continuous region could be analyzed as an ecological region, but most regions identified in practice have some kind of sameness or systematic interconnection in their topology, climate, and biology. Examples: the #$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the #$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region. bd58ca27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 economic actions The class of all actions which are either 'transactions' within some economic system -- instances of #$Buying, #$Bartering, contract-signing, boycotting, etc. -- or which are in some way 'directed at' the functioning of an economic system. Examples of the latter include ordering an embargo on a certain country's goods or changing a tax rate. To a first approximation, instances of #$EconomicAction must be performed by #$IntelligentAgents. E.g., although animal stampedes might have economic consequences, they are not instances of #$EconomicAction. More precisely, saying that an action is 'directed at' an economic system entails that the initiator has some awareness of its economic consequences. Even if painting my house purple results in an increased demand for purple paint, such an action is not an #$EconomicAction unless I did it in part hoping to affect the paint market in some way. bfb0755c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 economic occurrences #$EconomicEvent is the most general collection of events having an economic character, such as buying and selling, inflation and recession, and economic policy-making. c0340457-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 edges The collection of all edges on objects that are instances of #$PartiallyTangible. For a two-dimensional object, its boundaries other than corners are it edges. For a three dimensional object the edges are the outer portions of those extremities, excluding any corners (#$Corner-2or3d), that are much more acute in cross section in one direction than in most other directions at the same point. Some objects, like spheres, hairs, poles and typical burrs, have no edges. A discus has one, round, edge has four edges. A mountain ridge might have only a single edge. A solid polyhedron has six or more edges. bd58f6db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 edge on object generic This is the collection of all edges on spatial objects, tangible or intangible. Edges define the boundaries of two-dimensional objects and the edges of the surface boundaries of three-dimensional objects. Corners define where one edge ends and another begins. See #$EdgeOnObject for a discussion of some examples of edges on physical objects. bf9014fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 edible things An instance of #$ExistingStuffType and a specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each specialization of #$EdibleStuff is a type of partially tangible stuff which all normal instances of some specialization of #$Organism-Whole can consume and successfully metabolize a significant portion of any instance of, with or without resulting harm to themselves. This collection includes virtually all animal and vegetable matter, as well as salts, potable water, and instances of #$OralDrug. It does not necessarily include things that are ingested but not metabolized, such as the stones that birds swallow to aid in digestion, or dirt, paint chips, and coins ingested by children. The function #$EdibleByFn is used to specify the collections of edible stuff that are ingestible by all normal instances of certain specializations of #$Organism-Whole, including #$Person. Note that whether an edible substance _also_ has a detrimental effect if eaten is a separate question. Something can be both edible and poisonous. bd5908ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 composite edible substances #$EdibleStuffComposite is a specialization of #$EdibleStuff and #$Artifact-NonAgentive. Each instance of #$EdibleStuffComposite is an edible substance that is made up of two or more foodstuffs as constituents. Typically, some recipe is, explicitly or implicitly, associated with the production of such substances. #$EdibleStuffComposite includes both some instances of #$FoodIngredientOnly (e.g., a dollop of ketchup) and some instances of #$FoodOrDrink (e.g., a slice of a cheese pizza). bd58cda0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 degrees (types of things) A specialization of #$Credential. Each instance of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. #$EducationalDegree includes as instances high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees. bd58a9fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 schools (types of things) A specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$EducationalOrganization is an organization whose primary function is to provide teaching and/or training as a service for students. Instances of #$EducationalOrganization may be either public or private institutions. Instances of this collection include #$AustinISD (the #$CityOfAustinTX Independent School District), #$StanfordUniversity, #$BrynMawrCollege, #$UniversityOfPennsylvaniaSchoolOfMedicine, and many other institutions. bd588d41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elasticity A specialization of #$PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of #$Elasticity is a specific ability of a physical material to quickly and completely return to its original shape after deformation that does not induce breakage, without permanent change to its original dimensions. For example, billiard balls have a high degree of elasticity in this sense. Elasticities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$elasticityOfObject. bd5884d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 elation bd58c09b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical charges A specialization of #$PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of #$ElectricalCharge is an amount of net electrical charge (positive or negative) possessed by a particular instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Instances of #$ElectricalCharge may be either a fixed interval, such as the charge on one electron, or a range, such as a usable charge on a flashlight battery; see #$ScalarInterval. Also see #$UnitOfCharge for the units used by Cyc to measure electrical charges. bd5905db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical components A specialization of both #$ElectricalDevice and #$PhysicalPartOfObject. Each instance of #$ElectricalComponent is an #$ElectricalDevice which is normally considered to be a part of some larger, more clearly distinguished #$PhysicalDevice (for example, clearly distinguished in the sense that it is sold or moved as a unit). Each instance of #$ElectricalComponent must be connected with other parts in order to perform its #$primaryFunction. bd58d414-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical conductor An instance of #$ExistingStuffType, and a specialization of #$ConductingMedium. Each instance of #$ElectricalConductor is a partially tangible thing that can conduct electricity. Instances include power cords, electrical plugs, and pieces of metal. bd588903-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 currents A specialization of #$Rate. Each instance of #$ElectricalCurrentLevel is a rate of electrical flow, given in terms of the amount of charge (see the collection #$ElectricalCharge) per unit time. The standard unit of measure (see the collection #$UnitOfMeasure) for #$ElectricalCurrentLevel is the ampere (see the constant #$Ampere). bd58e127-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical devices A specialization of #$PoweredDevice. Each instance of #$ElectricalDevice is a device that requires an input of electrical current (as its #$energySource) in order to perform its intended function(s). Instances of #$ElectricalDevice include both complex devices (for example, instances of the collections #$StereoSystem or #$Computer) and simpler ones (for example, instances of the collection #$ElectricalComponent). bd58d451-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical events The class of electrical events. bd589bcd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrical resistance A specialization of #$PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of #$ElectricalResistance is a measure of the resistance to electrical flow through an object. Instances of #$ElectricalResistance include #$InsulatorResistance, #$ConductorResistance, #$SemiconductorResistance, and #$SuperconductorResistance. bd589bb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electromagnetic radiation sensors A subcollection of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that detect #$ElectromagneticRadiation. bd589e97-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electromagnetic radiation A collection of events; a subcollection of #$WavePropagation. Each instance of #$ElectromagneticRadiation is an event that arises from the interaction of an electrical field and a magnetic field. Positive examples include #$VisibleLight, #$RadioWaves, and #$XRays. c1009603-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of electromagnetic radiation A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ElectromagneticRadiationType is a specialization of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Notable instances of #$ElectromagneticRadiationType include the collections #$RadioWave, #$XRay, #$GammaRay, and #$UltravioletLight. bd6cbfa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electrons A specialization of #$Lepton. Each instance of #$Electron is a subatomic particle with an #$ElectricalCharge of -1. Each instance of #$Atom consists of a nucleus (see #$AtomicNucleus) surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. bd5881d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 electronic devices #$ElectronicDevice is a specialization of #$ElectricalDevice. Each instance of #$ElectronicDevice is a device that uses electronic circuitry; more specifically, a device in which electricity passes through a vacuum or semiconductor. Radio receivers, computers, and video cameras are all examples. Other devices that are electrical, but do not contain electronic circuitry (e.g., air conditioners and escalators) are not included. bd589095-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chemical elements A collection of tangible substances and a subcollection of #$InanimateThing. Each instance of #$ElementStuff is a piece of tangible stuff, composed of a quantity of atoms, all of which are of the same chemical element. That is, every atom in an individual piece of #$ElementStuff has the same number of protons in its atomic nucleus as does every other atom in that piece. For example, all pieces of carbon (i.e. all instances of #$Carbon) are instances of #$ElementStuff. All instances of two of #$Carbon's subcollections, #$Diamond and #$Graphite, also are instances of #$ElementStuff. On the other hand, instances of #$Water, because they are constituted of both (some) #$Hydrogen and (some) #$Oxygen atoms, do not belong to the collection #$ElementStuff. bd5908b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of chemical element A collection of collections and a specialization of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType. Each instance of #$ElementStuffType is a specialization of #$ElementStuff. bff74afc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of chemical element classified by number of protons A collection of collections and a specialization of #$ElementStuffType. Each instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons is a specialization of #$ElementStuff which is defined _only_ by the atomic composition of its instances -- neither the isotopic composition or physical state of the substances, nor any other additional feature, determines membership in an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons. All that matters is that the instances of that collection are entirely composed of atoms having a particular number of protons in each atomic nucleus. Thus, the collection #$Carbon is an instance of #$ElementStuffTypeByNumberOfProtons, but neither the collection #$Diamond nor the collection #$Graphite is (even though they are subcollections of #$Carbon), because their members have additional qualifications. bd590830-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 oval (type of thing) The collection of all elliptical objects. Note that #$Circle is a specialization of #$Ellipse, i.e. circular things are elliptical insofar as they are ellipses with eccentricity zero. bf6bfa19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ellipsoid The collection of all ellipsoids, three dimensional objects such that the planar sections along its respective internal axes are #$Ellipses. In other words, the shape of such objects should be roughly describable by taking some two dimensional ellipse and rotating it around its major axis in three space. Note that #$SphereShape is a specialization of #$Ellipsoid. bfd0a066-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 embarrassment Mental disturbance and confusion at self-exposure. #$Embarrassment is often an impediment to freedom of thought, speech, or action. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingType than #$Embarrassment is #$Shame. bd58c194-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 embassies #$Embassy-TheMission is a specialization of #$DiplomaticMission-ThePost. Each instance of #$Embassy-TheMission is an embassy, which is the official diplomatic representation of a country A in a foreign country B. Not to be confused with the buildings in which such offices are hosted. See #$Embassy-TheBuilding. bd59a62b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 embryos The collection of not yet fully-formed organisms, including mammals before birth, birds before hatching, and plants before sprouting from their seeds. Note that the criteria of the collection #$Embryo do not correspond exactly with the meaning of the English word 'embryo', since #$Embryo includes zygotes, blastulas, the set of cells derived from the embryo after the fetus is formed (#$AmnioticSac + #$Fetus + #$Placenta-FetalPortion), etc. c0fd5c79-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emergency vehicles #$EmergencyVehicle is a specialization of #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. Each instance of #$EmergencyVehicle is a vehicle, which is used for emergency and rescue situations. These include instances of FireTrucks, Ambulances, and, etc. c0fbde95-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emirates A kind of #$SystemOfGovernment, and hence a specialization of #$AttributeValue. Characteristic of certain kinds of Arab states and domestic political arrangements. be5c29ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emission (type of thing) A specialization of #$TransferOut. Each instance of #$Emission is an event in which something `comes out' of a source, where the source in question causally contributes to that thing's `coming out' (e.g., the source is a #$providerOfMotiveForce). The source of the emission is indicated with the predicate #$emitter. If the thing which `comes out' is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, then the event belongs to a more specific collection, #$EmittingAnObject. If an emission is the first sub-event of an instance of #$WavePropagation, then the emission belongs to the more specialized collection, #$EmittingAWave. bed006f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 wave emissions A collection of events; a subcollection of #$Emission. Each instance is an event in which a wave is emitted at a #$fromLocation. For example, Themistocles ordering his fleet to withdraw; Miles Davis playing the trumpet; an emergency flare burning by the side of the road. See also #$WavePropagation. bebe7cda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emissions A specialization of #$Emission. Each instance of #$EmittingAnObject is an emission event in which some partially tangible object (related to the emission event via #$objectEmitted) is emitted from something else (the emitter, related to the emission event via #$emitter). The emitted object goes from a place inside of the emitter to some place that is not within the emitter, and the emitter plays an active role in the emission. Notable specializations of #$EmittingAnObject include #$Bleeding, #$PrecipitationProcess, and #$SecretionEvent. bd58e6c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sound emissions A specialization of #$EmittingAWave. Each instance of #$EmittingSound is an event in which some instance of #$Sound is emitted from some wave source (see the predicate #$waveSource). Examples of #$EmittingSound include an explosion generating a sound wave, a plucked violin string resonating, a baby crying, and a person saying `Hello'. bd589e37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emotional coldness Absence of feeling; less than normal human sympathy, friendliness, sensitiveness or responsiveness bd589373-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employees A subcollection of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$Employee works directly for some business or other organization (to which it is related via the predicate #$employees). This collection is disjoint with #$SelfEmployedWorker. See also #$HasPositionRelationship. bd58ec41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 employee-hiring events A specialization of both #$MakingAnAgreement and #$OrganizationalTransferIn. Each instance of #$EmployeeHiring is an event in which some agent--either an organization or an individual--hires a person to work as its employee. See also #$employees, #$WorkAgreement. bd58d9c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of employee classified by work status A collection of specializations of #$Employee. Each instance of #$EmployeeTypeByWorkStatus is a classification commonly used by human resources departments to describe the status of workers on the company payroll. Note that these collections classify a person's status in a job, rather than the position itself. Examples of #$EmployeeTypeByWorkStatus include #$CommissionedWorker, #$HourlyWorker, #$FullTimeWorker, #$PartTimeWorker, #$TemporaryWorker. Also see #$employeeStatus. bd58b854-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 termination of employment A specialization of both #$EndingAnAgreement and #$OrganizationalTransferOut. Each instance of #$EmploymentTermination is an event in which some employee (an instance of #$IntelligentAgent) ceases to work for his or her employer. The termination may be initiated by either party, or it may have been specified in the original #$WorkAgreement (q.v.) that specified the terms of the employment. Specializations of #$EmploymentTermination include #$Resigning, #$EmployeeLayoff, #$DischargeWithPrejudice, and #$RetirementEvent. bd58d986-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic empty regions A specialization of #$SpatialThing-Localized whose instances are connected, empty regions, which might be either intangible space regions (see #$EmptySpaceRegion) or the tangible contents of such regions (see #$FreeSpaceContent). bf652792-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 empty space (type of thing) A specialization of #$SpaceRegion-Empirical whose instances are connected regions of empty space located in the empirically observable universe. The meaning of empty depends on context. In a high-energy physics microtheory where empty is defined as containing no particles, an empty space region would be a complete vacuum (see also #$Vacuum). In #$AmbientConditionsMt an empty space region would be occupied by a piece of #$Atmosphere. An undersea context could treat empty space regions as filled with seawater. An instance of #$EmptySpaceRegion is intangible, and not to be confused with the material -- if any -- that occupies it (cf. #$FreeSpaceContent). bd58ee65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enclosing something This is the collection of all events in which something becomes enclosed. This can happen either as the result of an object moving into an enclosure, such as a person entering a room, or the enclosure surrounding the object, such as a hand grasping a pencil. 'Enclosure' means that the enclosed object is at least surrounded in a plane by the enclosure. The enclosing event is considered to last as long as the enclosed object is inside the enclosure. An enclosing may come about either by movement, growth or shape change. bd9050a7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 encoding The collection of events where some data in an #$InformationBearingThing are tranformed from a more 'raw' or natural format to a more compressed/complex format. bdce47a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 encountering This is the collection of events in which an agent encounters an object or another agent. To encounter something is to become close enough to it to become aware of it. One may encounter a bear by the bear approaching, so encountering does not require movement on the part of the encounterer (though the bear would also be an encounterer). If both objects encountering each other are #$Agents, the #$doneBy slot would normally be filled by the moving agent, if only one moves. See #$MeetingSomeone. be1c96cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 encrypting events A specialization of #$Encoding. In each instance of #$Encrypting, a transformation is applied to the information in some instance of #$InformationBearingThing, with the intention of making that information inaccessible to all but the intended audience for that #$InformationBearingThing (the intended audience, in almost all cases, will have a decryption method which will allow it to transform the information back into an accessible form). bd60996f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 end of an agreements A specialization of #$PurposefulAction and #$SocialOccurrence. Each instance of #$EndingAnAgreement is an event in which some instance of #$Agreement comes to an end. For example, #$EmploymentTermination is a specialization of #$EndingAnAgreement. bd589fb3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 energy conversion processes A collection of events. In each instance of #$EnergyConversionProcess, energy is converted from one form to another. bd58f827-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 energy transfer A specialization of #$Translocation. Each instance of #$EnergyTransferEvent is an event in which energy is transferred from at least one instance of #$PartiallyTangible to at least one other instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Important specializations of #$EnergyTransferEvent include #$Freezing and #$Condensing. bd58eef3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 engines (types of things) #$Engine is a specialization of #$PoweredDevice and #$MechanicalDevice. Each instance of #$Engine is a device that changes some form of energy into motion (usually rotation). An engine may operate by burning some type of fuel (as do jet engines and internal combustion engines), or it may be powered by electricity, fluid flow, etc. Some notable specializations of #$Engine are #$ElectricalMotor, #$ExternalCombustionEngine, and #$RocketEngine. bd58cec4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 engineers A specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$Engineer is a professional who works in some branch of engineering (see the constant #$EngineeringField). Notable specializations of #$Engineer include #$ElectricalEngineer, #$ChemicalEngineer, #$CivilEngineer, and #$MechanicalEngineer. bd59015a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 English derivational affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0c0af41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 english derivational prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be319515-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 english derivational suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c1537018-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 English inflectional affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdd3abbb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 english inflectional prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bfbbc3e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 english inflectional suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0f6cd1a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 english lexical microtheory The collection of all instances of #$LexicalMicrotheory whose #$languageOfLexicon is the #$EnglishLanguage. be9f7488-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 English words A subcollection of #$LexicalWord. Each instance of #$EnglishWord is a lexical word of the English language. Note that different inflectional forms of a given word do not count as different lexical words; for example, #$Eat-TheWord encompasses the strings `eat', `eats', `eating', and `ate'. bd588075-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enjoyment The agreeable emotion of taking pleasure or satisfaction in an experience. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes are #$Delight, #$Celebratory-Emotion, etc. bd589154-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enlisted persons A specialization of #$MilitaryPerson. Each instance of #$EnlistedPerson is a person in some branch of the military who holds a rank below that of a commissioned officer (see the collection #$CommissionedOfficer). bd58a708-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entertainment (type of thing) The emotion experienced when one is entertained or occupied in a light, playful, or pleasant manner. Not necessarily implies play or sport. bd589f19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entertainer #$Entertainer is a specialization of #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional. Each instance of #$Entertainer is a person whose job it is to entertain people, i.e., to perform for an audience (live or via a recording) in an attempt to distract them from their worries and make them laugh, cry, smile, get excited, etc. c10ae4b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entertainment events A specialization of #$CulturalEvent and #$ServiceEvent. Each instance of this collection is an activity performed by one or more agents primarily to amuse, entertain or otherwise divert others. Every instance of #$EntertainmentEvent necessarily has among its subevents both an instance of (#$PerformingFn #$EntertainmentEvent) and an instance of (#$AttendingFn #$EntertainmentEvent). It is thus distinguished from #$RecreationalActivity: a #$RecreationalActivity need not involve any #$Entertainers, whereas an instance of #$EntertainmentEvent will always involve both an entertainer, and an entertainee. Note: This collection is more general than #$EntertainmentPerformance, which is a specialization of it. For instance, #$JokeTelling is a specialization of #$EntertainmentEvent, since it involves both an entertainer and an entertainee, Such an event, however, can occur under informal circumstances, and need not be a formal performance. Thus #$JokeTelling is not a spec of #$EntertainmentPerformance. bd58e10a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 professionals in entertainment or the arts A #$PersonTypeByOccupation (q.v.) instances of which are persons who use some sort of creative or artistic abilities in carrying out the main function of their jobs. #$EntertainmentOrArtsProfessional includes both performing artists and producers of tangible artworks, either creative or commercial. Note that this collection does _not_ include people working on the business side of those professions, such as producers or art dealers, whose jobs are more similar (see #$jobAttributes) to those of other business professionals (e.g. managers, marketers, sales representatives) than to the artists'; cf. #$EntertainmentOrArtsAdministrator. bd58ea20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entertainment or recreation organization #$EntertainmentOrRecreationOrganization is a specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$EntertainmentOrRecreationOrganization is an organization whose #$MainFunction is to provide personal entertainment to customers. This collection includes organizations that perform or provide other forms of entertainment, as well as organizations which provide spaces in which entertainment is scheduled or provided. Specific types of #$EntertainmentOrRecreationOrganization include: #$TelevisionStation, #$TelevisionNetwork, #$NightClub, #$TheaterCompany, #$Cinema-Organization, #$AmusementPark, #$Band-MusicGroup. bd58a3ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 performances A specialization of #$EntertainmentEvent. Each instance of this collection is a public or private performance with artistic or entertainment value (#$performedBy instances of #$Artist-Performer) arranged in order for some audience to witness and enjoy it. Examples include #$PlayPerformances, street performances, #$BalletDancePerformances, #$MovieShowings. Note: Movies are included even though the performers aren't performing at the same point in space-time as the performance is occurring. But still photographs are not included, since one would not generally call the viewing of a photograph an instance of #$EntertainmentEvent. bd58c027-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enthusiasm Support and excitement towards a thing that is considered worthwhile bd5893a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 entities A specialization of #$SomethingExisting. Each instance of #$Entity is a 'maximal' instance of #$SomethingExisting, in the sense that there cannot be another #$SomethingExisting of which that instance is merely a sub-abstraction (see #$subAbstractions). So #$AlbertEinstein is an entity, but AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not, since AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is a proper sub-abstraction of #$AlbertEinstein. In other words, an #$Entity represents the entire existence of a thing, not just one or more `temporal chunks' or #$timeSlices of a thing. bd58dd15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enveloping covering The collection of coverings which envelope closely the object being covered bd58d4d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 envy bd58a61a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equiangular The collection of all objects that are polygon shaped (see #$Polygon) and in which all angles between edges (see #$angleBetweenEdges) have the same measure. be209c21-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equilateral shaped The collection of all polygon-shaped objects each of whose edges has the same length. c13f6e1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 equivalence relations The collection of binary relations that are reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Each instance of #$EquivalenceRelation is a binary predicate that carves out an equivalence class of its domain (see #$relationDomain) and subsets of its domain. A simple example of an equivalence relation is the one denoted by the English phrase the same length as . On a domain of objects with two lengths (long and short), this relation divides the domain into two equivalence classes; namely, the class of long objects and the class of short objects. Every member of an equivalence class bears the relevant relation to every other member in the equivalence class, and to no thing (in the relevant domain) that is not in the class. Thus, an equivalence relation on a domain creates a partitioning of that domain. Examples of equivalence relations include #$equals, #$temporalBoundsIdentical and #$levelWith. Consider #$temporalBoundsIdentical as another example of how an equivalence relation can partition a set or collection. Given any collection of temporal things, #$temporalBoundsIdentical partitions the collection into things with identical temporal bounds. beabf66d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eukaryotic cells A specialization of #$Cell. Each instance of #$EukaryoticCell is a cell that serves as the basic structural unit of a eukaryotic organism. These cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles. Multicellular Organisms generally have #$EukaryoticCells; #$EukaryoticCell DNA has introns. Certain #$EukaryoticCells, like the red blood corpuscles of #$Persons with heathy #$Spleens, lack nuclei. bd58eee7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eukaryotic organisms #$EukaryoticOrganism is a specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$EukaryoticOrganism is an organism (individual organism, not type of organism) composed of #$EukaryoticCells (cells which have mitochondria, other organelles, and nuclei containing chromosomes). bfc8323a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 placental mammals #$Eutheria is a specialization of #$Mammal. Each instance of #$Eutheria is a placental mammal; most mammals are members of this collection. #$Eutheria are born live, nurse from their mothers' #$MammaryGlands and live outside their mothers' bodies. c0d463be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluatable functions A specialization of #$EvaluatableRelation and #$Function-Denotational. Each instance of #$EvaluatableFunction is a function that is associated (via #$evaluationDefn) with a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code that computes the result of applying the function arguments which are legal for that function. See #$PlusFn for a good example: if Cyc encounters a #$CycLNonAtomicTerm such as (#$PlusFn 2 3 4) -- it will run the appropriate code and generate the answer 9. (Contrast this with the way Cyc will treat a #$CycLNonAtomicTerm such as (#$DeadFn #$TreeBranch).) An evaluatable function is evaluated only if none of its arguments is unbound. bd58829b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluatable predicates A specialization of both #$Predicate and #$EvaluatableRelation. Each instance of #$EvaluatablePredicate is a predicate associated (via #$evaluationDefn (q.v.)) with a piece of Heuristic Level (SubL) code that computes whether the predicate applies to legal arguments. See #$greaterThan for a good example. An evaluatable predicate is evaluated only if none of its arguments is unbound. See also the more general #$EvaluatableRelation. bf4ff31b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluatable relations Instances of #$EvaluatableRelation are functions and predicates for which there is some piece of system code that can be invoked to evaluate an expression using the function or predicate. Functions having this property should be an instance of the more specific #$EvaluatableFunction; in those cases, the result of evaluating the expression is a new term. For example, (#$PlusFn (#$Inch 3) (#$Inch 1)), when evaluated, results in the term (#$Inch 4). Predicates which are evaluatable have a piece of system code associated which can be used to obtain the truth value for any ground formula formed with the predicate. For example, (#$greaterThan (#$Inch 3) (#$Inch 1)) evaluates to ``true''. The predicate #$evaluationDefn is used to state the name of the piece of system code to be used to evaluate expressions formed with an #$EvaluatableRelation. bfb0e3f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaluations A specialization of #$PurposefulAction. Each instance of this collection is an event in which at least one agent evaluates some thing or situation. Notable specializations of #$Evaluating include #$MeasuringSomething, #$MedicalTesting, and #$Navigating. bd58bb07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evaporations A specialization of #$StateOfMatterChangeEvent. In each instance of #$Evaporating, something in liquid form (i.e., an instance of #$Liquid-StateOfMatter) is converted to vapor (and thus becomes an instance of #$Gaseous-StateOfMatter). be01164d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 even numbers A specialization of #$Integer. An instance INT of #$Integer is also an instance of #$EvenNumber if and only if INT is divisible (without remainder) by two. bff46760-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evenings Each #$Evening is started by a #$Dusk and is #$temporallyCoterminal with the #$CalendarDay it's a part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon, and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter an #$Evening. bd589dc7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events An important specialization of #$Situation-Temporal and #$IntangibleIndividual. Each instance of #$Event is a dynamic situation in which the state of the world changes; each instance is something one would say happens . Events are intangible because they consist of changes per se, not tangible objects that effect changes. Instances of #$Event should not be confused with instances of #$TimeInterval. The temporal bounds of events are delineated by time intervals, but in contrast to events time intervals have no spatial extent. bd58800d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 localized events A specialization of #$Event. Each instance of #$Event-Localized is an event that occurs at a specific location in space. Notable specializations of #$Event-Localized include #$PhysicalEvent and #$AnimalActivity. be3244e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organized events A collection of individual events. An event is an instance of #$Event-Organized if it is planned and directed by some instance of #$Person or #$Organization. Elements of #$MusicalPerformance, #$Trial, and #$Bombing would all be instances. Elements of #$Earthquake and #$Breathing would not. bf1c15d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 event predicates #$EventPredicate is a collection of predicates that are used to make assertions about events. The representation of events in terms of #$EventPredicates is an alternative to the Davidsonian-style representation of events in which the participants in events are related to the reified individual events in which they participate (for representational approach, see #$Role, #$ActorSlot, and #$SubEventSlot). The first argument to an event predicate will always be the agentive force in the event. For instance, in the GAF, (#$transports LOTUS-BLOSSUM099 OBJECT056 FROM TO VIA), LOTUS-BLOSSUM099 is the agentive force -- it is what transports OBJECT056. The agentive force need not be a volitional or intelligent agent. It may just be a causal agent. For example, a bacterium, or a mob of bacteria, can be the agentive force in an infection, even though bacteria are not volitional or intelligent agents. bf27d16e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 evergreens A specialization of #$Plant-Woody. Each instance of #$EvergreenPlant is a plant that retains its leaves or needles throughout all the seasons of the year. See also the collection #$DeciduousPlant. c0fdff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exception relation A collection of mathematical objects, which are the #$LogicalConnectives used to express exceptions to rules. Elements include #$exceptWhen and #$exceptFor. bec28bcc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exchanges A specialization of both #$SocialOccurrence and #$ChangeInUserRights. In each instance of #$ExchangeOfUserRights, two instances of #$Agent (the #$exchangers) perform two distinct (though related) instances of #$TransferringPossession with each other. Two objects are exchanged. Each agent gains possession -- in the form of some #$UserRightsAttribute -- of something (an #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) from the other. Each transfer is related to the other as some kind of condition, usually as a precondition or an intended result; for example, the news seller will hand over a paper if given fifty cents, and a buyer will give the news seller fifty cents so that the seller will turn over a newspaper to the buyer. The two #$TransferringPossession events are #$subEvents of the #$ExchangeOfUserRights event. bd589096-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is excited A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being excited. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e276dc24-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 excitement A feeling of arousal that stirs up, moves profoundly, or serves as a challenge to one's power, eliciting the desire to do or perceive something. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Excitement include #$Enthusiasm, #$Celebratory-Emotion, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc. bd58c086-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 executives A collection of people. An instance of #$Executive is a person who holds an executive managerial positions in some #$Organization. Among the members of #$Executive are top managers of organizations, including corporate officers (#$ChiefExecutiveOfficer, etc.), Chiefs of Staff, Generals, Admirals and others like Chief Corporate Counsel, Managing Partner, Producer, Chief Scientist, Chief Engineer, as well as other upper and upper-middle managers. bd58fadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exercises The collection of events in which humans move their bodies for the purpose of general physical conditioning and/or strengthening muscles. bd58ac02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exhalations Expelling air from the lungs bd589d08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 existential quantifier A specialization of #$Quantifier. Each instance of #$ExistentialQuantifier can be used to assert the existence of something meeting certain criteria. c0e85daa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of temporally enduring object A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ExistingObjectType is a collection that is temporally stuff-like (see #$TemporalStuffType) but physically-spatially object-like (see #$ObjectType) -- i.e. object-like with respect to some physical-spatial part-whole predicate (e.g. some specialization of #$physicalDecompositions). Consider the collection #$BookCopy. #$BookCopy is temporally stuff-like: any one of the #$timeSlices of a given copy COPY of (say) Moby Dick is still a copy of Moby Dick . (Most collections of tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this way.) But #$BookCopy is spatially _object-like_: if we take a scalpel and slice COPY into ten pieces, each piece is not a copy of Moby Dick . So #$BookCopy is an instance of #$ExistingObjectType. See also #$StuffType and #$ExistingStuffType. bd65d880-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of temporally and spatially stuff-like thing A collection of collections, and a specialization of #$TemporalStuffType. Each instance of #$ExistingStuffType is a collection of things (including portions of things) which are both temporally and spatially stufflike. Division in time or space does not destroy the stufflike quality of the object (down to a certain granularity). ``STUFF is an instance of #$ExistingStuffType'' implies: a) for most instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for any proper physical part (see the predicate #$physicalParts) PART of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. b) for all instances, OBJ, of STUFF, for most proper physical parts PART of OBJ, PART is also an instance of STUFF. For example, every piece of wood is temporally stufflike: if W-168 is a piece of wood during 1996, then it's also a piece of wood for the one-minute time-slice 9:05am 7/7/96. It's also spatially stufflike: if we take that piece of wood W-168 and cut it in half, we have two things which are both pieces of wood. Since every piece of wood is both temporally and spatially stufflike, #$Wood is an instance of #$ExistingStuffType. Other instances of #$ExistingStuffType include the collections #$AppleJuice, #$IceCream, #$Diamond, #$WaxedPaper, and #$StriatedMuscle. See the comment for #$StuffType to learn more about the distinctions between, and the need for, these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType. bd59f2ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hungering Being hungry bd58d1d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 expletive pronouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdff7d33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 explosions A collection of events. Each instance of #$Explosion is an event that involve an extremely violent, chaotic release of energy. It is not exactly controlled, even in the best circumstances, though it may be contained and channelled to do useful work (such as within the cylinders of a car engine, or such as when a hole is blasted for a backyard swimming pool.) be00f76e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 extended space region generic A specialization of #$SpaceRegion. Instances of #$ExtendedSpaceRegion are portions of a three dimensional space that have an extent in at least one direction. This collection has three important specialization: the collections of one [#$SpaceLine], two [#$SpaceSurface] and three [#$ChunkOfSpace] dimensional pieces of space. bfe29354-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 external anatomical parts #$ExternalAnatomicalPart is a specialization of #$OrganismPart. Each instance of #$ExternalAnatomicalPart is a part of the external anatomy of an organism. Example subcollections include #$Earlobe and #$Leaf. bf30473c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 external organs #$ExternalOrgan is a specialization of #$Organ and #$ExternalAnatomicalPart. Each instance of #$ExternalOrgan is an organ that is an external anatomical part; e.g., a nose or eye. bdfc911c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exteriors The collection of all entire outer physical surfaces of tangible objects. Excludes mere patches or portions of the whole surface of an object. bd589b3e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 eyes (types of things) A specialization of both #$ExternalOrgan and #$ElectroMagneticRadiationSensor. Each instance of #$Eye is an organ of sight. bd5893be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 foot-pound-second units of measure A subcollection of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$FPSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the FPS (i.e., foot-pound-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$Gallon-US, #$SquareMile, #$CubicFtPerSec. bd5904b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 faces A specialization of #$AnimalBodyPart and #$ExternalAnatomicalPart. Each instance of #$FaceOfAnimal is the bodily region of an animal where the eyes of that animal are located. In most terrestrial animals, this is the front region of an animal's head, and it also turns out to be where the nose and mouth are located. bd58b919-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 facilities #$Facility-Construct is a specialization of #$ConstructionArtifact. Each instance of #$Facility-Construct is used primarily for one purpose and will usually be a building (such as a particular #$Laboratory) or building(s) *and* the surrounding property (e.g., a particular #$MilitaryFacility). As such, this collection is a proper subcollection of #$ConstructionArtifact, as it excludes things like railroad tracks, and is a distinct collection from #$FixedStructure, which includes non-#$Facility-Constructs like the #$EiffelTower, but excludes most (perhaps all) instances of #$MilitaryFacility). bf9d5ba5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 autumns (types of things) A specialization of #$SeasonOfYear. Each instance of #$FallSeason is the season during a temperate climate cycle (see #$TemperateClimateCycle) during which the bulk of harvesting occurs and many plants cease growth in order to enter a dormant period for the coming Winter. Thus instances of #$FallSeason also typically have harvest celebrations as sub-events. Note that #$FallSeason represents the climatic aspects of Fall; it is _not_ a specialization of #$CalendarSeason. For the collection of temporal extents of fall seasons, see #$CalendarAutumn. bd58b734-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 falling processes A moving process in which a non completely supported object moves downward under the force of gravity. Since time slice is also a #$FallingProcess, the collision with the ground or some other object is not a necessary #$subEvents as it is with #$FallingEvent. bd588129-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 family units A specialization of #$Group. Each instance of #$Family-SocialEntity is a group of people or of other animals related by birth and mating. The kinship relation between group-members of an instance of #$Family-SocialEntity is closer than simply being members of the same species. Instances of #$Family-SocialEntity may (but need not) function together as an #$Organization (q.v.). See also the specialization #$Family-Human. c0fcdcd7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 family relationships A specialization of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot. Each instance of #$FamilyRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships among members of human families. Instances of #$FamilyRelationSlot include #$spouse, #$siblings, #$grandmothers, #$grandfathers, #$relatives, and #$cohabitingFamilyMembers. bd58d96b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 famines A collection of events; a subcollection of #$DisasterEvent. Each instance of #$Famine is an event taking place in a contiguous geographical area in which a lot of people are undergoing #$Starvation. be5bef99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 farmer A specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$Farmer is a person who makes (or significantly supplements) his or her income by farming, where farming includes such activities as growing vegetables, grain, or fruit crops, dairy farming, and raising livestock (e.g., cattle, pigs, sheep, fish) for their meat or other animal products (e.g., wool). bd58e149-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fears Unpleasant emotion manifested by painful agitation in the presence or awareness of danger. Fear implies anxiety and loss of courage. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingType than #$Fear is #$Dread. bd58c044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is scared A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being fearful. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e284728a-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 February The collection of all Februaries, the second month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. bd58c2f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 emotions The collection of all emotions and mental feelings. As an emotion/feeling can be experienced in various degrees of intensity, an instance of #$FeelingAttribute is some particular relative amount of happiness, confidence, fear, or whatever. These relative amounts can be measured using the #$GenericValueFunctions (q.v.), such as #$LowAmountFn, #$VeryHighAmountFn, etc. For example, (#$LowAmountFn #$Happiness) is the #$FeelingAttribute of feeling a relatively low amount of happiness. (Note that #$Happiness itself is not an individual feeling attribute but a _collection_ of #$FeelingAttributes -- a #$FeelingType (q.v.) -- whose instances are the individual attributes of feeling particular relative amounts of happiness; (#$LowAmountFn #$Happiness) is one such instance.) bd5882fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 feelings of competence A feeling of self-confidence with respect to a certain kind of task or area of expertise. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. bd589c4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of emotion A collection of collections. Each instance of #$FeelingType is a type of emotion or mental feeling. Instances of #$FeelingType include #$Envy, #$Curiosity, and #$PrideOfAccomplishment. See also #$FeelingAttribute. (For the rationale behind treating feelings as _types_ -- i.e. collections -- of attributes, see the comment on #$Happiness.) bd58800b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 felidae family The family of which cats - housecats, lions, tigers, etc. - are members. bd58f469-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 female animals The collection of all female animals. bd5890f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 female persons A specialization of both #$Person and #$FemaleAnimal. The collection of all female persons. bd58d6e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ferries (types of things) #$Ferry is a specialization of #$Ship and #$PublicTransportationDevice. Each instance of #$Ferry is a ferryboat, i.e., boats that are used to carry people, goods or vehicles across rivers, lakes, canals or channels etc. or even from one side of a harbor to another, but normally not used to cross oceans. #$Ferry is disjoint with #$OceanLiner. c1009ab0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infections with fever An instance of #$InfectionTypeBySymptomology, and a specialization of #$Infection. Each instance of #$FeverInfection is an infection whose symptoms include prolonged episodes of fever (see the constant #$Fever). be5b0191-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fictions The collection of #$CounterfactualContexts which are (1) created intentionally, not by error or chance or gradual evolution and accretion in a culture, and (2) typically are the information content of some #$InformationBearingThing, and (3) are not expected (by their creator) to be believed as factual, nor do their creators believe them to be factual. In addition to asserting fictional propositions about existing things, a #$FictionalContext may include terms for nonexistent things. Examples: #$MiddleEarthMt, #$AdventuresOfHuckleberryFinn. be011058-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fields of study A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$FieldOfStudy is a particular area of study, with its own distinctive set of theories, hypotheses, and problems. Instances of #$FieldOfStudy are typically the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of #$AcademicDepartment (q.v.), although one #$AcademicDepartment may cover several instances of #$FieldOfStudy. Instances of #$FieldOfStudy include #$ArtHistory, #$Physics, and #$ArtificialIntelligence. bd58b737-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fights The collection of all #$ConflictEvents in which two or more #$competingAgents try to subdue each other by inflicting physical injury. A #$Fight-Physical may be between individuals or between groups, and may involve weapons or not. The #$competingAgents may be #$Persons or #$NonPersonAnimals. The fighting must be mutual; if one side refuses to attack the other or tries to flee instead of attacking, it is not a #$Fight-Physical. c0048d2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 figure - geometrical Instances of #$Figure-Geometrical can be conceived as bounded regions of space or sets of points and lines. A single point, a set of scattered points are not instances of this collection. Note that this collection includes line segments, but not unbounded lines. An important subcollection is #$PlaneFigure-Geometrical. be91f0ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 file directory A specialization of #$DynamicIndexedInfoSource and #$ComputerFile-CW. Each instance of #$FileDirectory is a directory structure comprised of other directories, instances of #$ComputerFile-CW, symbolic links, or the logical names of devices. In #$MSWindowsOperatingSystem terminology, instances of this collection are called folders . On a #$UnixOS, a directory is a list of names and inode (#$FileIndexNode) numbers. dcd35714-382d-11d6-872e-0002b34b8539 financial accounts A specialization of #$Account. Each instance of #$FinancialAccount is an account which is denominated in units of #$MonetaryValue (q.v.). Specializations of #$FinancialAccount include #$BankAccount, #$CreditCardAccount, and #$VendorAccount. bd58dcfe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 financial account tender object A specialization of #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject is an object (e.g., a check or a credit card) that serves as a means for offering payment in funds drawn on an associated instance of #$FinancialAccount. The liquidity of an instance of #$FinancialAccountTenderObject depends on the status of the associated financial account (see the predicates #$accountBalance and #$accountStatus). bd5902db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 financial asset holdings A collection of partially tangibles. An instance of #$FinancialAssetHoldings is a group of financial assets (e.g., stocks, bonds, ... ) owned by individual or corporate #$Agent(s). As a default, we assume that the monetary value of each group equals the sum of the monetary values of the individual assets in that group. bd58a086-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 financial institutions #$FinancialCompany is a specialization of #$PrivateSectorOrganization, #$FinancialOrganization, and #$CommercialServiceOrganization. Each instance of #$FinancialCompany is a business engaged in financial activities as it's main concern. An instance of #$FinancialCompany is a commercial service organization that buys, sells, trades, converts, or lends money, in the form of currency or negotiable financial instruments (such as stocks, bonds, commodities futures, etc.), as (one of) its major function(s). The collection #$FinancialCompany does not include businesses, such as retailers, which simply exchange goods or non-financial services for money. Examples: Chase Bank, University Federal Credit Union, Fidelity Investments (but NOT the IMF). Cf. the supercollection #$FinancialOrganization for non-business organizations engaged in financial activities (such as the IMF). c1443e40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 financial organization #$FinancialOrganization is a specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$FinancialOrganization is primarily or significantly engaged in the #$FinancialIndustry or whose activities focus on that industry. Instances of both #$CommercialServiceOrganizations (e.g., banks and brokerage houses) and #$NonProfitOrganizations (e.g., #$InternationalMonetaryFund) may be instances of #$FinancialOrganization. Specializations of #$FinancialOrganization include #$BankCompany, #$FinancialExchange, and #$InvestmentOrganization. bd590577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fingers The collection of all digits of all #$Hands (q.v.). Fingers are (typically) flexibly jointed and are necessary to enabling the hand (and its owner) to perform grasping and manipulation actions. bd58bf7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 firewall - network A specialization of #$Computer and of #$SinglePurposeDevice. Each instance of this collection is a dedicated hardware machine designed to run #$FirewallPrograms in order to increase the security of a #$ComputerNetwork by filtering out incoming packets (see #$Packet-Network) according to specific rules. bf538ce4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 firewall programz A specialization of #$SecurityProgram and #$ServerProgram. Each instance of this collection is a program designed to filter packets (see #$Packet-Network) that enter the network or computer that it is protecting. Firewall filtering rules -- usually stored in a coinfiguration file accessed by th program -- describe what the program should do with various kinds of packets -- accepting them and routing them toward their destination, discarding them as though they were never received, or dropping them with a notification sent to the sending machine. Which occurs is determined by whether information in the packet headers satisfies criteria stated in the firewall rules. Any machine that runs a firewall program is a #$Firewall-Network. bef4d711-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 first order collection The collection of all specs of #$Individual. Any instance of any instance of #$FirstOrderCollection is an #$Individual. 1c8052d2-1fd3-11d6-8000-0050dab92c2f fiscal quarter Each instance of this collection is a 3-month-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances will be things like Fiscal3rdQuarterOf1995ForCycorp. bd58b87d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fiscal years Each instance of this collection is an annual, year-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its operational and financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances of this collection are time intervals like FiscalYearOf1989ForMicrosoft bd58f1c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fish An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Fish is a cold-blooded animal (see the collection #$Poikilotherm) with gills and fins. Each instance of #$Fish spends all or almost all of its life under water. Note that the collection #$Fish excludes fish-shaped examples of #$Mammal, such as porpoises and whales. Specializations of #$Fish include the collections #$Salmon, #$Catfish, and #$Tuna. bd58df53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed-arity functions A #$FunctionCategory and the collection of functions of fixed arity (see #$arity). Each instance of #$FixedArityFunction is a function that always takes a fixed number of arguments. Most functions reified in the Cyc ontology are of fixed arity. For example, #$GroupFn always takes a single argument and #$BorderBetweenFn always takes two arguments. This collection is disjoint with #$VariableArityFunction. bfe03e6a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed-arity relations A specialization of #$Relation. A #$Relation REL is an instance of #$FixedArityRelation just in case REL is a relation with a fixed number of arguments. #$FixedArityRelation is disjoint with #$VariableArityRelation. bff3237a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed arity skolem func n The subcollection of #$SkolemFuncNs whose arity is fixed. c10c450d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed-arity Skolem functions The subcollection of #$SkolemFunctions whose arity is fixed. This is the most common type of skolem function, since variable- arity skolem functions are only created when a sequence variable is in the scope of the skolem. bd5880fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed order collection The collection of all #$Collections all of whose elements have the same ``order''. The elements of #$FixedOrderCollection include #$Individual, #$FirstOrderCollection, #$SecondOrderCollection, #$ThirdOrderCollection, #$FourthOrderCollection, and their specs. 368a17fc-20a1-11d6-8000-0050dab92c2f fixed freestanding structures #$FixedStructure is a specialization of #$ConstructionArtifact. Each instance of #$FixedStructure is a human-constructed, freestanding object that exists in a fixed location. Examples include buildings, pyramids, the Great Wall of China, dams, bridges, elevated roadways, and canals. Such structures may have parts which are also instances of #$FixedStructure (e.g. bridge pilings) and parts which are not freestanding (e.g. the span of a bridge, or a room in a building). bd58c647-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fixed terrain geological regions The collection of all (normally extensive) #$GeographicalRegions distinguised by the type of surface growth. See #$ClimaticTerrainType f42297bc-47fc-11d6-8000-0050dab92c2f fixed-wing aircraft The collection of #$AirTransportationDevices that are vehicles having fixed wing structures as their primary source of lift. c0775fda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flammabilities A collection of attributes; a subcollection of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each instance of #$Flammability represents a specific readiness with which some tangible substance burns. Different degrees of #$Flammability are represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Flammability of an object is indicated with the predicate #$flammabilityOfObject. bd58ff84-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flat surfaces The collection of all surfaces that are substantially flat (by the tolerance standards of the the context). This means that there are no 'significant' concave depressions or convex bulges or bumps, and that the surface approximates some portion of a Euclidian plane in space. Note that the surface may have holes or cracks and may be disconnected, in multiple (substantially coplanar) pieces. A typical table top is a #$FlatPhysicalSurface. bd5885fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 planes (types of things) A specialization of #$Surface-Generic. Each instance of #$FlatSurface is a (roughly) two-dimensional object. Examples include spatially localized objects, like the top of a kitchen counter, as well as abstract surfaces. bd588478-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flightless birds #$FlightlessBird is the collection of #$Birds that can't fly. Notable specializations include #$Penguin and #$Emu. c0b6ec3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flippancy Emotion shown by irresponsibly gay or indifferent behavior, when seriousness is expected. Empty conduct bd58b1b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 float object The float data type is used to store real-valued numbers in C-like programming languages. 17c50ec0-5167-11d6-82b6-0002b34b9777 floors (types of things) #$FloorInAConstruction is a specialization of #$PartOfAnHSC and #$Wall-GenericBarrier. Each instance of #$FloorInAConstruction is a physical floor in a building (typically made to walk upon), _not_ the level (the story composed of rooms or halls -- see #$LevelOfAConstruction). The floor can include any floor in a building such as the floor of a room on the third floor as well as the floor of the entire first level of the building. This includes just the horizontal surface -- not the subfloor. It also does not include floor coverings like carpet or tile. bd58f893-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flow paths A #$CustomaryPathCycLConstant and a specialization of both #$Path-Customary and #$Path-Simple. Each instance of #$FlowPath is a path whose extent is delineated by the movement of a fluid over an area; for example, the path of a lava flow or the #$AlaskanPipeline. Instances of #$FlowPath may (but need not) be constrained by objects or forces that channel the flow of fluid; see also the subcollection #$FluidConduit. bd589555-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 magnoliophytes An instance of #$BiologicalClass and a specialization of #$Plant. Each instance of #$FloweringPlant is a plant whose seeds are enclosed in ovaries; consequently, this is the collection of flowering plants in the botanical sense. For flowering plants actually in bloom, see the collection #$FloweryPlant. bd58c76b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 flowers A specialization of #$FloweringPlant. Each instance of #$FloweryPlant is a flowering plant that is actually and visibly in bloom (i.e., has flowers showing). The collection #$FloweryPlant includes both flowering bushes and trees with visible flowers. bd58a916-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conduits The collection of all conduits, natural or artifactual, through which fluid (instances of #$FluidTangibleThing) can flow in #$FluidFlowEvents. bd58d93a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 conducting Instances of #$FluidFlow-Complete represent the motion of a piece of fluid from being entirely `at' (see #$objectFoundInLocation) the #$fromLocation to entirely `at' the #$toLocation. Thus when we say, `The river flowed from West Egg to East Egg' we don't mean the same thing as `The entire river left West Egg and went to East Egg'. Therefore, #$FluidFlow-Complete is not the correct motion event to use. Instead, #$Translation-Flow is. However, if we wish to say, `Joe pumped all the water out of the bilge and into the ocean' we do mean the same thing that #$FluidFlow-Complete entails. bd59050b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 movements of fluid A specialization of #$MovementOrShapeChangeEvent. Each instance of #$FluidFlowEvent is an event in which a fluid moves (or a group of particles collectively moves). The spatial extent of the fluid may change (i.e. expansion or contraction, see #$ShapingSomething) and/or they may undergo a #$MovementEvent such as rotation (e.g. a whirlpool or a tornado) and/or translation. If the fluid undergoes translation, then the event is also an instance of #$Translation-Flow. Examples of #$Translation-Flow include `partial' motions such as occurs in rivers flowing, or jets of air blowing. Another kind of example of #$Translation-Flow is #$FluidFlow-Complete, in which the fluid moves entirely from the #$fromLocation and to the #$toLocation. bd62dcde-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fluid reservoir A specialization of #$ContainerProduct. Each instance of #$FluidReservoir is a container designed to hold fluids. Instances of #$FluidReservoir generally have an opening, which may be small and resealable (as in a #$Bottle) or large and open (as in a #$Tub). Note a special negative case: natural `reservoirs', such as #$Lakes, are not #$ContainerProducts -- though the #$Dams that create some of them are artifacts, the reservoir water is contained in the natural landscape -- and hence such reservoirs are not instances of #$FluidReservoir. bd58f745-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fluid A subcollection of #$PartiallyTangible and an instance of #$TangibleStuffStateType. Each instance of #$FluidTangibleThing is a tangible thing that can flow. This includes gases, liquids, and granular fluids (i.e. tangible things that are #$Pourable, such as sand); see #$GaseousTangibleThing, #$LiquidTangibleThing, and #$GranularFluid. Instances of #$FluidTangibleThing include the air in Austin, the water in #$LakeErie, a particular chunk of snow, the sand on the beach at Malibu, and the mercury in a thermometer. Non-instances include an air molecule, a snowflake, a grain of sand, a boulder, and a hunk of bread dough. bd58d1e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fog The collection of clouds (instances of #$CloudOfH2O) that cover a #$GeographicalRegion at ground-level. bd58e147-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 foggy An instance of #$OutdoorLocationByWeatherType. Each instance of #$Foggy is an instance of #$OutdoorLocation covered by a ground-level cloud. bd58e5f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food items An instance of #$ExistingStuffType, and a specialization of #$FoodOrDrink. Each instance of #$Food is a particular portion of food of a type which can be, and habitually is, eaten by humans or other animals. Here the notion of _eating_ is important; eating an instance of #$Food will generally require biting or chewing, but if placed into the mouth (e.g. with a utensil) in a manner not considered to be drinking, it is still considered eating. Thus, edible stuff normally taken in via drinking, inhalation, or osmosis is excluded from this collection. A borderline example is a bowl of bouillon, which, although it can be drunk from the bowl is normally ``eaten'' with a spoon; a borderline non-example is a very thick milkshake, which may be eaten with a spoon, but is normally drunk (possibly using a straw) from a glass. Instances of #$Food provide calories and/or nutrients that humans or animals need. bd58bd8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ready-to-eat food A specialization of (#$FoodOrDrinkForFn #$Person). Each instance of #$Food-ReadyToEat is food that is edible more or less in its current state, without further elaborate preparation. Instances of #$Food-ReadyToEat can require unwrapping, cutting, pouring, buttering, or cooling before being consumed, but not cooking or other complex or sophisticated preparation that is typically done in a kitchen or other food-preparation area rather than at the table or site of consumption. If a cook would inspect an item and pronounce it done, that item is probably an instance of #$Food-ReadyToEat. bd58cc94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food and beverage organization Each instance of #$FoodAndBeverageOrganization is an #$Organization that is primarily or significantly engaged in the #$FoodAndBeverageIndustry or whose activities focus on that industry. Specializations of #$FoodAndBeverageOrganization include #$Restaurant-Organization and #$GroceryStore. bd59bca4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of food group A specialization of #$ConventionalClassificationType and hence a collection of collections. Each instance of #$FoodGroup is a collection of foodstuffs classified according to their nutritional content. Instances of #$FoodGroup include #$DairyProduct, #$CerealFood, #$FruitAndVegetableFood, #$MeatAndLegumeFood. bd589d1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food ingredients A specialization of #$EdibleStuff. Each instance of #$FoodIngredientOnly is an edible substance that is used in making other food but isn't eaten by itself. Instances of #$FoodIngredientOnly may or may not require some preparation. For example, #$TableSalt, #$VegetableOil, and #$Ketchup are specializations of #$FoodIngredientOnly, since all of their instances are used only as ingredients or condiments. In contrast, #$Egg-Chickens is not a specialization of #$FoodIngredientOnly; some of its instances serve as ingredients in cooking other dishes, but other instances are simply eaten after poaching or frying. Types of food, such as #$Pizza, whose instances are never merely ingredients, are specializations of #$Food. bd58da2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 items of food or drink A specialization of #$EdibleStuff (q.v.). Each instance of #$FoodOrDrink is a substance which instances of some type of organism (that is, some sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole) normally consume a significant part of. Important specializations of #$FoodOrDrink include #$Food (instances of which require chewing in order to be consumed) and #$Drink (instances of which are liquids that can be consumed without chewing). bd58e69c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 kitchen appliances A collection of objects; a subcollection of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$FoodOrDrinkPreparationDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to prepare food or drink somehow, such as a #$Colander, a #$SpiceMill or a #$StoveTopCookingPot. bd588d6a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food professionals A specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$FoodProfessional is a worker whose occupation is to prepare or serve food or drink. Notable specializations of #$FoodProfessional include #$Butcher, #$Brewer, #$Bartender, and #$WaitPerson. bd58af0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food service companies A subcollection of #$CommercialServiceOrganization. An instance of #$FoodServiceOrganization is a business which prepares and/or serves food as its major function(s). Important subcollections of #$FoodServiceOrganization include #$Restaurant-Organization and #$CateringCompany. Note that grocery stores -- and airlines -- are not themselves considered elements of #$FoodServiceOrganization, even though some of those may have #$subOrganizations or sub-contractors which are #$FoodServiceOrganizations. Bars or taverns, in contrast to #$Restaurant-Organizations that also prepare and serve food, are also not considered #$FoodServiceOrganizations. bd58f1fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 utensils A specialization of #$HandTool. Each instance of #$FoodUtensil is an implement or container used in preparing or consuming food. Notable specializations of #$FoodUtensil include #$Spoon, #$CarvingKnife, #$CookingUtensil, #$FoodVessel, #$CuttingBoard, and #$ChopStick. bd58cdce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 food vessels A specialization of both #$ContainerProduct and #$FoodUtensil. Each instance of #$FoodVessel is a portable container designed for holding, storing, or preparing food or drink. Specializations of #$FoodVessel include the collections #$CookingVessel, #$EatingVessel, and #$FoodStorageContainer. bd58a35c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 feet (types of things) The collection of all vertebrates' feet. A foot is a terminal part of a #$Vertebrate #$Leg. Feet are used in locomotion, support, balance, kicking, etc. bd58be93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 forest A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. The collection of all forests. c1501a5a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal forms (types of things) A specialization of both #$InformationBearingObject and #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$Form-StandardizedIBO is an information-bearing object having some standard set of labelled fields; these fields are left blank for the user to fill in with certain items of information (often information pertaining to the user). Instances of #$Form-StandardizedIBO often accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which they may be used to initiate or to certify. Specializations include the collections #$LeaseDocument, #$DepositSlip, #$InsuranceClaimForm, and #$Check-TenderObject. c0fd68b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 formal codes of conduct An instance of #$MicrotheoryType, and a specialization of #$CodeOfConduct. Each instance of #$FormalCOC is a code of conduct imposed by some organization. Formal codes of conduct typically are explicitly stated and publicly promulgated among the group subject to them, and they are usually associated with prescribed methods of enforcement and punishment of violators. Thus, the collection #$FormalCOC includes the laws of any legal jurisdiction, the rules of deportment imposed by educational institutions, and the practices of some strict religious sects. In contrast, informal codes of conduct are norms that are not prescribed or enforced by formal means; for example, etiquette (#$MannersCodeOfConduct) and ethics (#$EthicsCodeOfConduct). bd58af5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of standardized product A collection of collections. Each instance of #$FormalProductType is a collection of products (i.e. a subcollection of #$Product (q.v.)), all of which conform to the same standardized product specification (or form ). In Western-style capitalistic markets, instances of #$FormalProductType are often associated with a particular brand name (and perhaps model), since competing providers of products design them to be distinctive. For example, the collection #$InternalCombustionEngine is not an instance of #$FormalProductType, but a specific collection of engines manufactured by (e.g.) Mazda might be. On the service side, the collection #$HairCuttingEvent is not a formal product-type, but a subcollection of hair stylings for men (e.g. at a particular salon) might be. bd58aa7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 formality levels of speech Formality attributes apply to individual word senses of words or phrases. bfec80b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 format A collection of argument entry-formats that can be specified for #$Predicates with respect to particular argument-places (see #$argFormat). An argument entry-format is a kind of restriction on a predicate regarding how many things, or the range of things, that the predicate holds of with respect to a given one of its argument-places. More precisely: given any particular way of fixing the arguments in the rest of the predicate's argument-places, the entry-format tells us something about the number of different things, or the range of things, that can occupy the given argument-place such that the relation holds of those arguments. That is, supposing the given argument-place is the Nth, the entry-format tells us something about the number or range of different sequences of arguments of which the predicate holds and that differ from each other only in their Nth items. For example, the format #$SingleEntry (q.v.) is used to state that in every case there is at most only one such sequence, the format #$SetTheFormat (q.v.) to state that there is no particular (upper or lower) limit to the number of such sequences that applies to every case, and the format #$IntervalEntry (q.v.) to state that the Nth items of any two such sequences must be #$ScalarIntervals that intersect (see #$quantityIntersects). Thus, the first argument-place of #$biologicalMother has the format (see #$arg1Format) #$SetTheFormat, since a given female animal might have any number (including zero) of offspring; but the second argument-place of this predicate has (see #$arg2Format) #$SingleEntry format, since any given animal has at most (in fact, exactly) one biological mother. And the format of the second argument-place of #$bodyTemperature is #$IntervalEntry because, while a given creature (at a given moment in time) has a single exact (see #$ScalarPointValue) body temperature, we want the predicate #$bodyTemperature to be flexible enough to allow us to specify this temperature with varying degrees of precision (e.g. as 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or as between 98 and 99 degrees or as less than 100 degrees ). See the various instances of #$Format for further details. See also #$ArgFormatPredicate. Note that, in contrast with what #$ArgTypePredicates are used for, specifying an argument entry-format for a predicate does _not_ impose any sort of necessary condition for semantic well-formedness. A violation of a legitimate entry-format constraint necessarily involves two or more statements, and at least one them must be _untrue_; but there is no implication that any of them is malformed. bd589a1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fourth order collection The collection of all specs of #$ThirdOrderCollection. Any instance of any instance of #$FourthOrderCollection is a #$ThirdOrderCollection. Any instance of any instance of any instance of any instance of any instance of #$FourthOrderCollection is an #$Individual. 1ccdfb0e-1fd3-11d6-8000-0050dab92c2f frame for adjectives The class of #$SubcategorizationFrames which make sense for #$Adjectives. c0940067-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frame for adverbs The class of #$SubcategorizationFrames which make sense for #$Adverbs. be22f027-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frame for nouns The class of #$SubcategorizationFrames which make sense for nouns. bde6d6a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frame for verbs The class of #$SubcategorizationFrames which make sense for #$Verbs. bdc3f922-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frame of references A specialization of #$MathematicalObject. Each instance of #$FrameOfReference is a mathematical (and hence intangible) representation of the context in which certain data are to be interpreted. Such contexts are typically physical (i.e., spatiotemporal), but contexts may also be purely mathematical. A Cartesian coordinate system represents a frame of reference. bd58d4a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 free sheets A collection of certain pieces of tangible stuff. A #$FreeSheet is a #$SheetOfSomeStuff which has two sides open to the environment. I.e. over most of each of its surfaces, it is not #$sheetSurfaceConnected with something else. be2a4be2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 empty space (type of thing) Instances of #$FreeSpaceContent are connected, tangible, fluid individuals occupying regions of free space (i.e. instances of #$EmptySpaceRegion): space regions through which solid objects can move more or less freely. Examples include the #$Air in the interior of a room or the sky above a city. In an underwater context, a piece of free space content is likely to be an instance of #$Water. Often, a #$FreeSpaceContent is associated with a geographical region or some physical boundaries that define its edges. But a (partially) tangible #$FreeSpaceContent is not to be confused with the intangible #$EmptySpaceRegion it occupies. bd5899a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 freedom - emotion Pleasant emotion associated with situations where the person believes themself to be relatively unconstrained in their behavior, not controlled by others. c0fd6cd0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 freezing events A specialization of #$StateOfMatterChangeEvent. Each instance of #$Freezing is an event in which an object is cooled to a temperature at or below its freezing point (see the predicate #$freezingPoint), and is thereby changed from a #$Liquid-StateOfMatter to a #$Solid-StateOfMatter. bd58a837-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frequencies A specialization of #$Rate. Each instance of #$Frequency is the number of times something happens during some time interval. Instances of #$Frequency may be either single values (see the collection #$ScalarPointValue), such as 103 kiloHertz, or a range of values, such as #$Rarely. Note that instances of #$Frequency are important in the characterization of types of #$WavePropagation. bd58fad4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fresh-water lakes A specialization of #$BodyOfWater. Each instance of #$FreshWaterLake is a freshwater land-locked body of water. Examples include #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, and #$LakeTahoe. Note that inland saltwater lakes, commonly referred to as `seas', belong to the collection #$InlandSea (q.v.), rather than to #$FreshWaterLake. c10e5cfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fricative - consonant NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0940798-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Fri A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$DayOfWeekType. #$Friday is the collection of all (and only) fridays. bd58e1a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 friendliness Emotion manifested by interest in another person (or, more rarely, in some nonhuman agent), good will towards that individual, and an inclination to favor him or her (or it). This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Friendliness are #$Love and #$Love-Romantic. bd58b648-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 objects with an intrinsic front and back A #$FrontAndBackSidedObject is a object with an intrinsic #$FrontSide and an intrinsic #$BackSide. By 'intrinsic' we mean simply that there exists an estabilshed convention according to which one side is considered 'Front' and the other side is considered 'Back'. Usually the two sides in question can be reliably distinguished. Notice that a conventionally distinguishable front and back do not necessarily imply a bottom and top, or a left and right: a #$Worm has a clear-cut front end and a clear-cut back end according to biological convention, but it makes little sense to talk of top, bottom, left or right. However, see also the comment for #$HexalateralObject. Notice also--and this is crucial to the whole conception-- that while a #$FrontAndBackSidedObject may well have a preferred orientation and direction of motion, changing either does not change what counts as the 'front' and what counts as the 'back': while I am backing my car out of the driveway in the morning, its back end does not become its front end and vice versa. If an entity does not obey this rule then it does not, generally speaking count as having a distinguishable front and back--example: a dolley, such as is used to transport crates, or some skateboards. bdd48a54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fronts The collection of all the entire front sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces in the frontwards direction. bd58f6a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fruits A specialization of #$PlantPart. Each instance of #$Fruit is a plant structure containing the seeds of an angiosperm. Many instances of #$Fruit have fleshy walls with high concentrations of sugars or fats, and these are often eaten by humans and other animals. Fruits usually develop from the ovary wall, although some fruits include other tissues; e.g., the flesh of apples and of strawberries develops from the receptacle, and the fruits of pineapple and fig develop from a whole inflorescence (group of flowers). See also #$EdibleFruit. bd58e5d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fruit and vegetable food groups A specialization of #$EdibleStuff and an instance of #$FoodGroup. Each instance of #$FruitAndVegetableFood is a fruit or a vegetable. bd58e616-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is frustrated A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being frustrated. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e2bb6b3c-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 frustration A feeling of irritation and dissatisfaction arising from unresolved problems or unfulfilled needs. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. bd58b586-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 frying Cooking food by partial or total immersion in hot oil until desired level of doneness. bd58baeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fuel-powered devices A collection of physical devices; a subcollection of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$FuelPoweredDevice is directly powered by combustible fuels such as gasoline, coal, and natural gas. Common examples of #$FuelPoweredDevice include automobiles with gasoline-powered engines, kerosene heaters, propane torches, and jet airplanes. bd58d2b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 full time An instance of #$EmployeeTypeByWorkStatus and specialization of #$Employee. Each #$FullTimeWorker is employed full time by some agent. bd588272-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 functions #$Function-Denotational is the collection of functions the CycL expressions for which can be used to form non-atomic terms (NATs). Specifically, when such a function-denoting expression is appropriately combined with other expressions (i.e. the former is in the 0th argument position and the latter are of the correct number and type) the resulting expression is a new CycL term -- a NAT -- that may then freely appear as a component in other CycL expressions. The NAT will itself denote the value (if any) of the function denoted by the former expression for the sequence of arguments denoted, respectively, by the latter expressions. For example, #$GovernmentFn is a unary denotational function, and so the CycL constant '#$GovernmentFn' requires one (syntactic) argument (such as the constant '#$France') to form a NAT (in this case, the expression '(#$GovernmentFn #$France)'). This NAT, which denotes the government of France, can in turn serve as a (syntactic) argument in any CycL expression in which (a term for) an instance of #$RegionalGovernment can occur. Alternatively, we could have created a specific new term `GovernmentOfFrance', asserted that its denotation is an instance of #$RegionalGovernment, and so on. But two related advantages to having NATs in CycL are that they (i) allow for a drastic reduction in the total number of constant terms needed in the CycL vocabulary and (ii) provide a convenient and systematic way to form appropriate new terms as needed out of existing vocabulary (which terms can then inherit from various existing rules and other assertions involving the terms' component expressions). <PARAGRAPH> Important subcollections of #$Function-Denotational include #$IndividualDenotingFunction (whose instances always return instances of #$Individual), #$CollectionDenotingFunction, #$SetDenotingFunction, and #$FunctionDenotingFunction (which is itself a subcollection of the first). NATs formed using terms that denote instances of #$FunctionDenotingFunction often denote instances of #$Function-Denotational themselves. Thus, like most other things, denotational functions can be denoted in CycL either by constants (e.g. '#$GovernmentFn') or -- although this is less common -- by NATs (e.g. '(#$FunctionToArg 2 #$biologicalMother)'). Note that the collection #$Function-Denotational does _not_ include all functions whatsoever. Functions that, given their natures and the nature of the CycL language, could not sensibly be denoted by any NAT-forming CycL expression are not denotational functions. Examples include certain provably-existing exotic mathematical functions, such as (probably) any one-to-one function from the positive integers to the rational numbers. (For a more general collection that does include such functions, and for a more general explication of the notion of function itself, see #$Function-MathematicalObject and its comment). Note also that #$Function-Denotational does not include any of the so-called #$TruthFunctions (q.v.): #$Predicates, #$Quantifiers, or #$LogicalConnectives. For these relations (as construed in CycL) are not really functions at all, even though it can be heuristically useful to think of them as if they were functions from sequences of arguments to truth values. bd5c40b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mathematical type of functions The collection of functions and a specialization of #$Relation-MathematicalObject. Each instance of #$Function-MathematicalObject is a many-one relation that represents a mapping from one set of things (the function's #$relationDomain) to another set of things (its #$relationRange). As a many-one relation, a function maps each thing in its domain to exactly one thing in its range. A function is either unary, binary, ternary, or whatever (see #$functionalArity; but cf. #$relationalArity), depending on the nature of the members of its domain. In general, the domain of an N-ary function is a set of ordered N-tuples (construed in CycL as #$Lists of length N). The function is said to take the items from any of these N-tuples as its N _arguments_ and to return a member of its range as its corresponding _value_. A key specialization of #$Function-MathematicalObject is #$FixedArityFunction (which is also a specialization of #$Function-Denotational). Instances include the elements of #$Distribution and the (non-denumerably many) one-to-one correspondences that exist between the positive integers and the rational numbers. See also #$valueOfFunctionForArgs, #$DomainOfFunctionFn, and #$RangeOfFunctionFn. bee42bbb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of function A collection of collections that is a specialization of #$RelationshipType. Each instance of #$FunctionCategory is a collection of #$Function-Denotationals. The functions in a given function-category represented in the Knowledge Base are typically those sharing some common feature(s) -- often having to do with what kind of thing the functions return (see #$resultIsa and #$resultGenls) -- considered significant enough that the collection of all such functions is useful of reify. Although what constitutes a significant common feature is difficult to specify precisely, there are many clear-cut cases. Examples include #$IndividualDenotingFunction, #$CollectionDenotingFunction, and #$FunctionDenotingFunction. See also #$PredicateCategory. bff84308-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 function-denoting functions The collection of all denotational functions that always return instances of either #$Function-Denotational or #$Function-MathematicalObject. Examples include #$FunctionToArg, #$Compose, and #$FunctionCompositionFn. For instance, (#$FunctionCompositionFn #$SuccessorFn #$SquaredFn) denotes the function that takes any integer and returns the square of its successor. c00530f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 function from quantities to quantities A specialization of #$EvaluatableFunction. Each instance of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities is an evaluatable function that takes one or more instances of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.) as its argument(s), and returns an instance of #$ScalarInterval as its value. Notable instances of #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities include #$PlusFn, #$TimesFn, and #$LogFn. bd58daad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 functional algorithm A specialization of #$Algorithm. Each instance of #$FunctionalAlgorithm is an algorithm with only one defined output. Note that instances of this collection may make other computations as a side effect, but there is only one official result. Such algorithms are well suited to being abstracted out as independent instances of #$ProgramFunction in computer programs. d41e8dd8-7978-11d6-8000-0002b34b9777 functional predicates A specialization of #$Predicate whose instances are those predicates that are functional in at least one argument-place (see #$functionalInArgs and #$singleEntryFormatInArgs). That is, given any sequence of legal arguments placed in such a predicate's other argument positions, there is at most one argument such that, when it is placed in the predicate's functional position, the resulting formula is true. More precisely: Suppose PRED is an N-ary instance of #$FunctionalPredicate that is functional in its Kth place. Given any (N-1)-tuple <O(1),.., O(K-1), O(K+1),.., O(N)> consisting of things that are, respectively, legal arguments for (i.e. satisfy all argument-constraints on) the N-1 argument-places in PRED other than its Kth-place, there is at most one thing -- call it O(K) -- such that (PRED O(1)..O(N)) is true. (The one exception to the above is when the entry-format for PRED's functional argument-place is #$intervalEntryFormatInArgs (q.v.) instead of #$singleEntryFormatInArgs. In that case there might be multiple instances INT-1..INT-M of #$ScalarInterval that, when put in this argument-place, each yield a true formula; but only if all of the INT-i overlap one another and thus have a common sub-interval; see #$quantityIntersects and #$quantitySubsumes.) For example, #$biologicalMother is functional in its second argument-place, since every animal has one and only one biological mother. Note that it might be the case that, for some ways of fixing PRED's other arguments, there will be _nothing_ that would yield a true formula when put into PRED's functional argument-place; for example, while a spatial thing has at most one length (see #$lengthOfObject), if it is (say) a sphere it has none. A binary #$FunctionalPredicate that is functional in its second argument is an instance of #$FunctionalSlot (q.v.). bd58dc77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 functional relations A specialization of #$Relation each instance of which is either a function (see #$Function-Denotational) or a predicate that is functional in at least one argument-place (see #$FunctionalPredicate and #$functionalInArgs). Examples include #$IntervalMaxFn, #$ElectricalPotentialDifferenceFn, #$revenueFromType, #$costRateForType, and #$biologicalMother. bd5880a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 functional slot A specialization of #$FunctionalPredicate each instance of which is a binary predicate that is functional in its second argument position. More precisely, a binary predicate PRED is an instance of #$FunctionalSlot if, for any legal occupant THING1 of PRED's first (or arg1 ) argument position, there is at most one legal occupant THING2 of PRED's second (or arg2 ) argument position such that (PRED THING1 THING2) holds. (The foregoing sufficient condition is not necessary in the case where the arg2 entry-format of PRED is #$intervalEntryFormatInArgs (q.v.) instead of #$singleEntryFormatInArgs; see the comment for #$FunctionalPredicate for that case.) #$FunctionalSlot is thus the subcollection of the collection-intersection of #$BinaryPredicate and #$FunctionalPredicate containing those predicates whose second argument (at least) is functional. Examples include #$latitude, #$countryOfAddress, and #$femaleParentActor. bd5881a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of fundamental numeric scalar interval A collection of collections. Each instance of #$FundamentalNumericScalarIntervalType is a collection of measurable #$ScalarIntervals that are `fundamental' when contrasted with other types of #$ScalarIntervals which are derived from them. Instances of #$FundamentalNumericScalarIntervalType include #$Mass, #$Distance, #$Temperature, and #$ElectricalCharge. Cf. #$DerivedNumericScalarIntervalType. bd59059d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fundamental unit type These are all the fundamental types of units. They are fundamental because they cannot be expanded any more (unlike #$UnitOfSpeed, for example). bd58d4ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fungal infections An instance of #$InfectionTypeByPathogenType, and a specialization of #$Infection. Each instance of #$FungalInfection is an infection caused by fungi (see the constant #$Fungus). Specializations of #$FungalInfection include #$Histoplasmosis and #$AthletesFoot. c10c310b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Mycota A specialization of both #$EukaryoticOrganism and #$Heterotroph, and an instance of #$BiologicalKingdom. Instances of #$Fungus are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that are typically not capable of movement. The cell walls of instances of #$Fungus are structurally similar to the cell walls of #$Plants, but the former are composed mostly of chitin, while the latter are composed mostly of cellulose (see the collections #$Chitin and #$Cellulose). Instances of #$Fungus reproduce by means of spores, which are usually disseminated by the wind. Some types of #$Fungus are parasites (see the collection #$ParasiticOrganism), some are saprophytic (see the collection #$Saprophyte), and some have symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Notable specializations of #$Fungus include #$Mushroom, #$Yeast, and #$RingwormFungus. bd589909-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pieces of furniture #$FurniturePiece is a specialization of #$DurableGoods, #$HOCObject, and #$SolidTangibleProduct. Each instance of #$FurniturePiece is a durable artifact which is used in #$HumanShelterConstructions to make human dwelling places more comfortable. An instance of #$FurniturePiece is a whole piece of furniture, such as a table, chair, or chest of drawers; an arm of a sofa is not a #$FurniturePiece. Its subsets can be classified according to the main functions their elements serve: (1) providing support for people's bodies while they are seated or reclining (e.g., #$Bed-PieceOfFurniture, #$Sofa-PieceOfFurniture, #$FootStool, #$FixedTheaterSeat); (2) providing work/action surfaces (e.g., #$Desk-PieceOfFurniture, #$DiningRoomTable); (3) providing organized and/or protective storage for people's stuff (e.g., #$Dresser-PieceOfFurniture, #$Bookcase-PieceOfFurniture); (4) providing extra illumination or some other function in living and work areas (e.g., #$ElectricLamp). Most pieces of furniture belong to the collection #$NonPoweredDevice (q.v.) in that they don't need any energy input in order to do their function. Note: Yes, of course lamps, fancy console TVs, hospital beds, etc. are exceptions to that last rule -- they require power. But in a sense they are really objects performing multiple independent functions. A fancy console TV is a piece of furniture even when it's turned off; it just so happens to fulfill two roles, one as a piece of furniture and one as an appliance. When it's turned on, in fact, its users are intended to stop noticing it as a piece of furniture.) bd58d01d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fusion A collection of events. In each #$FusionEvent, two or more objects fuse together, yielding a product. bd58ad78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transfers of user rights A specialization of #$ChangeInUserRights. In each instance of #$GainingUserRights, some #$Agent acquires a right to use an item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, and the agent is the #$toPossessor (that is, the one to whom the possession comes). The #$Agent may or may not be a #$deliberateActors in the event; for example, buying a car is done on purpose, but receiving a car as a gift isn't. Either of these events, however, would be an instance of the collection #$GainingUserRights. bd6460d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 games (types of things) A specialization of #$DevisedStructuredActivity. Each instance of #$Game is an abstraction of a game that is played according to a semi-rigid set of rules. Each instance includes both the rules (see #$GameRulesFn) and a specification of any physical components required for play (instances of #$GameBoard, #$Ball, etc.). Neither #$Events of playing games (instances of #$PlayingAGame) nor any physical components required for play (e.g. #$GameBoards) are instances of #$Game. be44bd19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 game events A collection of individual Events. Each instance of #$GameEvent includes the entirety of some game, from the beginning to the point where a conclusion is reached (there is a winner, there is a draw, or the game is abandoned). Each #$GameEvent has as #$subEvents one or more instances of #$PlayingAGame, but may have other sorts of significant #$subEvents as well. For example, a particular #$FootballGame-American, in its entirety, would be an instance of #$GameEvent. That game's subEvents would include, among other things, instances of (#$PlayingFn #$FootballGame-American) performed by some #$FootballPlayer-American, instances of #$EvaluatingAnAction performed by some #$Referee, and instances of #$MeasuringSomething performed by some #$SportsOfficial. A game of Monopoly, from beginning to end, would be an instance of #$GameEvent, with subEvents possibly including instances of #$PlayingABoardGame, #$DisputeEvent, #$DistributionEvent, and (#$CleaningFn #$Table-PieceOfFurniture). bd94ded8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gametes #$Gamete is a specialization of #$HaploidCell (q.v.). Each instance of #$Gamete is a special cell that is produced in preparation for sexual reproduction in the reproductive tissues of organisms that reproduce sexually. All gametes are haploid, and are produced by a special type of cell division called #$Meiosis. In animals, gametes are the direct results of meiosis; in plants, meiosis produces spores (see #$Spore-PlantLifeStage), which develop into #$Gametophytes, which then produce gametes by mitosis (see #$MitoticCellDivision). bdf9396b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gamma radiation A specialization of #$ElectromagneticRadiation. Each instance of #$GammaRay is an instance of electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength (see the predicate #$wavelength) of less than 1x10^-2 angstroms (see the constant #$Angstrom). Low power instances of #$GammaRay overlap with high power instances of #$XRay (q.v.). c05ce4b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 garments #$Garment is a specialization of #$ClothingItem. Each instance of #$Garment is an item of clothing that is _not_ an accessory (see the collection #$ClothingAccessory). Notable specializations of #$Garment include #$Clothing-Top and #$Clothing-Bottom. bf3591a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of garment classified by where on the body it is worn A specialization of #$ExistingObjectType. Each instance of this collection is a strict facet of #$Garment (see #$facets-Strict). That is, the instances of this collection are mutually exclusive specializations of #$Garment -- each instance is a specialization of garment whose instances, when worn, cover a certain region of the body. The primary instances are #$Clothing-WholeBody, #$Clothing-Bottom, and #$Clothing-Top. 519b93c8-50c8-11d6-864a-0002b34b8539 gaseous A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible and an instance of #$MatterTypeByPhysicalState. Each instance of #$Gaseous-StateOfMatter is an object of a single chemical species in the gaseous state of matter. Objects in the gaseous state of matter are at a high enough temperature or low enough pressure for the type of matter involved that the molecules are not bonded even weakly to their neighbors, and readily break free. Gaseous objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by having diffuse boundaries (when outside of containers), no shape independent of a container, and by great expandability and compressibility. Examples of things that typically have this attribute are: the helium in a child's balloon; the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere; the water vapor in Earth's atmosphere. bd58bd5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gaseous objects A specialization of #$FluidTangibleThing. Each instance of #$GaseousTangibleThing is a partially tangible thing which possesses a number of the salient properties exhibited by substances in a gaseous state (see the constant #$Gaseous-StateOfMatter). To be more specific, each instance of #$GaseousTangibleThing is compressible, and the shape of each instance would completely conform to the boundaries of a vessel containing it. Examples of #$GaseousTangibleThing include pieces of matter in a gaseous state (such as the helium in a child's balloon), mixtures of gases such as #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, and suspensions of liquids and solids in gas, such as instances of #$Fog or #$Smoke. bd58c52b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 general entry format predicates A specialization of #$ArgFormatPredicate (q.v.) whose instances are used to relate predicates to the specific entry-formats (see #$SpecificEntryFormatPredicate) that apply to their various argument-places. For example, #$arg1Format relates a predicate PRED to the #$SpecificEntryFormatPredicate that holds between PRED and its first (or arg1 ) argument-place. #$argFormat is similar, but has an additional argument-place for specifying the relevant argument-place of PRED. The primary utility of the above sorts of #$GeneralEntryFormatPredicates is to provide standard forms for assigning _any_ specific entry-format to a predicate with respect to a given argument-place. There are also the #$InterArgFormatPredicates (q.v.), which specify particular entry-formats that are to apply to a given argument-place _conditionally_ (i.e. when a certain specified condition obtains). 12e51044-50a9-11d6-8000-00a0c9da2002 general Cyc microtheories The collection consisting of every #$Microtheory intended to contain general axioms useful for multiple purposes. This excludes microtheories which deal with specific situations, such as instances of #$ProblemSolvingCntxt, microtheories that represent the information content of one specific #$InformationBearingObject such as the US Declaration of Independence, or those which are purely lexical microtheories. Examples of this collection are #$HumanSocialLifeMt, #$BuyingMt, and #$NaiveAnimalsMt. Negative examples include #$GeneralLexiconMt (purely lexical) and #$PeopleDataMt (no general axioms). bd589197-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generalized quantifier relations Each instance of this collection is a `relational' version of a #$GeneralizedQuantifier. These relational variants have been introduced mostly to simplify rapid OE creation and NL parsing. c0db44ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transfers A specialization of #$Event. Each instance of #$GeneralizedTransfer is an event in which something (tangible or intangible) is transferred from one `place' to another. #$GeneralizedTransfer includes changes in physical location, in ownership or possession, transfer of information, and propagation of wave phenomena through space. See also the related predicate #$transferredThing, and the specializations of this collection. bd588eb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generations (types of things) A collection of events involving the generation or conversion of force, energy, or motion. bd590449-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic adverb phrase modifying frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all frames that modify adverb phrases. bf2528a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic arg template The collection of CycL expressions in which generic argument keywords are allowed and treated as variables. Generic argument keywords are of the form :ARG1, :ARG2, etc. bf7a4e19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic attribute bf2df9a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic determiner modifying frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all frames that modify determiners. bfad6e4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic ditransitive infinitive phrase comp frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all frames that take two complements, one of which is an NP and the other an infinitive phrase. beffc225-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic post - verb phrase modifying frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all frames for adverbs which modify verb phrase by right-attaching them. c09422db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic pre - verb phrase modifying frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all frames for adverbs which modify verb phrases by left attaching them. c01ad33b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of shape A collection of collections, and a specialization of #$ShapeType. Each instance of #$GenericShapeType is a type of shape (and thus a specialization of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing (q.v.)) whose instances include both purely abstract spatial things, as well as spatial things located in the physical world. #$GenericShapeType is distinguished from #$AbstractShapeType (q.v.); each instance of #$AbstractShapeType is a type of shape _all_ of whose instances are purely abstract spatial things. c14f9295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic speech part predicates A collection of #$SpeechPartPredicates. Each instance of #$GenericSpeechPartPredicate represents a syntactic generalization shared by a group of #$SpeechPartPredicates. For instance, #$singular-Generic abstracts over #$singular, #$pnSingular, and #$agentive-Sg. Note that instances of #$GenericSpeechPartPredicate are #$notAssertible, since they will always cash out as assertions on one of their spec-preds. bf471e0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic transitive infinitive phrase comp frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all transitive frames that take one complement which is an infinitive phrase. bd5e9f24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic transitive n p comp frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of transitive frames that take an NP as their complement. bf61211d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic transitive that clause comp frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all transitive frames that take either a finite that-clause complement or a simple (that-less and wh-less) finite clause complement. c08c527d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic verb phrase modifying frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all frames that modify verb phrases. bdd45ab4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genetic conditions A specialization of #$PhysiologicalCondition. Each instance of #$GeneticCondition is an abnormal physiological condition which developed in a particular organism due to that organism's genetic configuration. Such conditions are not contagious as infections are, but they may be hereditary. Specializations of #$GeneticCondition include #$DownsSyndrome, #$Hemophilia, and #$SickleCellAnemia. c0fd5d45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geocultural regions A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance of #$GeoculturalRegion is a region united by economic, cultural, political, or religious ties. The exact boundaries for such regions are sometimes difficult to determine, and sometimes it is unclear whether a region ought to count as one. Instances of #$GeoculturalRegion include the #$CaribbeanRegion and #$Scandinavia. Non-examples of #$GeoculturalRegion include #$NorthernHemisphere-Region, where there is only a geographical commonality shared by the areas subsumed by the region, and the area of #$Nicaragua and #$CostaRica combined, which does not by itself form a natural grouping, but is subsumed by the #$GeoculturalRegion #$CentralAmerica. Another non-example of #$GeoculturalRegion would be 'Spanish-speaking countries,' which are too geographically scattered to form a #$GeoculturalRegion. Note that one country may be subsumed by more than one #$GeoculturalRegion : for example, #$Norway is in both #$WesternEurope and #$Scandinavia. bf769162-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geographical agents A specialization of both #$MultiIndividualAgent and #$GeographicalThing. Each instance of #$GeographicalAgent is a group of people and/or organizations cohesive enough to be treated as an agent (see the collection #$Agent, of which #$GeographicalAgent is a specialization), and which occupies a particular instance of #$GeographicalRegion. Important specializations of #$GeographicalAgent include #$GeopoliticalEntity, #$University, and #$Neighborhood. Note that instances of #$GeographicalAgent are viewed in two significantly different ways with respect to two different types of geography-related microtheories. In a `physical' geography microtheory (i.e. #$PhysicalGeographyMt and its submicrotheories), geographical agents are clearly distinguished from the regions they occupy. (#$TerritoryFn GEO-AGENT) is used in these contexts to denote the land mass (an instance of #$GeographicalRegion) occupied by a given geographical agent GEO-AGENT. In a `dualist' geography microtheory (i.e. #$DualistGeopoliticalMt and its submicrotheories), on the other hand, geographical agents are viewed as being _both_ agents _and_ land masses (instances of #$GeographicalRegion). Thus, there is little need for #$TerritoryFn in the latter sort of context. (Despite their somewhat paradoxical flavor, dualist microtheories arguably allow Cyc to mimic commonsense reasoning about geographical agents and regions more closely than do the stricter physical microtheories.) There are also some `generic' geography microtheories (e.g. #$WorldGeographyMt and #$UnitedStatesGeographyMt) which are neutral with respect to the physical and dualist views. Also see the shared-note for this constant. c1371c02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 directions A specialization of #$UnitVectorInterval. #$GeographicalDirections derive from the 'intrinsic' directional axes of a terrestrial frame of reference: North, South, East, West, geographic 'Up' and geographic 'Down'. Like all #$VectorIntervals, they may be specified precisely--e.g., #$North-Directly or as intervals--e.g., #$North-Generally. With respect to 'up' and 'down', care should be taken to distinguish a #$TopAndBottomSidedObject's 'intrinsic' up and down from 'up' and 'down' with respect to the surface of the Earth or some other planet. bd58dbdb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 precise directions A specialization of #$GeographicalDirection whose instances are precise, as opposed to general, directions. For example, #$North-Directly is due north. Compare #$GeographicalDirection-General. c0366ed3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 general directions A specialization of #$GeographicalDirection whose instances are general, as opposed to precise or direct , directions. More exactly, a given general direction (e.g. #$North-Generally) is an instance of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately 45 degrees (in either direction) of the corresponding direct direction (viz. #$North-Directly). Compare #$GeographicalDirection-Direct. c0d87c8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of geographical entity classified by hierarchy A collection of collections. Instances of #$GeographicalEntityByHierarchy are subcollections of #$GeopoliticalEntity each of which correspond to a certain level of organization. bfe14d6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geographical line intangible The collection of one dimensional intangible geographical things. For instance, #$LatitudeLine and #$LineOfMilitaryForces are specialization. c0808b7b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geographical place - 1 d A subcollection of #$GeographicalLine-Intangible and #$GeographicalThing-Intangible-FixedLocation. Instances of #$GeographicalPlace-1D are one dimensional portions of the geographical surface of reference. They can be used to indicate the (partial) geographical location of two or three dimensional things within the context of a geography. See #$locatedAtPoint-SurfaceGeographical. Additionally, they can be used to denote location of borders, or portions of borders and other tpes of demarcations. The two main specializations of this collection are #$LongitudeLine and #$LatitudeLine, one dimensional parts of instances of those also belong to #$GeographicalPlace-1D. Note that a pair composed of a point and a portion of line do not belong to this collection. c0f35467-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geographical regions A specialization of #$GeographicalThing. Each instance of #$GeographicalRegion is a spatial region that includes some piece of the surface of a planet (usually #$PlanetEarth). Each instance of #$GeographicalRegion is a #$PartiallyTangible entity that may be represented on a map of the planet. This includes purely topographical regions like mountains and underwater spaces, places defined by demographics (e.g., language areas) and territory otherwise demarcated (e.g. #$TimeZones). In dualist geopolitical contexts [see #$DualistGeopoliticalMt], instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity are also considered to be instances of #$GeographicalRegion. In all cases the region in question must contain some tangible component with which it is possible to make physical contact. The instances of #$GeographicalRegion contrast in this respect with the instances of #$GeographicalThing-Intangible, which are wholly intangible. Examples of #$GeographicalRegion include #$RockyMountainStates-USRegion, the #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$SinaiPeninsula, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$YaleUniversity and #$CityOfPittsburghPA. Some important types of regions are represented by the sub-collections #$LanguageArea, #$TimeZone, #$PostalCodeRegion, #$EcologicalRegion, #$ConstructionSite, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$GeopoliticalEntity. No instances of #$GeographicalRegion are wholly indoor locations. bd588009-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geographical regions of space A specialization of #$SpaceRegion-Empirical. Instances of #$GeographicalSpaceRegion are pieces of space that are relevant to geographical reasoning. They are intangible points, lines or surfaces that are all incident in the projected surface of reference on which instances of #$GeographicalThing are located. [TO BE IMPROVED] bfebdc15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geographical things This collection may be thought of as consisting of all the entities which are localizable within the context of a geography, in the sense that they might plausibly be represented on a map. This includes both #$PartiallyTangible entities like #$GeographicalRegions, and also entities that may be wholly #$Intangible, like territorial borders and boundaries, #$LatitudeLines and #$LongitudeLines, trajectories of missiles and courses of ships, and the #$Equator. c0b8e500-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible geographical things The collection of all things which occupy definite locations in geographic space (in the sense of being representable on a map) but which are nevertheless best considered #$Intangible or 'imaginary'. This includes a very wide variety of things, eg., #$LatitudeLines and #$LongitudeLines, the courses of airplanes and ships, ballistic trajectories, territorial boundaries and borders, air traffic control zones, etcetera. In this it contrasts with #$GeographicalRegion. bdcf98b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible geographical things with a fixed location The collection of all intangible things that have a relatively fixed geographic locations, such as the #$Equator, the #$NorthPole, #$LongitudeLines, stable borders, etc. Contrast this with #$GeographicalThing-Intangible-MovableLocation. c0a9290d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract shapes A specialization of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing each of whose instances is abstract in the sense of being intangible (see #$Intangible) as well as lacking spatial and temporal location. Each instance of #$GeometricThing-Abstract is an abstract region of an abstract space (the latter having two or more dimensions). Geometric figures that are located in this (or another) universe are not instances of this collection, but of #$GeometricThing-Localized. bd5885bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geometric thing localized A specialization of both #$SpatialThing-Localized and #$Intangible. Positive examples are any intangible things that both have some location or position in the Universe, and are characterizable in geometric terms, such as the intangible spaces determined by, for example, the pyramids of Egypt (pyramids), the Sun (a sphere), or the center of mass of the solar system at the first instant of the twentieth century (a point). #$GeometricThing-Localized is identical with (#$LocalizedFn #$GeometricallyDescribableThing) (see the #$cyclistNotes on this page for why we need this constant reified anyway). #$GeometricThing-Localized includes as specializations (#$LocalizedFn #$Circle), (#$LocalizedFn #$Square), and in general all the 'localized realizations' of the generic geometric collections. c1350e38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geometrical point The collection of one piece zero dimensional geometrical objects. Instances of #$GeometricalPoint have neither length, breadth, nor thickness, but may move in time. An important specialization is #$SpacePoint, which is fixed with reference to the coordinate system and does not move. If the coordinate system is the empirically observed universe of a given context, the more specific #$SpacePoint-Empirical should be used. The center of the solar system is an instance of #$GeometricalPoint, but not #$SpacePoint. The center of mass of the universe (assuming such a point exists, would be an instance of #$SpacePoint-Empirical since it would be fixed in the coordinate system of the universe. be2227ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geometric forms A subcollection of #$SpatialThing. Each instance of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing is a spatially-connected spatial thing (of 0, 1, 2, or 3 dimensions) that either (i) has or approximates a simple geometric shape (e.g. it is a #$Line of a #$Hemisphere) or (ii) consists of a number of (connected) parts in a relatively stable geometric configuration, where each such part has or approximates a simple geometric shape (e.g. a table consisting of a 3-D-disc-shaped top and four cylindrical legs). A #$GeometricallyDescribableThing might be tangible (see #$PartiallyTangible) or intangible (see #$GeometricallyDescribableThing-Intangible). Note that what counts as approximating a given simple geometric shape -- and thus what spatial things count as #$GeometricallyDescribableThings -- varies with context. In a context that was so fine-grained shape-wise that even the shapes of the individual molecules on the surface of an object were considered relevant to the object's shape, perhaps nearly every (connected, solid) tangible object would be geometrically-describable. In more everyday contexts, on the other hand, an unopened can of soup would be geometrically-describable (as a cylinder), while a telephone or an animal's body would probably not. bd58c42e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible shapes The collection of all intangible #$GeometricallyDescribableThings (q.v.), whether spatially localized or purely abstract. #$GeometricallyDescribableThing-Intangible is the intersection (see #$collectionIntersection) of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing and #$Intangible. Examples include any spatially-connected, intangible thing that has or approximates (or which consists entirely of parts that all have or approximate) a simple geometric shape, such as the intangible space determined by an Egyptian pyramid, an abstract Platonic sphere, or the center of mass of the solar system (a point) at the first instant of the Twentieth Century in Greenwich, England. Important specializations are #$GeometricThing-Localized (which includes all spatially localized instances) and #$GeometricThing-Abstract (which includes all instances not spatially located in any universe). c12c73ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 political entities A specialization of #$Organization and of #$LegalAgent and of #$GeographicalAgent, instances of this collection control #$GeographicalRegions. Each instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity includes a governing body, but is more than just that governing body. Important subcollections include #$Country, #$IndependentCountry, #$State-Geopolitical, #$City, and #$Province. Instances include #$CityOfTokyoJapan, #$BronxNY-Borough, #$Alaska-State, #$Rwanda, #$Singapore, #$InnerMongolia, #$Somerset-CountyEngland, and #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. A central feature of this collection is that geopolitical-entities (indeed, all #$GeographicalAgents) are viewed in two significantly different ways with respect to two different types of geography-related microtheories. In a physical geography microtheory (i.e. #$PhysicalGeographyMt and its submicrotheories), geopolitical-entities are clearly distinguished from the regions they control. (#$TerritoryFn GEO-POL) is used in these contexts to denote the land mass (a #$GeopoliticalRegion) of a given geopolitical-entity GEO-POL. In a dualist geography microtheory (i.e. #$DualistGeopoliticalMt and its submicrotheories), on the other hand, geopolitical-entities are viewed as being _both_ agents _and_ land masses (i.e. #$GeographicalRegions). Thus, there is little need for #$TerritoryFn in the latter sort of context. (Despite their somewhat paradoxical flavor, dualist microtheories arguably allow Cyc to mimic commonsense reasoning about geopolitical entities and regions more closely than do the stricter physicalist microtheories.) There are also some generic geography microtheories (e.g. #$WorldGeographyMt and #$UnitedStatesGeographyMt) which are neutral with respect to the physical and dualist views. Also see the shared-note for this constant. bd58e5da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gerundive nouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdde941c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gestures (types of things) A subcollection of #$VisualInformationBearingThing. Each instance of #$Gesture is a configuration of body parts (usually animal body parts) that has some meaning to an observer with an understanding (whether explicit or instinctive) of the interpretive convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. #$Gestures may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the #$StatueOfLiberty ). Note that, as defined in #$Cyc, a gesture is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the #$Actions producing the arrangement. For representation of the actions, see #$MakingAGesture. bd590c05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 offering (type of thing) A specialization of #$GivingSomething. In each instance of #$GiftGiving, one #$Agent intentionally gives all use rights over an object (see #$UserRightsAttribute) to another #$Agent without taking payment in return. bd58ee61-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 giving events A specialization of #$TransferringPossession and #$AnimalActivity. In each instance of #$GivingSomething, one #$Agent gives a tangible thing to another #$Agent. Every event that is an instance of #$GivingSomething can also be thought of as a receiving event. Note: The common case in which one #$Agent gives ownership of an object to another #$Agent is represented by the specialization #$GiftGiving. bd58c4c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 glass (type of thing) A specialization of #$InorganicStuff. Each instance of #$Glass is a piece of glass; e.g., a wine bottle, a plate glass window, a microscope slide, a crystal water goblet, or the mirrors of a reflecting telescope. bd5886fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gloominess Low spirits; Depression. Without cheerfulness or optimism bd58a5d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 going to sleep The collection of events in which an #$Animal goes from the state of being awake to being in a state of sleep. bd58b14a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 golf carts #$GolfCart is a specialization of both #$WheeledTransportationDevice and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. Each instance of #$GolfCart is a motorized vehicle that is designed for golfers to use to drive around on #$GolfCourses while they are playing #$Golf. #$GolfCarts drive very slowly compared with #$Automobiles. c0fce4ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 good will Emotion manifested by interest in another person (or, more rarely, in some nonhuman agent), good will towards that individual, and an inclination to favor him or her (or it). This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. c13b3e2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 government agencies #$GovernmentAgency is a specialization of #$GovernmentalOrganization. Each instance of #$GovernmentAgency which is a proper #$subOrganizations of other #$GovernmentalOrganizations. bfc0aaf6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 governmental regulations A collection of microtheories; a subcollection of #$FormalCOC (the collection of formal codes of conduct). Each instance of #$GovernmentCOC is a formal regulation of behavior imposed upon agents -- including citizens, tourists, businesses, government entities, etc., in so far as they are subject to it -- who are located within the legal jurisdiction where that code of conduct holds. #$GovernmentCOC includes both individual laws and whole legal codes. Some examples of #$GovernmentCOC include: the Napoleonic Code, the United States Constitution and all Federal, State, and local laws of the United States, and the particular laws against stealing found in most, if not all, countries. Enforcement of a particular instance of #$GovernmentCOC is authorized by the government associated with that code and carried out by its agents within their jurisdiction(s). See also #$LegalCode and #$Law. bd58a160-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 government employees A specialization of #$PublicSectorEmployee. Each instance of #$GovernmentEmployee is a person employed by some government. The government in question may be the government of any instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity, including a city, county, province, or nation-state. bd58ef89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 government military organization A specialization of both #$MilitaryOrganization and #$LegalGovernmentOrganization. Each instance of #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganization is a military organization belonging to, and directed by, the governing body of a geographical region or international organization. The governing body in question may be a national government, a state or provincial government, or an international governing body such as the #$UnitedNationsOrganization. Important specializations of this collection include #$Army-BranchOfService, #$Navy, and #$AirForce. This collection excludes private armies and mercenary forces. bd5f3555-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national governments A specialization of #$RegionalGovernment. Each instance of #$GovernmentOfCountry is the government of some instance of #$Country. A notable instance of #$GovernmentOfCountry is #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. c10aeef9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 governmental organization #$GovernmentalOrganization is a specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$GovernmentalOrganization is an organization that is governmental, either departments of one particular government (e.g., the #$FederalCommunicationsCommission) or confederations or cooperative groups consisting of different governments or representatives from a number of different governments (e.g., #$OPEC). Because instances of #$GovernmentalOrganization cannot properly be said to have owners (rather, they have members), they are not instances of #$CommercialOrganization, and, hence, the two collections, #$GovernmentalOrganization and #$CommercialOrganization, are disjoint. bf71ca9a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 granular fluids A specialization of #$FluidTangibleThing. Each instance of #$GranularFluid is a mass of some granular substance (where a granular substance is any instance SUBSTANCE of #$PartiallyTangible for which (#$physicalStructuralAttributes SUBSTANCE #$Granular) holds) which is in sufficient quantity to behave largely as a liquid. Instances of #$GranularFluid assume the shapes of their containers, and they are capable of being poured and stirred (as in food preparation). bdae669f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 grasping implements #$GraspingImplement is a specialization of #$HandTool. Each instance of #$GraspingImplement is a tool which is intended to be used to grasp (and often to subsequently immobilize or control the location/movement of) some other solid object. Specializations of #$GraspingImplement include #$Vise, #$Forceps, and #$Tweezers. bd58c762-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 grasping something with a tool A collection of the events in which a tool is used to grasp some object. bd58de3e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 grassland Grassy land with deep, rich soil and few trees or shrubs. be0100a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 persons who is grateful A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being grateful. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e2c8b0bc-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 gratitude A feeling of appreciation towards another agent for a benefit or favor received from him/her. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. bd588970-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 salutations The collection of actions performed by one #$Agent to greet another. Includes verbal and physical greetings. bd58cdbd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 grief Intense emotional suffering or poignant distress caused by or as if by bereavement bd58d367-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 barbecues A specialization of #$CookingFood. In each instance of #$GrillingFood, food is placed on a cooking utensil consisting of several parallel metal bars, where the food is exposed to direct radiant heat from below. bd58baa8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ground has perma frost A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance has a layer of permanently frozen ground insulated by a shallow layer of soil that thaws during the spring and summer. bd5f37b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 headquarters A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance of #$GroundsOfOrganization is an area which contains buildings inhabited by some organization. Notable specializations of #$GroundsOfOrganization include #$Campus and #$MilitaryBase-Grounds. bd58f5c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 groups (types of things) A collection of temporal objects. Each instance of #$Group is a composite object made up of one or more individual objects or events. A group is related to each of its members by the predicate #$groupMembers (q.v.). Note that instances of #$Group are _not_ collections. A group has temporal extent and might have spatial location, while a collection is timeless and nonspatial. It is of course possible to define a collection parallel to any given group, so that the instances of the collection are exactly the group-members of that group; e.g. each toe on my left foot (and nothing else) is both an instance of the collection of my left toes and a member of the group of toes on my left foot. But that group (of my left toes) is a spatiotemporal thing while the correlated collection (of my left toes) is not. Similarly, if a certain flock of pigeons is considered as having a location, a spatial extent, and a time of existence, then the flock is being considered a _group_ and not a collection. Finally, unlike a collection, a group cannot be empty, but must have _at_least_one_ group-member. As a default, a group whose group-members all are instances of #$SomethingExisting is itself an instance of #$SomethingExisting, and a group whose group-members all are #$Events is itself an #$Event. Instances of #$Group include #$QueensGuard, #$ThreeWiseMen, #$SantasReindeer, and #$InternationalCommunity. bd58e6a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 group transfer A collection of #$Actions in which something changes membership with respect to some instance of #$Group, i.e. actions in which something becomes a #$groupMembers of some group, ceases to be a #$groupMembers of some group, or is moved from one group to another. This collection includes a wide variety of group transfers, including those among organizations, instances of #$SystemOfDevices, (#$GroupFn #$ProfessionalSportsTeam) or #$Family-SocialEntity. For further clarification see the #$NoteAboutGroupTransfers. Note that if a group has a #$groupMemberType assertion for it, then anything transferred out of it must be of that type. See also #$GroupTransferIn, #$GroupTransferOut, #$toGroup and #$fromGroup. You may also want to look at #$OrganizationalTransfer and constants closely related to it. bef3d08d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transfer into group A subcollection of #$GroupTransfer. Instances of this collection are those in which there is necessarily something that becomes a #$groupMembers of some instance of #$Group. This is a very diverse subcollection of #$TransferIn, including transfers into organizations, families (e.g. adoption), systems of physical devices, teams or anything represented as a subcollection of #$Group in the Cyc ontology. For further clarification see the #$NoteAboutGroupTransfers. See also #$GroupTransferOut, #$toGroup and #$fromGroup. You may also want to look at #$OrganizationalTransfer and constants closely related to it. bd79f5b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transfer out of group A subcollection of #$GroupTransfer. Instances of this collection are those actions in which there is necessarily something that ceases to be a #$groupMembers of some instance of #$Group. This is a very diverse subcollection of #$TransferOut, including transfers out of organizations, systems of physical devices, teams or anything represented as a subcollection of #$Group in the Cyc ontology. For further clarification see the #$NoteAboutGroupTransfers. Note that if the group has a #$groupMemberType assertion for it, then anything transferred out of it must be of that type. See also #$GroupTransferIn, #$toGroup and #$fromGroup. You may also want to look at #$OrganizationalTransfer and constants closely related to it. bf665a46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 grouping (type of thing) A collection of purposeful creation events in which two or more partially tangibles are grouped together (possibly in accordance with some general convention) in such a way as to thence constitute a #$Group that did not exist before. Such an act of grouping requires an intention to do so on the part of the agent who performs the act, and often (but not always) also involves some physical act of bringing the objects into proximity with each other. Example include putting flowers together to make a bouquet and assembling a sports team. See also #$GroupingThingsMentally. be97b97b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 guided A specialization of #$DirectedTranslation. Each instance of #$GuidingAMovingObject is an event in which an agent guides or steers an object which is in translational (as opposed to rotational) motion. Notable specializations of #$GuidingAMovingObject include #$PuttingSomethingSomewhere, #$GuidingAnAnimal, and #$SteeringADeviceByHand. c100601b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 guilt Negative, self-accusatory feeling of responsibility and blameworthiness for having caused harm by a past action, usually with conscious intent. Note that this is not `guilty vs. innocent', but rather the feeling of guiltiness. An unremorseful killer, though guilty (as opposed to innocent) of the murder, may not feel any #$Guilt (i.e., guiltiness) about it. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. bd58e14d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gulfs A specialization of #$BodyOfWater-Large. Each instance of #$Gulf is a part of a sea extending into a land mass. Instances of #$Gulf include the #$SaronicGulf, #$GulfOfMexico, #$GulfOfArkangelsk, #$GulfOfCalifornia, and #$PersianGulf. bd590006-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gusty An instance of #$OutdoorLocationByWeatherType. Each instance of #$Gusty is an instance of #$OutdoorLocation in which the wind is subject to sudden changes in direction and intensity. bd58aa29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 HL assertions The collection of CycL sentences consisting entirely of HL expressions and asserted to the Cyc Knowledge Base. Each #$HLAssertion has a unique corresponding data structure that is used internally by Cyc's inference engine. c066205f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 h l expression A specialization of #$CycLExpression. The collection of all syntactically well-formed expressions in the HL ( heuristic level ) sub-language of #$CycL. Any component expression of an HL expression must itself be an HL expression. An HL expression can appear in (or be) an assertion stored in the system in a data structure accessible by the inference engine; but unless it is also an instance of #$ELExpression (q.v.), it cannot appear in (or as) a sentence initially asserted to or queried of the Knowledge Base. c1359f2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 HL indexed terms The collection of indexed terms in the HL language, used by the internals of Cyc. All these terms have special indexing support in Cyc's inference engine. Indexed terms are currently (September 2000) constants, NARTs, and assertions. bfff7db5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NART The collection of all non-atomic denotational terms in the HL language, used internally by the inference engine. These are HL formulas with an instance of #$ReifiableFunction as their functor and optionally other HL terms as their arguments. These HL NATs are often called NARTs , which stands for Non-Atomic Reified Term. The difference between HL NATs and reifiable EL NATs should be transparent to users of Cyc, because the #$CycCanonicalizer automatically transforms all reifiable EL NATs into HL NATs. c0dbf70e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 FORT (type of thing) The collection of reified denotational terms in the HL language. These terms are used by the internals of Cyc, such as the inference engine. They are often called 'FORTs', which stands for 'first-order reified terms'. c0a890e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 h l reified formula The collection of reified formulas in the HL language. This includes HL NARTs and HL assertions. c0f093d9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 h l variable The collection of all variables in the HL language, used internally by the inference engine and not normally visible to users of Cyc. bed98018-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 clever programming A specialization of #$ProgrammingAComputer, comprising particularly clever or expert programming feats. Contrary to popular usage of the word hacking , this constant is not intended to refer to acts of breaking into computer systems (for that, see #$PenetratingAComputerNetwork and #$AttackByComputerOperation). bd58a8cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hail A specialization of #$PrecipitationProcess. Each instance of #$HailProcess is an event in which small chunks, usually consisting of several layers of ice, fall to the earth from clouds. bd589b65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hailstones A specialization of #$PrecipitationParticle. Instances of #$HailStone are small particles emitted from clouds in instances of #$HailProcess (q.v.). Instances of #$HailStone usually consist of several concentric layers of ice. bd58f574-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 half line - geometrical The collection of all half-line. Instances of #$HalfLine-Geometrical have a single end point and contain all the points on a line that lie in a given direction. Any given line can be divided at any point incident in it into two half-lines. be1d7d37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 geometric half planes The collection of half planes. Instances of #$HalfPlane are unbounded portions of plane [#$FlatSurface] with a single linear boundary. A straight line cut any plane in which it lies into two half planes. be10dcc9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hands A specialization of #$HolderGripper and #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart. Each instance of #$HolderGripper is a terminal part of a vertebrate forelimb that is structurally suited to function as a grasping organ (as in people, newts, etc.). bd588655-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hand tools A specialization of both #$Tool and #$PortableObject. Each instance of #$HandTool is a portable tool which is hand-guided throughout its operation. Specializations of #$HandTool include the collections #$Screwdriver, #$ManualDrill, and #$BlowDryer. bd58a0fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 use of a device (types of things) A specialization of #$HandlingAnObject. Each instance of #$HandlingADevice is an event in which a device is manipulated (with the operator holding and touching the device) so that it can be used for its #$primaryFunction. Specializations of #$HandlingADevice include #$Pruning, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$OperatingAHouseholdAppliance, #$PumpingGasEvent, and #$WritingByHand. bd588c5e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 handled A collection of events; a specialization of both #$ControllingSomething and #$PhysicalContactEvent. An instance of #$HandlingAnObject is an event in which an object is touched and manipulated by some #$Agent. Examples of #$HandlingAnObject include instances of #$HoldingAnObject and of #$CausingAnotherObjectsTranslationalMotion. So just holding a rock in your hand is a #$HandlingAnObject; so is washing your cereal bowl (an instance of #$WashingDishes), cutting a loose thread on your shirt (an instance of #$CuttingAThread), and carrying the rock from one place to another (an instance of #$CarryingWhileLocomoting.) One very important class of #$HandlingAnObject instances involve operating some hand-held device --- i.e., events which are instances of the collection #$HandlingADevice. I.e., the performer handles an object which happens to be a device, but not just lugging it around but actually employing it for its intended #$primaryFunction --- not merely to look at it or rearrange or relocate it. For example, if you move a fork from the dishwasher to the silverware drawer, that's just #$HandlingAnObject; if you use that fork to eat some food, though, that is an instance of #$HandlingADevice. bd588ca1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 haploids A specialization of #$EukaryoticCell. Each instance of #$HaploidCell is a cell which has a single chromosome set. For example, gametes such as sperm and ova are haploid cells (see #$Gamete). There also haploid forms of some mature multicellular organisms. c10c1d14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 happy The enjoyment of pleasurable satisfaction that goes with well-being, security, effective accomplishments, or satisfied wishes. As with all #$FeelingTypes, this is a #$Collection -- the collection of all possible amounts of happiness one can feel. One instance of #$Happiness is `extremely happy'; another is `just a little bit happy'. Note: Obviously there are no real units of measure for this quantity, ways of objectively measuring the amount of happiness possessed or gained or lost, etc., but still this has proven to be a useful way for Cyc to represent and reason with emotions. E.g., one can have a rule that says that most people have a greater `amount' of happiness at their wedding than at their high school graduation, etc. There are functions, such as #$LowAmountFn, which take a #$PrimitiveScalarIntervalType (such as the instances of #$FeelingType) such as #$Happiness and return as their value a certain-sized amount of that feeling; e.g., (#$LowAmountFn #$Happiness) is an expression whose value is a positive but small amount of happiness, and that in turn will be an instance of #$Happiness (and also will be an instance of #$FeelingAttribute). #$FeelingTypes organize into a lattice; e.g., there are several more specialized forms of #$Happiness that are present in Cyc's ontology, such as #$Elation, #$Delight, #$Triumph-TheFeeling, etc. bd58b500-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 persons who is happy A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being happy. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e348ff10-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 harbors The collection of those parts of a #$BodyOfWater, each of which is protected from the open sea and deep enough to furnish fairly safe anchorage. bd58cdcf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical information bearing objects A collection defined as the intersection of (and thus a specialization of) #$Artifact, #$StillImageSource and #$HumanAccessibleIBO. Each instance of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject is an #$InformationBearingObject (IBO) in a hard format, e.g., written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, or carved on stone -- which humans can obtain information from by viewing the object (if there is sufficient light) without using a computer or electronic device to access it. In many cases the information is encoded in visual symbols, whose #$CommunicationConvention must be understood by anyone who accesses information from the object. For example, the information may be stored as text. Examples of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject : a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a ten dollar bill, or a hardcopy of a #$Map (q.v.) with no text on it. The collection, #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject, does _not_ include IBOs embodied in magnetic media (e.g., data or music on tapes or disks) as they are not directly accessible to someone viewing them. Note that Braille books are not instances of this collection, since they are not instances of #$StillImageSource (which must be accessed visually). bd58e00e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hardware tools #$HardwareTool is a specialization of #$Tool. Each instance of #$HardwareTool is an object used to perform a task, usually by applying a particular kind of force to another object. The tool is used to produce a physical effect in the position, structure, or arrangement of the other object. Specializations of #$HardwareTool include #$Hammer, #$Screwdriver, and #$HandSaw. Borderline nonexamples include eating utensils, robot servants, screws, nails, and levers. bd58c122-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 detriments A specialization of #$Action. Each instance of #$HarmingAnAgent is an event in which some agent is harmed, either physically or psychologically. Note that #$HarmingAnAgent is not a specialization of #$PurposefulAction, since it includes as instances some events in which an agent is harmed, but not intentionally harmed. Neither is it a specialization of #$IncurringDamage, because that does not cover psychological injury. Although #$HarmingAnAgent is not a specialization of #$PurposefulAction, important specializations of #$HarmingAnAgent (such as #$Murder and #$Torture) are also specializations of #$PurposefulAction. bd58daab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 picked A collection of events. Each instance of #$HarvestingAPlant is an event in which a plant is harvested. Harvesting may involve separating some part of the plant and leaving the rest in place (e.g., fruit trees), or it may involve removing the entire plant from its growing location (e.g., carrots). bd58c0aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hats #$Hat is a specialization of #$ClothingAccessory. Each instance of #$Hat is either a hat or other headgear or hatlike object. Specializations of #$Hat include #$Helmet, #$SwimmingCap, and #$Sombrero. bd58a525-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hatred An intense feeling of hostility and aversion, usually deriving from fear, anger, or a sense of injury, and usually coupled with enmity and malice. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. bd58d9e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 have aux NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The auxiliary verb 'have'. It has unique syntactic functions, for example, in forming compound tenses, so it is treated as a separate part of speech. bd6803e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mealtimes A specialization of #$EatingEvent. Each instance of #$HavingAMeal is an event in which one or more diners consume a meal. Notable specializations of #$HavingAMeal include #$HavingBreakfast, #$HavingLunch, #$HavingDinner, and #$HavingASnack. bd58cc30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heads (types of things) The collection of all heads of #$Animals. bd58ba60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vertebrate heads The collection of all heads of #$Vertebrates (animals with backbones). Vertebrate heads all have faces (see #$FaceOfAnimal) and connect to the animal's torso via a neck; these things are not generally true for most non-vertebrates. bd5883bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 head-final multi-word for constant predicates The specialization MultiWordForConstantPred that maps from head-final lexical items to Cyc constnts. be82ec0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 head initial multi word for constant pred The specialization MultiWordForConstantPred that maps from head-initial lexical items to Cyc constnts. bdba15cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 head medial multi word for constant pred The specialization MultiWordForConstantPred that maps from head-medial lexical items to Cyc constnts. c02814ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heads of government An instance of #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg, and a specialization of #$Politician. Each instance of #$HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds a political position as the head of the government of some instance of #$Country. See the #$sharedNotes #$GovernmentLeaderNote for an explanation of the distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment and #$HeadOfState (q.v.). bd590143-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heads of state A collection of persons. Each instance of #$HeadOfState is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of #$HeadOfState: #$BillClinton, #$QueenElizabethII, Yasser Arafat, Hirohito, Jiang Zemin. See also the related constants #$titleOfPosition and #$HeadOfGovernment. bd58e773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 health professionals An instance of #$PersonTypeByOccupation, and a specialization of #$Professional-Adult. Each instance of #$HealthProfessional is a person employed in some health-related field. Specializations of #$HealthProfessional include #$MedicalCareProfessional and #$HealthInspector bd58a4d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 healthcare organization Each instance of #$HealthcareOrganization is an #$Organization that is primarily or significantly engaged in the #$HealthcareIndustry or whose activities focus on that industry. All of #$OccupationalSafetyAndHealthAdministration, #$AmericanMedicalAssociation and #$SetonNorthwestHospital are instances of #$HealthcareOrganization. c0117dcf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hearing The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which, by means of vibratory sensors, a #$PerceptualAgent #$hears something that is causing (or consisting of) sound waves, and thereby acquires information about it. See also: #$ListeningDeliberately, the subcollection of #$Hearing events in which the aural stimulus is intentionally attended to. bd58dc32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hearts The collection of all hearts. A #$Heart is an #$Organ that pumps blood throughout the body of an #$Animal. bd58ef0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heat production A heat production process such as condensing, freezing, or oxidation. be0118b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heater A specialization of #$PoweredDevice. Each instance of #$HeatingDevice is a device whose primary function (see the predicate #$primaryFunction) is to generate heat to raise the temperature of something else. The thing being heated might be in gaseous form (for example, the air in a room), in liquid form (for example, the water in a pool), or in solid form (for example, food in an oven). A given instance of #$HeatingDevice typically has some energy input, some way of converting that energy to heat, and some way of delivering the heat to the object(s) to be heated. bd58befe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heating processes #$HeatingProcess is a specialization of #$TemperatureChangingProcess -- that is, (#$genls #$HeatingProcess #$TemperatureChangingProcess). During each #$HeatingProcess event, the temperature of the #$objectOfStateChange is increased by applying heat to the object. bd58d2c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heavenly body A specialization of #$AstronomicalObject. Each instance of #$HeavenlyBody is an astronomical object located in outer space (including the Earth). Instances of #$HeavenlyBody are natural bodies, _not_ artificially made objects such as spaceships or communications satellites. Specializations of #$HeavenlyBody include #$Planet and #$Star. bd58a4b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 helicopters #$Helicopter is a specialization of #$RotaryWingAircraft and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. Each instance of #$Helicopter is a self-powered mechanical device that hovers in the air using a rotary wing. bd58ae10-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 shaped like a helix The collection of all helices; a subset of #$SpiralShaped. In each instance of #$Helix, a three-dimensional curve has one or more turns about an axis while moving linearly in the general direction paralell to the axis. A helix may fit on the surface of a cylinder. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as a #$DNAMolecule, or the frieze on #$TrajansColumn, as well as abstract spiral shapes. c110c493-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 assistance A specialization of both #$PurposefulAction and #$SocialOccurrence. Each instance of #$HelpingAnAgent is an event in which some agent (see the collection #$Agent) helps another agent, either by doing something that directly benefits that agent, or by preventing something that would harm that agent. Notable specializations of #$HelpingAnAgent include #$RescuingSomeone, #$ReliefOperation, and #$ServiceEvent. c10067f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hemispheres A specialization of #$ThreeDimensionalGeometricThing. Each instance of #$Hemisphere is half of a sphere. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the Western Hemisphere, as well as abstract hemispheres. c0f4898d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hendecagon The collection of all eleven-sided #$Polygons. bf25b3d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heptagon A specialization of #$Polygon. Instances of #$Heptagon are polygons with 7 sides. bf6b1148-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 herbivores A specialization of #$Animal. An animal is an instance of #$Herbivore just in case it is an animal whose natural diet consists exclusively of plants or plant parts. (Thus a horse that was forced or conditioned by humans to eat meat would still be a herbivore, since meat is not part of its natural diet.) Notable specializations of #$Herbivore include the collections #$Ruminant and #$EquineAnimal. bd5902f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 herd animals A subcollection of #$Animal; the collection of all large plant-eating animals that travel and graze in social groups. Instances of #$HerdAnimal also belong to #$Herbivore; most instances of #$Ruminant are also instances of #$HerdAnimal. bd5f5651-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 heterotrophs A specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$Heterotroph is an organism incapable of manufacturing organic nutrients from inorganic raw materials. All instances of #$Animal are instances of #$Heterotroph, since animals must eat other living things, or parts of living things, in order to get the nutrients they need to live. Other specializations of #$Heterotroph include #$ParasiticOrganism and #$Fungus. Cf. #$Autotroph. bd590331-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hexagons The collection of all six-sided #$Polygons. bfc117c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hexalateral objects A #$HexalateralObject is an object with a well-defined front, back, left, right, top, and bottom. These sides are considered to be intrinsic to the object and do not vary as the object changes position. Any object which is an instance of two different specs of #$BilateralObject is a #$HexalateralObject as a matter of definition--eg, if an object's front and back can be distinguished and its left side can be distinguished from its right, then it also has a well-defined bottom and top. See also comments for #$BilateralObject and for #$FrontAndBackSidedObject, #$LeftAndRightSidedObject, and #$TopAndBottomSidedObject. c123e501-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 higher education institutions #$HigherEducationInstitution is a specialization of #$EducationalOrganization and #$AcademicOrganization. Two important types of #$HigherEducationInstitution are #$DegreeGrantingHigherEducationInstitution and #$NonDegreeGrantingInstitution. Specs of #$DegreeGrantingHigherEducationInstitution include #$University, #$College, and #$CollegeInUniversity-DegreeGranting while specs of #$NonDegreeGrantingInstitution include #$CollegeInUniversity-NonDegreeGranting. bda73bd2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 highways A specialization of both #$Roadway and #$PublicProperty. Each instance of #$Highway is a major road open to public use. bd58d561-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gripper (type of thing) A specialization of#$SolidTangibleThing. Each instance of #$HolderGripper is an object that can apply pressure to another object and thereby grip it in such a way that its motion is restricted. c0fbac6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 holding (type of thing) The collection of #$StaticSituations in which some object acts to hold one or more other objects stationary in some reference frame. For example, a nail may hold two boards together, a seat may hold a person in place, a person may hold an object with a hand tool. Note that in another frame of reference the object need not be stationary. For example, one of the subevents of a #$CarryingWhileLocomoting is a #$HoldingAnObject. Thus, although the object is moving it is stationary in relation to the #$transporter. bd58d5b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 holdings A collection of groups of objects, tangible or intangible, which have some special financial, scientific, cultural, or educational value. An instance of #$Holdings is a group of objects kept and usually maintained by some agent for their value, or to preserve the objects, or to make them available for public display or use (as in a museum's `holdings' or a library's `holdings'). The group-members (see the predicate #$groupMembers) in a group of holdings may or may not be all of a similar type (e.g., books, paintings). An agent's holdings may or may not all be kept in the same location. bd58dc8f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 holidays A specialization of #$HumanActivity. Each instance of #$Holiday is an event featuring social celebrations and/or rituals. Instances of #$Holiday typically last for one day (see the constant #$DaysDuration) and typically coincide with some day of the year (see the constant #$CalendarDay). However, some instances of #$Holiday (such as the instances of #$ChanukkahHoliday or #$Oktoberfest-Holiday) last for several days. While instances of #$Holiday are often annual events, they may also be one-time events or scheduled in some other manner. They are also contextual, as different nationalities and ethnic groups celebrate different ones. bd58a9b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 warm-blooded animals A specialization of #$Animal and an instance of #$OrganismClassificationType. Each instance of #$Homeotherm is a warm-blooded animal. That is, eachinstance is an animal that is able to maintain a stable body temperature relative to its environmental temperature. Cf. #$Poikilotherm. bd59432f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hominids A specialization of #$Primate. The collection #$HominidaeFamily is the family to which humans, human primate ancestors, and chimps, gorillas, and orangutans belong. bd58a97f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 genus Homo The genus to which past or present human species belong. bd5895d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 homogenous space region generic A specialization of #$SpaceRegion. Each instance HOMOREGION of #$HomogeneousSpaceRegion is a portion of a three dimensional space and is of uniform dimensionality; i.e. HOMOREGION has no protrusion that is of a lower dimensionality than HOMOREGION itself, nor is there any hole in HOMOREGION that is of a lower dimensionality than HOMOREGION. For instance, a slice of space shaped as a planar surface will be considered homogeneous provided that there is no missing line or point. bd73e40d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hope Expectation of fulfillment or success. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. bd5889b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is hopeful A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being hopeful. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e355d1a4-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 horizons The collection of all horizons, each being the far-off region within a few degrees of the horizontal plane, where the sky appears to join the distant landscape. The horizon is always relative to a particular point of observation. be00ef13-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hospitals #$Hospital is a specialization of #$MedicalCareInstitution and #$SingleSiteLocalOrganizationWithClients. Each instance of #$Hospital is a local (at one site -- see #$HospitalBuilding) organization composed of physicians, support personnel, and usually administrators. The main function of the organization is to provide medical care (short or long term) to a number of patients/clients, for a fee if the patient/client is able to pay. A clinic services out-patients, while a hospital has in-patients. A hospital may have a clinic as a sub-organization, though. bd5891c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hospital care event What happens when you are in the hospital being treated for a disease like Cancer or Hepatitis or AIDS, or recovering from Surgery. This is not just a #$MedicalCareEvent which happens in a hospital; it's the whole event meant by a hospital stay. Also see #$HospitalRoomStay which only represents the stay in the room. bd58d724-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is hostile A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being hostile. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. bef571f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hostile actions A specialization of both #$PurposefulAction and #$SocialOccurrence. Each instance of #$HostileSocialAction is a hostile or pugnacious event, adverse to some agent(s), in which multiple agents, at least one of whom is acting deliberately, take part. Specializations of this collection include #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent and #$PoliticalDispute. bd5883e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hostile A feeling of strong antagonism towards another agent, organization, or group, sufficient to motivate harmful speech or actions against them. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Hostility include feelings of #$Hate. c0f484eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hot-air balloons #$HotAirBalloon is a specialization of #$Balloon. Each instance of #$HotAirBalloon is a hot-air buoyant balloon, consisting of a gas-bag into which hot air is introduced, and from which a basket or passenger compartment hangs. bd58b336-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hours of the day A collection of collections. Instances of #$HourOfDayType are 24 canonical subcollections of #$CalendarHour, such as #$TimeOfDay-8AM. This is a proper subcollection of #$TimeOfDayType, which could include larger or smaller times of the day, such as `before noon' (which in Cyc is named #$TimeOfDay-AM). be011b66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hourly worker An instance of #$EmployeeTypeByWorkStatus and specialization of #$Employee. Each #$HourlyWorker is paid an hourly rate for work done. See also #$HourlyWorker and #$CommissionedWorker. bd58b91a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 appliances A specialization of #$MechanicalDevice. Each instance of #$HouseholdAppliance is a device used in one of the tasks typically carried on in a home, such as food preparation, food storage, laundry, household cleaning, personal cleaning, and cooling or heating the house for comfort. Specializations of #$HouseholdAppliance include the collections #$Oven, #$Refrigerator, #$ClothesDryer, #$VacuumCleaner, #$HotWaterHeater, and #$Furnace. bd588993-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human culture specific information bearing objects A specialization of both #$HumanAccessibleIBT and #$InformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$HumanAccessibleIBO is an object (i.e. an instance of #$PartiallyTangible) that can be interpreted by a #$Person to yield information. Examples include street signs, product wrappings and roulette wheels. #$InformationBearingObjects requiring a device to convert them into human understandable form (such as DVDs) are not included. Most instances of #$HumanAccessibleIBO are also instances of #$StillImageSource. Objects such as Braille book copies, however, are not (since they are not interpreted visually). Objects that are instances of #$HumanAccessibleIBT, #$StillImageSource and #$Artifact fall into the collection defined as the intersection of these three -- #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. bdd08ee2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human culture specific information bearing things A collection of #$InformationBearingThings, each of which contains information, for a #$Person who understands how to interpret it. Examples include a copy of the novel _Moby Dick_, a signal buoy, a #$Photograph, a #$Flag, an elevator sign in Braille, a map, a US dollar bill, a word in #$AmericanSignLanguage and a musical performance. #$InformationBearingThings that must be processed by some device (movie reels, #$PhonographRecords, #$DVD-Disks, etc.) are not included in this collection. An important specialization of this collection is #$HumanAccessibleIBO, composed of #$HumanAccessibleIBTs that are also objects (i.e,. instances of #$PartiallyTangible). Thus the copy of _Moby Dick_, the buoy, the photograph and the flag mentioned above are also #$HumanAccessibleIBOs -- but not the word in #$AmericanSignLanguage, nor the musical performance. bebb52e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human activities A specialization of #$AnimalActivity. Each instance of #$HumanActivity is a spatially-localized action each of whose doers (see #$doneBy) is either a #$Person or a group of people (i.e. a #$Group all of whose members are #$Persons). bd588deb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human adults The collection of human beings old enough to participate as independent, mature members of society. Since different societies have different age or maturity requirements for people to be considered adults, different axioms in various society-specific microtheories express these requirements. For most modern, Western, middle-class,... purposes, e.g., the current view is that anyone over 18 is an adult. In many cultures, adulthood occurs when one reaches puberty. Adulthood is #$contiguousAfter childhood; that is, a #$Person is a #$HumanChild for a while, and then is a #$HumanAdult. bd58b2f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human behavioral attribute A specialization of #$AttributeValue. Each instance of #$HumanBehavioralAttribute is an attribute of a human being which pertains to his or her social and personal behavior. Some of these attributes are related (explicitly or implicitly) to a particular social relationship of the person, while others are qualities attributed to the individual which get their social significance by implicit reference to a social group. Examples include #$Married, #$Single, #$IntimateAcquaintance, #$OccasionalContactAcquaintance, #$AuthorityRelationship, (#$LowAmountFn #$CredibilityStatus), (#$HighAmountFn #$SocialPower), and all the instances of #$EducationLevelAttribute (such as #$MastersLevel). bd58fac4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of human capability This is the collection of all types of action which can be performed in normal circumstances by any adult human being, that is, they are human capabilities in the sense that we expect a normal adult person to be able to do them in typical circumstances. This is not the collection of types of action which can be done by some, but not all, persons. For example, #$WalkingOnTwoLegs is an instance, but #$Juggling is not, because all normal people can walk but only some can juggle. bfec03e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 children The collection of all #$Persons in the childhood stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the child begins to take responsibility for themselves, work, have children of their own,... or, at latest, when the person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people reach those milestones. Generally, this means that it spans the period from birth to teenage years. This is highly dependent on context, of course; childhood in Shakespeare's culture ended around age 12. bd58cf30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human cyclists A specialization of #$Cyclist and #$Person. Each instance of #$HumanCyclist is a person who is entitled to inspect and modify the Cyc knowledge base. bd5897dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human family name string A specialization of #$HumanNameString. Each instance of this collection is a character-string (e.g. Smith , Nguyen ) given to people as a 'family' or last name. It is thus to be distinguished from #$HumanGivenNameString. See also #$HumanSurname. bd58ead2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 given names A specialization of #$Name. Each instance of this collection is a name that is given to human beings as a 'first name' (e.g. #$Lionel-TheName, #$Winifred-TheName). It is thus to be contrasted with (though of course not disjoint with) #$HumanSurname. For a representation of the actual string of letters which makes up any given given name, see #$HumanGivenNameString (and for relating the two, see #$nameSpelling). bf4c6c67-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 given names A specialization of #$HumanNameString. Each instance of this collection is a character-string (e.g. `Billy' and `Peter') given to people as a first name (or, in most Western countries, as a middle name), usually shortly after birth. It is thus to be distinguished from (though is not disjoint with) #$HumanFamilyNameString. This collection also includes nicknames such as Red or The Refrigerator . See also #$HumanGivenName. bd58e810-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infants The collection of #$Persons in the infant stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the infant learns to walk (even just toddle) and/or talk (even a few words)... or, at latest, when the person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people develop those skills. Generally, this means that it spans the period from birth to about 12 - 18 months old. One of the subsets of this collection is #$NewbornBaby. bd58cba5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human languages A specialization of #$Language. Each instance of this collection is a language that is used by human communities for communication. This collection differs from #$NaturalLanguage in that a #$HumanLanguage may be purposefully created, while #$NaturalLanguages evolve without a purposeful creation process. Instances of #$HumanLanguage thus include not only many #$NaturalLanguages, but also made-up languages like Esperanto and many (non-natural) #$SignLanguages. bf948aa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human name string A specialization of #$ProperNameString. Each instance of this collection is a name which is given to human beings. Two important specializations of this collection are #$HumanGivenNameString and #$HumanFamilyNameString. bd58e854-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human occupation construct A collection of places; a subcollection of #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject. Each #$HumanOccupationConstruct is a place where people do things, such as: the Empire State Building, an individual office in that building, the White House, the Lincoln Bedroom in the White House, an elevator, a tent, etc. An instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct is an artificial construction belonging to the collection #$ContainerProduct, and its #$primaryFunction is as a place in which humans perform activities. Some large subcollections include (a) instances of #$HumanShelterConstruction (e.g., houses); (b) sub-regions within a #$HumanShelterConstruction or within any building which are intended for human use (e.g., rooms, shower stalls), and (c) regions in any transportation vehicle which are designed for human occupancy (e.g., the cockpit, passenger compartment). Note: Some buildings which are not themselves instances of #$HumanOccupationConstruct, such as #$HooverDam, may have a sub-region which is a #$HumanOccupationConstruct (e.g., the control room at the top of the dam). Note: The collection #$HumanOccupationConstruct is broad enough to include tents, boiler rooms, elevator shafts, steam tunnels, and the space inside the #$LincolnMemorialInWashingtonDC. Thus, an instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct need not be strictly #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside (q.v.), since #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside is meant to include many characteristics that those places do not necessarily share (such as humanly comfortable temperature, lighting at night, not terribly noisy or windy, clean). We therefore do not make the default assertion that a #$HumanOccupationConstruct is #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside; however, an instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct is certainly not a purely #$OutdoorLocation (q.v.), so we DO assert that those two collections are disjoint. Certain subcollections of #$HumanOccupationConstruct, however, do have `indoor' characteristics, and so we assert (for example) that anything found inside instances of #$RoomInAConstruction or #$ModernShelterConstruction is found #$Indoors-IsolatedFromOutside. Note: For places designed to be occupied by humans but which are purely outdoor locations (such as instances of #$Lawn, #$ParkingLot, and #$Playground), see #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject. bd58a036-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 furnishings A specialization of both #$Artifact and #$HumanScaleObject. Each instance of #$HumanOccupationConstructObject is an artifact that is of a type typically found in some indoor place where humans live or work -- i.e. in some instance of #$HumanOccupationConstruct. Since these objects are normally found indoors, they are all roughly human-sized . Instances of #$HumanOccupationConstructObject include everything from furniture to tools, appliances to artwork, medical examining tables to church altars and pews. bd590775-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 resident of a Human Occupation Construct A specialization of #$Animal. Each specialization of #$HumanOccupationConstructResident is a type of animal that commonly resides in structures that house people (see the related constant #$HumanOccupationConstruct). bd58a4df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human relationships (types of things) The collection of attributes that have to do with the description and character of human social relationships. bd58869e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 homes A specialization of #$HumanShelterConstruction. Each instance of #$HumanResidence is a humanly constructed shelter (or a part of one) in which humans reside. The collection #$HumanResidence includes residential huts, igloos, longhouses, hotels, barracks, palaces, houseboats, and mobile homes, as well as apartments, duplexes, and detached houses. A person's residence is typically the place where she/he usually sleeps and keeps most personal effects. bd58e689-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 residences (types of things) A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance of #$HumanResidenceArea is a region in which a number of people live semi-permanently (that is, for a duration of at least a year or more). Examples include #$SanFranciscoBayArea, #$ResearchTrianglePark, research stations at the #$SouthPole, and radar posts in the Aleutians. bd58caab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human-scale objects A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$HumanScaleObject is an object that can be perceived and manipulated by human beings. Instances of this collection range roughly from objects the size of pinheads to objects the size of aircraft carriers. bd5906ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human shelter constructions A specialization of both #$ShelterConstruction and of #$HumanOccupationConstruct. Each instance of #$HumanShelterConstruction is a place made to shelter people from the elements by allowing them to get indoors. Specializations include #$ModernHumanResidence, #$SchoolBuilding, #$ShoppingMallBuilding, and many others. An instance of #$HumanShelterConstruction must have a roof and typically has sides, though the latter may be flimsy (as in elements of #$TentTheShelter) or even absent (as in some elements of #$ParkingGarage). bd58cd3f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 skin colors A specialization of #$Color. Each instance of #$HumanSkinColor is the color of some person's skin. bd58fd7d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 last names A specialization of #$Name. Each instance of this collection is a name that is given to human beings as a 'family name'. It is thus to be contrasted with (though of course not disjoint with) #$HumanGivenName. For a representation of the actual string of letters which makes up any given surname, see #$HumanFamilyNameString (and for relating the two, see #$nameSpelling). See also the predicates #$lastName, #$familyName. bf65aaf9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 objects or locations inhabited by humans A specialization of #$InanimateThing. Each instance of #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject is a place that humans occupy. Instances include both movable things, such as cars and ships, and things having a more or less permanent location, such as houses or office buildings. Instances include things made by human beings, such as subway stations or concert halls, as well as things not made by human beings, such as caves. bd58d372-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 humid climates A specialization of #$AnnualClimateCycle. Each instance of #$HumidClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in various continental and subtropical regions. Characteristics of a humid climate include copious precipitation and high humidity. be00c6f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 humid continental climates A specialization of both #$HumidClimateCycle and #$TemperateClimateCycle. Each instance of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in continental interiors within a temperate climate zone. Characteristics of a humid continental climate cycle include a warm summer and cold winter, with precipitation throughout. A good example of a region whose annual climate cycles are instances of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle is the American Midwest. Cf. #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle. bd58b882-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 humid subtropical climates A specialization of both #$HumidClimateCycle and #$TemperateClimateCycle. Each instance of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) within a temperate climate zone. Characteristics of a humid subtropical climate cycle include a hot summer and a cool winter, with precipitation and moist air throughout. Cycles of this kind occur closer to the equator than do instances of #$HumidContinentalClimateCycle (q.v.). For instance, the Southeastern United States is a good example of a region whose annual climate cycles are instances of #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle. bd58c416-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 humility Insignificance, Inferiority: feeling of absence of pride in oneself and in one's achievement, with the connotation of undue self-deprecation, humilliation or abjectness bd589ccc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hypothetical context The collection of microtheories that consist of assertions which are posited for the purpose of exploring their consequences, without alleging the actual truth of the assertions. A #$HypotheticalContext may be used to analyze hypothetical outcomes of actions, or to examine the hypothetical consequences of assuming some theory to be true. Sometimes the various alternatives in a decision may be asserted, each in their own #$HypotheticalContext, so their ramifications may be generated and evaluated. bd58a4f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 creations of an information-bearing object A specialization of both #$PhysicalCreationEvent and #$IBTGeneration. Each instance of #$IBOCreation is an event in which an instance of #$InformationBearingObject (hereafter IBO) is created. Examples of #$IBOCreation include publishing a book, making a film, printing a photograph, molding a plastic credit card, painting a billboard, and minting a coin. When an IBO is created, its content may be either original, be copied from a prior #$InformationBearingThing, or be instantiated from an existing #$ConceptualWork. See also the predicate #$iboCreated. bd621044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of information bearing thing classified by content A collection of collections. Instances of #$IBTContentType are specs of #$InformationBearingThing. Each such instance (that is, each IBTContentType) is specified primarily by the type or organization of information contained by its instances. For example, (#$isa #$Newsletter #$IBTContentType), since Newsletters are primarily distiguished from other kinds of IBTs by the nature and organization of information they contain. Similarly, #$JazzMusic, #$ComputerProgramCopy, and #$Spreadsheet are all IBTContentTypes, since each is primarily distinguished from other kinds of IBTs by the nature or organization of the information contained. Non-examples include #$CompactDisc-Generic, since compact discs are distinguished by their physical format, rather than their information content. (see #$IBTFormatType). IBTContentTypes whose instances contain not just similar but identical information (such as a single magazine issue, or #$CitizenKane-TheMovie), should be made specs of the more specific #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType. IBTContentTypes whose instances are members of a series (for example, #$StarTrek-Classic) should be made instances of #$IBTSeriesType. be276bdf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which an Information Bearing Thing is copied A specialization of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each instance of #$IBTCopying is an event which generates some new instance or instances of #$InformationBearingThing by copying the information and format from a source #$InformationBearingThing (see #$informationOrigin). The new instance(s) of #$InformationBearingThing encode(s) approximately the same information in approximately the same way as the source #$InformationBearingThing. A positive example of #$IBTCopying would be a person producing a hand-written copy of a newspaper story, where the copy is in the same language as the story, and the format of the story (e.g., the ordering of the paragraphs) is not changed. Negative examples of #$IBTCopying would be a person producing a translation of the newspaper story, or a person producing a document in which the paragraphs of the story are extensively rearranged. Specializations of #$IBTCopying include #$CopyingAComputerFile and #$PhotocopyingADocument. See also the predicates #$copyProduced and #$itemCopied. bd6606e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generations of an Information Bearing Thing A specialization of #$InformationTransferEvent and of #$Action. Each instance of #$IBTGeneration is an event which creates some #$InformationBearingThing. The #$InformationBearingThing created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g. sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingObject (cf. the important specialization of IBTGeneration -- #$IBOCreation). Humans frequently generate such IBTs as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of #$IBTGeneration whether there is another agent who accesses the resulting IBT. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of #$IBTGeneration. (Thus, see also #$Communicating and its specializations, especially #$CommunicationAct-Single.) For an analogous collection regarding instances of #$ConceptualWork, see #$CWCreation. Two important specializations of this collection are #$IBTGeneration-Original and #$IBTGeneration-Replication. See also the predicate #$ibtGenerated. bd70d156-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generations of an original Information Bearing Thing A specialization of #$IBTGeneration. Each instance of #$IBTGeneration-Original is an event in which some instance of #$InformationBearingThing (hereafter IBT) is generated, where the content of the IBT generated is not a copy of the content of any previously created IBT. bd58f6af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated A specialization of #$IBTGeneration. Each instance of #$IBTGeneration-Replication is an event in which a new instance of #$InformationBearingThing (IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the #$informationOrigin (q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information. bd5ea94c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events in which an Information Bearing Thing is recoded A specialization of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each instance of #$IBTRecoding is an event which generates a new information-bearing thing (i.e., an instance of #$InformationBearingThing) by taking information from a source information-bearing thing (see #$informationOrigin), encoding it a new way, and incorporating it into a new information-bearing thing (see #$ibtGenerated). Instances of #$IBTRecoding may be done either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents (e.g., record players, or computers running translation software). Recoding the content of a pre-existing information-bearing thing presupposes some instance of accessing it (i.e., of #$AccessingAnIBT). bd5f36bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 identification documents A specialization of #$OfficialDocument. Each instance of this collection is an officially sanctioned credential for identifying some person or physical object. Important subcollections of #$IDDocument include #$Passport, #$DriversLicense, #$PersonalCheck. Other examples include student ID cards, dog tags (worn by military personnel), dog tags (worn by dogs), authentication certificates for an #$ArtObject or an antique. bd58903e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ID numbers A specialization of #$IDString. Each instance of #$IDNumber is a string consisting of only numeric characters and which is used to identify a specific object. bd58c12b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ID objects A specialization of #$SubLAtom. Each instance of #$IDObject is a token (such as a string or a number) that is used as an identifier for a distinct thing. Instances of #$IDObject may be unique identifiers, in which case they are instances of the specialization #$UniqueID. bf1ed9a7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 i d string A specialization of #$CharacterString. Each instance of #$IDString is a character string which is used to denote a specific object in some identification mapping. Notable specializations of #$IDString include #$IPAddress, #$PhoneNumber, #$ProperNameString, and #$ContactInfoString. bd5888ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of ID string A collection of collections and a specialization of #$ObjectType. Each instance of #$IDStringType is a collection of character strings which is a specialization of #$IDString (q.v.). A few notable instances of #$IDStringType are #$ProductName, #$ProductVersion, #$EMailAddress, #$PhoneNumber, #$PostalCode. bd588b45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 IP addresses A specialization of #$UniqueID and #$IDString. Each instance of #$IPAddress is a string that is a unique address of a computer that is used in communications over the #$Internet that conform to #$InternetProtocol. Every instance of #$Packet-Internet includes both the #$IPAddress of the machine that sent it and the #$IPAddress of the machine to receive it. To relate #$Computers to their IP addresses, see the predicate #$computerIP. bf69f501-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of illocutionary force A collection of collections. Each instance of #$IllocutionaryForceType is a subcollection of #$IllocutionaryForce. Notable instances of #$IllocutionaryForceType include #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce, #$CommissiveIllocutionaryForce, and #$ConstativeIllocutionaryForce. c0cfa6a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meteorological events A specialization of #$WeatherEvent. Each instance of #$WeatherEvent is a meteorological event of a duration shorter than a seasonal process. A particular hurricane event, for example, might be characteristic of a seasonal process for a region; but the hurricane event itself is an instance of #$ImmediateWeatherProcess. Another example of an instance of #$ImmediateWeatherProcess is a single #$LightningEvent. (Cf. #$AnnualClimateCycle.) bd58dfc6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 impatience Emotion arising from the inability to bear some trial (as delay, opposition, discomfort, or stupidity), shown by mental and emotional unrest, and inability to keep still bd58c997-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 implementation constant The collection of constants that are included in a Cyc Knowledge Base only in order to support or enable one or more Cyc-based applications or capabilities. These constants are not used to represent common sense knowledge; nor are they used to represent knowledge shared by a significant subset of humans, such as specialized domain knowledge (e.g. the knowledge of experts in some field of study, such as nuclear physics). 8ee150a8-53d4-11d6-8000-0090279a5a69 progressing The collection of actions in which something is improved by being changed. The improvement is from the point of view of the performer. bfeea174-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 natural inanimate objects (types of things) A collection of natural (i.e. not man-made) objects. It is a subclass of #$InanimateThing-Natural, distinguished from it mainly by only having subclasses which are existing object-types. Thus, #$CelestialObject would be a subclass of this collection, but #$Dirt would not. bea9777b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inanimate objects A subcollection of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$InanimateThing is an (at least partly) tangible thing that is not currently a living structure. Things that were never alive, dead organisms, and dead (or completely non-functioning) organism parts are included in this collection. Examples: #$YaleUniversity, a piece of #$Meat, a dead armadillo, the #$StatueOfLiberty, and a pile of #$Sawdust. Two important specializations of this collection are #$InanimateThing-Natural and #$InanimateThing-NonNatural. bd5905ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 natural inanimate things An instance of #$ExistingStuffType, and a specialization of #$InanimateThing. Each instance of #$InanimateThing-Natural is an #$InanimateThing that was not created by an #$Agent in a #$PurposefulAction. Thus, the #$MoonOfEarth, human #$Sweat staining a shirt, and most footprints left by people in the snow belong to this collection, but wood chips left around a tree being chopped down, tailings left from a mine, and the #$ArcDeTriomphe do not. bda91555-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-natural inanimate things A collection of tangible things. An instance of #$InanimateThing-NonNatural is a tangible which was created during a #$PurposefulAction by an #$Agent (or a group of #$Agents working together) whether or not that creation was intended. If the creation was intended the thing created is an instance of the more specific collection, #$Artifact. Let's consider some positive and negative examples. In addition to the obvious human #$Artifacts (buildings, tools, textiles, power lines), this collection includes #$Artifacts made by #$NonPersonAnimals, such as bird nests, termite mounds, and beaver dams. By-products (see #$byProducts) of #$PurposefulActions, such as wood chips created when chopping down a tree and slag created when obtaining metal from #$MineralOre, are instances of #$InanimateThing-NonNatural but not of #$Artifact. For more details on what is included in the concept #$Artifact, examine its comment. Negative examples include bodily excretions (see #$ExcretionSubstance), most instances of tracks made while walking through mud or snow (both being instances of #$InanimateThing-Natural, and spoken words (being intangible). c0dc0bf1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 incorporations The collection of events in which an object or chunk of stuff comes to include, or acquire, or be joined to another object or chunk of stuff. If the additional object can be properly said to be a part of the entity into which it is incorporated, it is probably more appropriate to use #$AttachmentEvent or one of its specs. But incorporation is more general: for instance, an egg can be incorporated into a chunk of pizza dough, or a teaspoon of cream into a cup of coffee. bec69a63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instances of incurring an injury A collection of events. An instance of #$IncurringAnInjury is an event in which an animal becomes injured. In such events, the animal which is hurt is the #$bodilyActedOn in the event. The condition which results of an instance of #$IncurringAnInjury would be an instance of #$InjuryCondition (q.v.). Also see the comment on #$AilmentCondition. bd58c658-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 incurring damage The collection of events in which some sort of damage is incurred to a person or property. bd58a555-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 indecision Emotion of one who is wavering between two or more courses of action bd5884cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 indefinite pronouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c072c9fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 independent countries A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$IndependentCountry is a distinct, independent geopolitical entity generally recognized by the international community. An independent country typically has a (relatively) stable government and enforced borders, its own currency, laws, culture, etc. Examples: #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, #$Germany, #$Liberia, #$Mongolia, #$India, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina, #$Honduras. bd58e4e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 independent organization #$IndependentOrganization is a specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$IndependentOrganization is an organization which is not affiliated with any instance of #$ChainOrganization (q.v.), and is not a sub-organization of any other #$Organization. An independent organization is neither the top-level organization of a chain, nor a lower level organization in a chain, nor is it an instance of #$ChainOrganization. Note, however, that an instance of #$IndependentOrganization may have several locations within a small geographical region; e.g., Texas French Bread (a single, independent business) has multiple locations in Austin, TX. c10ae581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 indeterminate terms #$IndeterminateTerm is the collection of all CycL symbols used to denote some indeterminate object in the universe of discourse which must exist, although the precise identity of the object may not be known. One can reason from the known existence of such a term, but not about any identity property of the term, unless the term is known to satisfy #$equals with another term whose identity is known. bfeb0c83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 indexed info source The collection of all structured information sources in which the information contained therein is indexed by some set of index terms (the terms could be names, phrases, #$CharacterStrings, #$IDNumbers or codes). For every index term, there is one specific part of the #$IndexedInformationSource associated with that term. Each instance of #$IndexedInformationSource has some format or organizing structure of specified parts or 'chunks' imposed on the information. (Although its indexed parts might be be ordered in a certain sequence, in theory it could be indexed without there being any particular sequential ordering of the parts.) An instance of #$IndexedInformationSource is the abstract informational content of the source, not any particular physical object in which the information is stored. Examples include a #$Dictionary, #$Thesaurus, #$Database-AbstractContent, or a #$KnowledgeBase. Some examples that do not qualify are #$Painting-ArtForm, or a #$CharacterString without any structuring information about it or that has no structure beyond being a string of characters. Thus this is not referring to unstructured text, even if it has an 'Index'. The fact that a book has an index does not make it an #$IndexedInformationSource. c03febed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 indexicals #$IndexicalConcepts are those whose referent essentially depends on the occasion of use and the user, e.g., #$Now, I, Here. When I use the word 'I,' I am referring to myself (#$OKeefe), but 'I' does not mean #$OKeefe, but refers to whomever the user is. Similarly, #$Now denotes the moment in which it is used. bf400028-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 individuals (types of things) #$Individual is the collection of all individuals: things that are _not_ sets or collections. Individuals might be concrete or abstract, and include (among other things) physical objects, events, numbers, relations, and groups. An instance of #$Individual might have parts or structure (including discontinuous parts); but _no_ individual has elements or subsets (see #$elementOf and #$subsetOf). Thus, an individual that has parts (e.g. #$physicalParts or #$groupMembers) is _not_ the same thing as either the set or the collection containing those same parts. For example, your car is an individual, but the collection of all the parts of your car is not an individual but an instance of #$Collection. This collection (unlike the car itself) is abstract: it doesn't have a location, mass, or a top speed; but it does have instances, subcollections, and supercollections. In partial contrast, the #$Group (q.v.) of parts of your car (while also not the same thing as the car itself) _is_ an individual that has location and mass. Another example: A given company, the group consisting of all the company's employees, the collection of those employees, and the set of those employees are four distinct things, and only the first two are individuals. bd58da02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 individuals (types of things) An instance of #$ExistingObjectType and a specialization of #$Agent-Generic. Each instance of #$IndividualAgent is an instance of #$Agent-Generic that is not itself a group composed of other instances of #$Agent-Generic. Notable specializations of #$IndividualAgent include #$Person and #$Animal. Note that #$Organization is not a specialization of #$IndividualAgent, since instances of #$Organization are groups composed of other instances of #$Agent-Generic. bd58a562-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 individual-denoting functions The subcollection of #$Function-Denotational whose instances, when applied to any appropriate (sequence of) arguments, return instances of #$Individual. Examples include #$PerimeterFn, #$GovernmentFn, and #$CavityInteriorRegionFn. See also the collections #$CollectionDenotingFunction and #$SetDenotingFunction. bd58fad9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 individual-level predicates `Individual-level' predicates express properties that apply to continuants more or less intrinsically, rather than only at a certain time or stage in time (for which cf. #$StageLevelPredicate). Example: having brown eyes is, under normal conditions, an individual-level property. c0e5aaaa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 industrialized countries A specialization of #$Country. Each instance of #$IndustrializedCountry is a nation-state whose economy is characterized by large industries, at least some mechanization of production, and by a concentration of the work force in urban, rather than rural, areas. c0d24c2e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infecting The collection of events in which some instance of #$Organism-Whole is infected. The infectious agent can be transmitted from any partially tangible thing. An important specialization of this collection is that of events in which the pathogen comes from an infected host, see #$InfectionTransmissionEvent. bf1ecd86-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infections A specialization of #$AilmentCondition. Each instance of #$Infection is an ailment condition in which microorganisms are abnormally present (or abnormally numerous) within an animal's body. The microorganisms involved in an infection may be instances of the collections #$Bacterium, #$Virus, or #$ProtistaKingdom. Specializations of #$Infection include #$Bronchitis, #$Tonsillitis, and #$SexuallyTransmittedInfection (which has further specializations). c10c2f7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infection transmission A specialization of #$InfectingEvent. Each instance of #$InfectionTransmissionEvent is an event in which some infection is transmitted from one host to another (where both the old and new hosts are instances of #$BiologicalLivingObject). c0fd53e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of infection A collection of collections. Each instance of #$InfectionType is a specialization of #$Infection. Instances include #$BubonicPlague, #$Leprosy, and #$Herpes. c0fd5f45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infection type by pathogen type A collection of Collection. Elements of #$InfectionTypeByPathogenType are specs of #$Infection of which instances share the common property of being caused by pathogenic organisms of the same type. See #$pathogenCausesInfectionType, #$InfectionDueToFn. bd7dd460-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of infection classified by symptom This type-level collection facets the class of #$Infections by characteristic symptom. More specifically, if INFECTION-COL is an instance of #$InfectionTypeBySymptomology, then its instances will, under normal circumstances, feature a certain type of symptom which is characteristic of the infection-class as a whole. bf1db0dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inference binding Each instance of #$InferenceBinding represents a CycL binding pair of variable and value which can be substituted for that variable in a CycL formula. Such binding pairs are constructed for representation in the Cyc KB by using the function #$InferenceBindingFn. ce31743e-7c80-11d6-8000-00902794f506 CycL inference binding sets Each instance of #$InferenceBindingSet represents one complete answer to a CycL Query. An #$InferenceBindingSet is a set of #$InferenceBindings, with one #$InferenceBinding for each free variable present in the query formula. Such binding sets are constructed for representation in the KB by using the function #$InferenceBindingSetFn. 483e61a6-7c81-11d6-8000-00902794f506 inference related bookkeeping predicate A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate is a predicate involved in assertions used by the Cyc application to direct inferencing. Examples: #$defnIff, #$defnSufficient, #$termOfUnit, #$afterAdding. bd58d107-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 infinitive comp NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all infinitive complementizers. In English, this is only the word 'to'. Infinitive complementizers introduce non-tensed clauses. c0f2a1b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inflatable boats #$InflatableBoat is a specialization of #$Watercraft-Small. Each instance of #$InflatableBoat is composed of some fabric or membrane, which is inflated with air to give it buoyancy on water. c1009ce2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inflectional affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c10108a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inflectional affixation NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bee1799d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inflectional prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c137e468-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inflectional prefixation NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bfaa4655-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inflectional suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0afdf9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inflectional suffixation NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0135984-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 influences A collection of #$PurposefulActions. In each instance of #$InfluencingAnAgent, one #$IntelligentAgent deliberately and successfully influences the actions of another (or at least the other's dispositions to act). This collection is restricted to influence through cognitive or emotional channels -- e.g. influencing someone through rational persuasion, through appeals to emotion, or by #$MakingAThreat. Affecting someone's behavior solely by the application of physical force -- e.g. twisting your arm to make you cry out -- is not influencing in the relevant sense. Also, this collection does not include cases where an agent A influences the actions of B unknowingly -- e.g., by serving as a role model for B, or by unintentionally alienating B. Borderline cases involve the influenced agent acting in a way the influencer did not envision -- e.g. my telling you to be more assertive in your personal relationships, and you responding to the advice (to my horror) by beating someone up. c06d61d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acts of conveying information A specialization of both #$PurposefulAction and #$CommunicationAct-Single. Each instance of #$Inform-CommunicationAct is a communication act in which an agent intentionally conveys some piece of information. bd589e02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information content A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$Information-Content is an abstract object that can be the content, or meaning, of some token in some language. A pair of tokens of linguistic objects mean the same thing just in case each has the same content as the other. Instance of this collection can be used to represent the content of an instance of #$ConceptualWork. beb5e742-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information adding A specialization of #$InformationUpdating. Each instance of #$InformationAdding is an event in which information is added to the information content of an instance of #$InformationBearingObject (q.v.). After the action, the instance of #$InformationBearingObject (which is related to the action by #$informationDestination)`has' the new information. The resulting information content of that instance of #$InformationBearingObject includes both its content immediately prior to the addition, plus the newly added information. Examples of #$InformationAdding include recording a check in the check register of one's checkbook; taking the next photograph on a roll of film; adding new information to a database. bd5e23fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ibo A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing and #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject. Each instance of #$InformationBearingObject (or IBO ) is a physical object that can be interpreted to yield information. #$InformationBearingObject includes: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints or cellular DNA, which may be interpreted to yield information. See the comment on #$InformationBearingThing on the importance of distinguishing the many specializations of this collection from the many specializations of both #$AbstractInformationalThing (information which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see #$instantiationOfAIT) and #$ConceptualWork (conceptual and/or artistic creations which may be instantiated in particular IBOs -- see #$instantiationOfWork). An important specialization of this collection (which naturally includes most of the things asserted so far in the Cyc #$KnowledgeBase to be instances of #$InformationBearingObject) is #$HumanAccessibleIBO -- objects which can be interpreted to yield information by #$Persons. See also #$containsInformation. bd58f6ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ibt A collection of spatially-localized individuals, including various actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of #$InformationBearingThing (or IBT ) is an item that contains information (for an agent who knows how to interpret it). Examples: a copy of the novel _Moby_Dick_; a signal buoy; a photograph; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; a musical score; copies of the #$CycProgram. For representations of the propositional content of information bearing things, see #$PropositionalInformationThing; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. #$ArtObject). An important specialization of #$InformationBearingThing is #$InformationBearingObject, which comprises all of those IBTs that are also physical objects (i.e. #$PartiallyTangibles). Though often a subtle task in particular contexts, it is important to distinguish the various specializations of #$InformationBearingThing from those of #$AbstractInformationalThing (whose instances are the chunks of information instantiated in particular IBTs; see #$instantiationOfAIT) and from those of #$ConceptualWork (whose instances are the conceptual or artistic creations that are instantiated in particular IBTs; see #$instantiationOfWork). For instance, #$TextString is a specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing, #$TextualMaterial is a specialization of #$InformationBearingThing, and #$TextualPCW is a specialization of #$ConceptualWork; to conflate any of these with another would be to make a category error . Also note that events in which information is transferred (see #$InformationTransferEvent) are not considered instances of #$InformationBearingThing. Rather, such transfer events have as one of their participants (see #$actors) some instance of #$InformationBearingThing; though in cases where IBTs are themselves events this will require distinguishing very finely between the event that encodes the information and the event that is the information transfer. See also the sense-modality-based specializations, #$SoundInformationBearingThing and #$VisualInformationBearingThing. be436e7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information bearing wave propagation A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing and #$WavePropagation. Each instance of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation is a wave propagation event that carries information for interpreters who understand its conventions. Notable specializations of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation include #$Music, #$VisualImage, and #$Utterance-IBT. bf834402-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gathering information A specialization of both #$Action and #$InformationTransferEvent. In each instance of #$InformationGathering, some instance of #$Agent gathers information about something. bd58fb0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information recording devices #$InformationRecordingDevice is a specialization of #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$InformationRecordingDevice is a device used for the recording of sensory information (i.e., audio and visual, but not encoded as character strings.) So an instance would be your answering machine at home (an #$AnsweringMachine), your cam-corder (a #$VideoCamera), but NOT your address book or your copy of the Yellow Pages. Note: A borderline case is a #$PersonalDigitalAssistant (such as an Apple Newton) used to record handwritten script. If it then processes that information and converts it to ASCII characters, it has stopped being an #$InformationRecordingDevice as this constant is defined. bd58feeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information-recording processes A collection of events in which information is recorded, using an #$InformationRecordingDevice. Every #$InformationRecordingProcess produces an #$InformationBearingObject. bd58e14f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 deleting A specialization of #$InformationUpdating. Each instance of #$InformationRemoving is an event in which information is removed from some information-bearing object (see the collection #$InformationBearingObject), so that after the event the remaining information content of the information-bearing object is only a proper part of what it started out to be. Notable specializations of #$InformationRemoving include #$DeletingAFile and #$EliminatingAComputerVirus. bd642fa3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stores of information A specialization of #$PartiallyIntangibleIndividual. Each instance of #$InformationStore is a tangible or intangible, concrete or abstract repository of information. Wholly intangible instances of this collection include instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing and #$PropositionalInformationThing. Some instances of #$InformationStore -- namely, instances of #$InformationBearingObject, such as copies of a newspaper at a newsstand -- are only partially intangible. beefff28-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information transfers A specialization of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each instance of #$InformationTransferEvent is an event in which information is transferred from a source (#$informationOrigin) to one or more destinations (#$informationDestination), where the source and the various destinations are either intelligent agents or #$InformationBearingThings (IBTs). Examples include reading a book (transfer of information from the book to the reader), saying something to someone (transfer of information from the speaker to the listener), machine translation (transfer of information from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language), OCR scanning (transfer of information from a visual information source to another IBT in a different format), carving initials in a tree (transfer of information from an agent to an IBT), and making a speech (transfer of information from an agent to other agents). See also the specialization #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent. bd589f07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 physical information transfers A specialization of #$InformationTransferEvent (q.v.) and #$PhysicalEvent each instance of which involves at least one #$PartiallyTangible, either as its source (see #$informationOrigin), as (at least one of) its destination(s) (see #$informationDestination), or both. (A partially tangible source or destination, note, must pre-exist the transfer event.) Indeed, most if not all actual information transfer events are physical events; but #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent does in principle exclude those such as telepathic communications between disembodied spirits or other #$Agent-Intangibles. bee71784-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information updating A specialization of #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent. Each instance of #$InformationUpdating is an event in which the information content of an information bearing object (see the collection #$InformationBearingObject) is altered, either by removing or by adding information. Important specializations of #$InformationUpdating are #$InformationRemoving and #$InformationAdding. bd616cc0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ingestions A specialization of #$BiologicalIntakeEvent. Each instance of #$Ingesting is a complex process in which a thing is brought into some organism's mouth from the outside, is swallowed, and is moved to the organism's stomach. Every instance of #$Ingesting has among its #$subEvents an instance of #$Swallowing which occurs after the intake (thus, although a particular chewing of gum is a #$BiologicalIntakeEvent, it is not an #$Ingesting unless the gum is swallowed.) An ingesting event ends when the ingested stuff reaches the ingester's stomach (where an instance of #$DigestionEvent begins, provided that what was ingested is an instance of #$EdibleStuff). bd5888eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ingratitude Feeling of one that shows poor return for kindness received. Ungratefulness bd58b1f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inhalations A specialization of both #$PassingThroughPortal and #$BiologicalIntakeEvent. Each instance of #$Inhaling is a bodily event in which an animal takes air in through an appropriate portal (e.g., its mouth or nose) and passes it into its lungs. Each instance of #$Breathing (q.v.) has an instance of #$Inhaling as a sub-event. bd58f34d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inherently vulgar word The collection of all words that are considered vulgar, no matter in what sense they are used. These are words that most people avoid saying in front of their mothers or religious leaders, in a job interview, or on a first date, and some people avoid using altogether. These words have inherent shock value in most social settings, and heavy use of them can cause a television show or movie to be rated inappropriate for young viewers. Words like #$Ass-TheWord and #$Bitch-TheWord are not #$InherentlyVulgarWords, because they have word senses that are not vulgar. bdd37362-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 innocence Feeling of freedom from guilt or sin bd588a7b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inorganic substances A specialization of #$InanimateThing. Each instance of #$InorganicStuff is a tangible thing which is wholly composed of one or more types of inorganic #$Molecule. Instances of #$InorganicStuff usually didn't originate as parts or products of living things. bd590a05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 insects An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a specialization of #$Arthropod. Each instance of #$Insect is an arthropod whose body is segmented into thirds, with three pairs of legs, a pair of antennae, and sometimes two pairs of wings. Specializations of #$Insect include #$Bee, #$Ant, and #$Butterfly. bd58b8f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inside surface The collection of all inside surfaces of (surfaces of the interiors of) tangible things. The tangible thing may have a #$Cavity or several cavities or passageways. Often the tangible thing can be thought of as a container of some sort. bd589b7d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inspiration The seemingly involuntary element where intellect and emotions are clearer and quicker bd58c002-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instance-type ternary rule macro predicates A specialization of #$RuleMacroPredicate and #$TernaryPredicate. Each instance of #$InstanceTypeTernaryRuleMacroPredicate relates a collection in its third argument place to an instance of #$Thing in its second argument place via an instance of #$BinaryPredicate in its first argument place. Examples of instances of this collection include #$relationInstanceExists and #$relationInstanceAll. c01a9c70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 instructions A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork. Each instance of #$Instructions is an abstract work that outlines a sequence of tasks to be performed by an agent. Positive examples of instantiations are instructions on a food package, verbal instructions, a musical score. Illustrative specializations include #$DirectionsToGetSomewhere and #$InvestmentGuide. bd58db4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 insurance organization Each instance of #$InsuranceOrganization is an #$Organization that is primarily or significantly engaged in the insurance industry or whose activities focus on that industry. Both #$AetnaLifeAndCasualty-Corporation and The Texas State Board of Insurance would be instances of #$InsuranceOrganization. bdff6dff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 insurances A collection of organizations; a subcollection of #$ServiceOrganization. An instance of #$InsuranceProvider is an organization whose #$MainFunction is to provide financial and material protection to its clients in the event of sickness, death, natural disaster, loss, theft, lawsuits, etc. (Insurers may specialize in one or more of those areas.) Instances of #$InsuranceProvider may belong to either #$CommercialServiceOrganization or #$NonProfitOrganization (including insurance providers belonging to #$LegalGovernmentOrganization). Example instances include State Farm Insurance Co., Aetna Casualty Co., Lutheran Brotherhood, and all fifty members of U.S. #$StateMedicaidAdministrationOrganizations. bd588b6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangibles The collection of things that are not physical -- are not made of, or encoded in, matter. Every #$Collection is an #$Intangible (even if its instances are tangible), and so are some #$Individuals. Caution: do not confuse `tangibility' with `perceivability' -- humans can perceive light even though it's intangible--at least in a sense. For more on this issue, see the relevant #$cyclistNotes. bd58e3a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible existing thing A specialization of both #$IntangibleIndividual and #$SomethingExisting. Instances of #$IntangibleExistingThing exist stably in time (unlike instances of #$Event), but lack any material parts (unlike instances of #$PartiallyTangible). Notable specializations of #$IntangibleExistingThing include #$DevisedPracticeOrWork and #$Agreement. bd58b123-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible individual objects The collection of wholly intangible individuals, a specialization of both #$Intangible and #$Individual. Instances of #$IntangibleIndividual are immaterial, and thus do not have mass, color, or other tangible qualities. Examples include mathematical objects (such as numbers, functions, and relations), attributes, time intervals, space regions, and events. Excluded are sets and collections because, although intangible, they are not individuals. bd58e3e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible object predicate A collection of predicates used to ascribe properties to intangible objects. As such, each instance of #$IntangibleObjectPredicate has at least one argument place (quite often including the first) constrained to accept only instances of #$IntangibleIndividual or some subcollection thereof. Examples include #$arg3Isa and #$religionOfRule. bd58ecf0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intangible object relating predicate A collection of predicates used to assert relationships between intangible objects. As such, each instance of #$IntangibleObjectRelatingPredicate has at least two of its argument-places constrained to instances of #$IntangibleIndividual or some subcollection thereof. Examples include #$subAlgorithms, #$maxQuantValue, #$meanQuantValue, #$expectedValue, #$derivativesOfFunction, #$rangeOfDistribution, #$inverseQuantFunctions-Nonsymmetric, and #$lessLikelyThan. bd58ed34-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 integers A specialization of #$RationalNumber. Each instance of #$Integer is a whole number with no fractional remainder. An integer may be positive (e.g. 42), zero, or negative (e.g. -42). A fixed- or floating-point number representation such as 42.00 should not be assumed to refer to the integer 42. It may only appear to correspond to the integer 42 within the tolerance of its representation (and in fact be an approximation to a number such as 42.0003). Also note that, unlike #$Integer, #$SubLInteger is a collection of integer-denoting expressions in the CycL language rather than a collection of integers themselves -- notwithstanding the fact that (#$genls #$SubLInteger #$Integer) (which is not false because #$SubLInteger is a #$quotedCollection (q.v).) bd589e12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 integer extents A specialization of #$Interval-Bounded and #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Each instance of #$IntegerExtent is a bounded interval which includes a contiguous set of integers (see #$Integer) and which includes nothing which is not an integer. c131a017-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 integer object #$IntegerObject is the signed version of the integer simple data type in C-like languages. Normally its size in memory is equal to the word size of the particular implementation. 0e470d26-4bf0-11d6-9946-0002b34b9777 types of integer classified by range A collection of collections. Each instance of #$IntegerTypeByRange is a collection of integers in a particular range from a minimal element to a maximal element. For example, (#$IntegerFromFn 1 10), the collection of integers from 1 to 10 would be a member, since it has a minimal element, a maximal element, and all integers in between are instances of the collection. See also #$integerBetween. c03732f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intelligent agents A specialization of #$Agent-Generic (q.v.) whose instances are all agents capable of knowing and acting, and of employing their knowledge in their actions. An intelligent agent #$knowsAbout certain things, and having #$beliefs (and possibly #$goals) concerning those things may influence its actions. As with agents generally, an intelligent agent might be a single individual or might consist of a group of individual agents (see #$MultiIndividualAgent). Thus persons are intelligent agents, and so are certain social beings like business and government organizations. Some non-human instances of #$Vertebrate that seem to be sentient and somewhat intelligent, such as (arguably) dogs and horses, can also be considered intelligent agents. bd58a76f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intentional mental events A collection of (at least partially) mental events whose instances are characterized by intentionality: they are of or about some thing external to themselves. Thoughts and acts of perception are two common types of intentional mental events. Thus, a particular act of thinking about the Eiffel Tower and a particular act of seeing the Eiffel Tower are both intentional mental events, each having (at least) the Eiffel Tower as their object. Any thing whatsoever can in principle be the object of an intentional mental event: I can think about a certain physical object, an event, a relation, an attribute, a proposition, a mental state (my own or another's), a set, a collection, or anything else. Mental events that are _not_ intentional, and thus not in this collection, include itches, pain experiences, and at least some instance of #$ExperiencingEmotion. Note that, although they are indirectly related (see e.g. #$PurposefulMentalActivity), the sense of intentional described above is not to be confused with its other sense as an antonym of accidental . See also #$IntentionalMentalState, #$objectOfMentalSituation, and #$thinksAbout. bfde8dd4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intentional mental situations A collection of mental states and events whose instances are characterized by intentionality: they are of or about some thing external to themselves. Thoughts, acts of perception, and propositional attitudes are three common types of intentional mental situations. Thus, a particular act of thinking about the Eiffel Tower, an event of seeing the Eiffel Tower, and a given subject's believing that the Eiffel Tower is in Paris are three intentional mental situations, all having (at least) the Eiffel Tower as their object. Any thing whatsoever can in principle be the object of an intentional mental situation: I can think about a given physical object, an event, a relation, an attribute, a proposition, a mental state (my own or another's), a set, a collection, or anything else. (Note that the above mentioned belief about the Eiffel Tower and Paris is arguably not itself about the _proposition_ that the Eiffel Tower is in Paris. But now note that my belief in the content of the sentence preceding this one clearly _is_, in part, about that proposition.) Mental situations that are _not_ intentional, and thus not in this collection, include moods, itches, and pain experiences. Note that, although they are indirectly related (see e.g. #$PurposefulMentalActivity), the sense of intentional described above is not to be confused with its other sense as an antonym of accidental . See also #$IntentionalMentalEvent, #$IntentionalMentalState, #$objectOfMentalSituation, and #$thinksAbout. bdc339c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inter-actor predicates A specialization of #$BinaryPredicate. Each instance of #$InterActorSlot is a binary predicate that relates two individuals who are participants in some particular event. For example, #$authorOfPublication-IBT is an instance of #$InterActorSlot, since (#$authorOfPublication-IBT X Y) implies the existence of a #$Writing event in which X is the author and Y is the book written. Other examples of #$InterActorSlot are #$agreeingAgents, #$artisticWorksCreated, #$spouse, and #$wornOn. bd58f091-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inter arg constraint predicate The collection of #$ArgConstraintPredicates used to put conditional constraints on polyadic relations in regard to two of their argument-places (or, in a few cases, to put a conditional constraint on relations in regard to two different features of one argument-place). Each instance of #$InterArgConstraintPredicate specifies, with respect to a given #$Relation, that one of its argument-places (the dependent one) has a certain feature, contingent upon one (usually a different one) of its argument-place's (the independent one's) having a certain (possibly different) feature. The features in question might be either argument-type specifications (see #$InterArgTypePredicate) or format specifications (see #$InterArgFormatPredicate). An inter-argument constraint predicate PRED has argument-places for designating the relation and the two features; the identities of the relation's corresponding dependent and independent argument-places might be fixed (as in #$interArgIsa1-2) or might be variable and specified (by number) via two additional argument-places of PRED's (as in #$interArgIsa). c14c89a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inter-arg format predicates The subcollection of both #$InterArgConstraintPredicate and #$ArgFormatPredicate (qq.v.) whose instances are used to specify, for a given predicate PRED, a certain #$Format requirement on one of PRED's arguments (the dependent one), contingent upon one (usually, but not always, a different one) of PRED's arguments (the independent one) being an instance of (#$isa) a certain collection. Currently, each instance of #$InterArgFormatPredicate is ternary, where its first argument (or arg1 ) is the predicate PRED upon which the constraint is being placed, its arg2 the collection serving as the #$isa condition on PRED's independent argument, and its arg3 the #$Format that PRED's dependent argument is (conditionally) constrained to have. The (numerically-specified) identities of the arguments of PRED's that are to serve as the independent and dependent arguments are fixed for each instance of #$InterArgFormatPredicate. c0a253f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 inter-arg isa predicates The subcollection of both #$InterArgTypePredicate and #$ArgIsaPredicate (qq.v.) whose instances are used to put conditional #$isa based argument-type constraints on polyadic relations in regards to two of their argument-places. Each instance of #$InterArgIsaPredicate specifies, with respect to a given #$Relation, that one of its arguments (the dependent one) must be an instance of (#$isa) a certain collection, contingent upon another of its argument's (the independent one's) being an instance of a certain (possibly different) collection. An inter-argument-isa predicate PRED has argument-places for designating the relation and the two collections serving as argument-types; the (numerically-specified) identities of the relation's corresponding dependent and independent arguments is in most cases fixed (as in #$interArgIsa1-2), but is in some cases variable and specified via two additional argument-places of PRED's (as in #$interArgIsa). In cases of the former sort, where the relation's argument-places are fixed, PRED is a #$TernaryPredicate that takes as it first argument (or arg1 ) a relation, as its arg2 the type specified for the relation's independent argument, and as its arg3 the type specified (contingently) for the dependent argument. c0224da2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 predicates specifying inter-argument types The subcollection of both #$InterArgConstraintPredicate and #$ArgTypePredicate (qq.v.) whose instances are used to put conditional argument-type constraints on polyadic relations in regards to two of their argument-places. Each instance of #$InterArgTypePredicate specifies, with respect to a given #$Relation, that one of its arguments (the dependent one) must be of a certain type, contingent upon another of its argument's (the independent one's) being of a certain (possibly different) type. Depending on the particular inter-arg-type predicate, an argument's type might be specified in terms of #$isa or #$genls or #$genlAttributes (for more details see the nearest specializations of #$ArgTypePredicate and #$InterArgTypePredicate). An inter-argument-type predicate PRED has argument-places for designating the relation and the two argument-types; the (numerically-specified) identities of the relation's corresponding dependent and independent arguments is in most cases fixed (as in #$interArgIsa1-2), but is in some cases variable and specified via two additional argument-places of PRED's (as in #$interArgIsa). In cases of the former sort, where the relation's argument-places are fixed, PRED is a #$TernaryPredicate that takes as it first argument (or arg1 ) a relation, as its arg2 the type specified for the relation's independent argument, and as its arg3 the type specified (contingently) for the dependent argument. bd80b38a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 predicates relating existing things A specialization of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ObjectPredicate. Each instance of #$InterExistingObjectPredicate is a binary predicate used in assertions that relate two instances of #$SomethingExisting; consequently, both the #$arg1Isa and the #$arg2Isa of an instance of #$InterExistingObjectPredicate must be specializations of #$SomethingExisting. Instances of #$InterExistingObjectPredicate include #$derivedFrom, #$cohabitants, #$capitalCity, and #$electricallyConnectedTo. bd58d517-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 human relationships (types of things) An instance of #$PredicateCategory, and a specialization of #$InterExistingObjectPredicate. Each instance of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot is a binary predicate used to represent relationships between two instances of #$Animal. Instances of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot include #$mate, #$friends, and #$boss. be00bb8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of interconvertible unit A collection of collections and a specialization of #$FunctionCategory. Each instance of #$InterconvertibleUnitType is a collection of functions (each of which is an instance of #$UnitOfMeasure) used to measure quantities in units that are convertible into units measured by functions in the same collection. Some collections of interconvertible units include #$UnitOfTime, #$UnitOfDistance and #$UnitOfComputerStorageCapacity. For example, #$UnitOfTime includes the functions #$HoursDuration and #$SecondsDuration, and any quantity denoted by applying one of these functions can also be expressed in terms of the other. (#$HoursDuration 1) equals (#$MinutesDuration 60), for example. On the other hand, not all specializations of #$UnitOfMeasure constitute interconvertible units. Consider, for example, #$UnitOfRate. #$TimesPerDay and #$MilesPerHour are both instances of #$UnitOfRate, however quantities denoted using either function are not convertible into one another. bd5888e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interest - feeling bfa34ea6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interjections The collection of all interjections, also called exclamations. Interjections often serve a purely pragmatic or discourse function, and can often stand alone as utterances. Examples: 'ugh', 'abracadabra', and 'wow!'. be0c0312-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 internal anatomical parts #$InternalAnatomicalPart is a specialization of #$OrganismPart. Each instance of #$InternalAnatomicalPart is a part of the internal anatomy of an organism. Example subcollections include #$CirculatorySystem and #$MiddleEar. bdc6db2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 internal combustion powered device #$InternalCombustionPoweredDevice is a specialization of #$FuelPoweredDevice and #$SelfPoweredDevice. Each instance of #$InternalCombustionPoweredDevice is a device powered by an internal combustion engine. Notable specializations of #$InternalCombustionPoweredDevice include #$Motorcycle, #$Motorboat, and #$Bus-RoadVehicle. bd58be57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 internal organs The collection of organs which are internal body parts. See #$InternalAnatomicalPart. befc0c68-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 international organization A collection of organizations. Each instance of #$InternationalOrganization is an organization with international `scope' -- that is, one which has substantial operations, physical facilities, or substantial membership in multiple countries. International organizations may have persons, other organizations, or countries as members. They may be political or commercial in nature. International organizations with countries as members belong to the specialization #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries. Instances of #$InternationalOrganization include #$UnitedNationsOrganization, #$OPEC, and #$IBMInc. See also #$internationalOrganizationMemberCountries. bd5889e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 international organization of countries A collection of organizations; a specialization of #$InternationalOrganization. Each instance of #$InternationalOrganizationOfCountries is an organization whose members are countries (as represented by their goverments). Examples include the United Nations, NATO, SEATO, OAU, the League of Arab States, and OPEC. bdc17522-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 international waters A specialization of #$BodyOfWater. Each instance of #$InternationalWaters is a body of water that is considered to be accessible to international maritime traffic and trade. International waters may be subject to the customs and laws of a particular country, or of the international community. Examples include instances of #$ShippingLane-International, the #$HighSeas, and, ordinarily, territorial waters like (#$TerritorialSeaFn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica), unless these have been closed to shipping in a particular context. be57a01e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 bounded intervals A specialization of #$Interval-BoundedAbove and #$Interval-BoundedBelow. Each instance of #$Interval-Bounded is an interval that has both upper and lower bounds. Example: the interval comprised of real numbers from 3.5 to 4.5. Note that #$Interval-Bounded is more general than #$IntegerExtent (q.v.) because #$Interval-Bounded includes dense, negative, imaginary and complex ranges and point values. bec18727-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intervals that is bounded at the top A specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of #$Interval-BoundedAbove is an interval that has an upper bound. Example: the interval comprised by integers less than 10. bf37dd26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intervals that is bounded at the bottom A specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of #$Interval-BoundedBelow is an interval that has a lower bound. Example: the interval comprised of integers greater than 10. be774acc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intervals that is unbounded at the top A subcollection of #$ScalarIntervals that is not bounded at the top. It is disjoint with #$Interval-BoundedAbove. bf138886-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intervals that is unbounded at the bottom A subcollection of #$ScalarIntervals that is not bounded at the bottom. It is disjoint with #$Interval-BoundedBelow. bed1f34d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interval based quantity slot A specialization of #$QuantitySlot. Each instance of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot is a binary predicate used to relate an object to a measurable quantity (that is, an instance of #$ScalarInterval). The second argument to an instance of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot must be an instance of #$ScalarInterval; consequently, the #$arg2Isa for each instance of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot must be a specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot has an #$arg2Format of #$IntervalEntry (q.v.); consequently, for each #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot PRED, there can be multiple assertions of the form (PRED OBJ QUANT-1), (PRED OBJ QUANT-2), ..., (PRED OBJ QUANT-n), as long as the #$ScalarIntervals QUANT-1, QUANT-2, ..., QUANT-n overlap (see the predicate #$overlapsIntervals). For example, one could assert both (#$heightOfObject OBJ (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 3 4)) and (#$heightOfObject OBJ (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 2 6)), since the two intervals in question overlap. However, one could not assert both (#$heightOfObject OBJ (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 3 4)) and (#$heightOfObject OBJ (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 6)) in the same context, since these two intervals do not overlap. bd588162-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intervals (types of things) A specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of #$IntervalOnNumberLine is an interval on the real number line; for example, the interval described by `numbers greater than zero and less than or equal to 10'. A common special case of such intervals is that of a single point on that line, viz., a number such as five or 125. Note that such an interval need not be contiguous; e.g., `even numbers between Pi and the square root of 1000' describes a legitimate instance of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. The collection #$RealNumber is itself a specialization of #$IntervalOnNumberLine since each real number is itself a (degenerate) interval on the real number line. bd58f32f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 interviews The collection of events in which one or more agents interviews one or more other agents for the purpose of gathering information (usually about the interviewees, or about something in which they have a vested interest). bd58fad1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intransitive frame NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all frames for words that can be used intransitively, that is, without any complements at all. bf193905-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 intrinsic axes The collection of all intrinsic axes of objects (where those objects can be either spatially localized or abstract), being the conventional or obvious axes depending on shape, movement or function of the object. For example, for a chest-of-drawers, the intrinsic axes are top-to-bottom, side-to-side, and front-to-back. See also #$AxisFn. Each intrinsic axis is a direction relative to the object's orientation. bd58eb96-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 events that inherently involves a change of state A specialization of #$Event-Localized. Each instance of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent is an event characterized primarily by a change in some intrinsic property of at least one main actor involved in the event. Such intrinsic changes may include changes of a thing's color, temperature, device state, or size. Events where the main change is extrinsic (such as a change in location or ownership) are not instances of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent. In events which have more than one actor, the event may be an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent for one actor but not for another. For example, in a #$FasteningSafetyBelt event, the #$SafetySeatBelt (the device used) goes from unconnected to connected (to itself), which is an intrinsic change; however, the agent who does the fastening does not change intrinsically, but only in his configuration to the belt, an external object. Another example: in a #$HairCuttingEvent, the hair that is barbered undergoes an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent due to its role in that kind of event, but the barber undergoes no intrinsic change due to the hair cutting. Note that some events, such as an ice cube melting into a small puddle of water, could be represented either as an #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent or as a #$TransformationEvent, but not (within a single micro-theory) as both. bd611277-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 invertebrates A specialization of #$Poikilotherm. Each instance of #$Invertebrate is an animal that lacks a backbone. #$Invertebrate includes insects, molluscs, sea squirts, worms (in a large variety of worm phyla), and many others. Note: Although #$Invertebrate is a scientific category, it is not a standard taxon in the biological taxonomy, hence it is not an instance of #$BiologicalTaxon. bd58984b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 investigations Collection of all instances of human inquiry where what is being sought is a deeper understanding of the nature of some #$Thing. The subject of investigation could in principle be any one of a wide variety of entities: a philosophical problem, a criminal act, a natural phenomenon, etc.. The phenomenon under investigation may be actual or merely putative within the context of the representation. Also, the nature of the thing being investigated may be substantially different from what the #$investigatingAgent believes it to be. bf4436ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 involuntary body movements The collection of involuntary bodily movements, those movements in which an #$Animal's body does the action automatically -- the agent's consent doesn't enter into it. Subsets of #$InvoluntaryBodyMovement include #$Heartbeating, #$Sneezing, #$Snoring, etc. bd590662-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 irony The feeling or tone of something that points to something that is the opposite of what is expected or considered appropriate. bd5888ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 irreflexive binary predicates The subcollection of #$BinaryPredicate all of whose instances are irreflexive relations. A predicate PRED is an instance of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate only if PRED is a binary predicate such that, for every thing X that satisfies the (single-argument) constraints on both of PRED's argument-places, (#$not (PRED X X)) holds. To be precise: each such X must satisfy any and all constraints on PRED given by #$arg1Isa, #$arg2Isa, and (if PRED is a type-level predicate) #$arg1Genls and #$arg2Genls. (Thus, any inter-argument constraints (see #$InterArgConstraintPredicate) that PRED might have are _not_ taken into consideration.) Examples of irreflexive binary predicates include #$spouse, #$causes-ThingProp, #$northOf, and #$temporallyDisjoint. Note this additional necessary condition for irreflexivity: To rule out vacuous cases, the single-argument constraints on PRED's first and second argument-places must be jointly satisfiable. Thus the collection(s) to which PRED is related via #$arg1Isa (#$arg1Genls) must not be disjoint from that (any of those) to which PRED is related via #$arg2Isa (#$arg2Genls). See also the shared #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bd654be7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 irritation Emotion of a person who is disturbed, nervously upset, without equanimity or patience as a result of being forced to endure something that s/he finds obnoxious, offensive, displeasing or distasteful bd5889f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 islands A specialization of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup. Each instance of this collection is a #$LandBody (smaller than a #$Continent) surrounded by water. For groups of #$Islands that form a geographical cluster, see also #$Archipelago. bd58bb39-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 islands or island group A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup is either an island, a group of islands (see #$Archipelago), or an area which includes part but not all of an island (#$IslandSubregion). Instances of #$IslandsAndIslandGroup include groups of scattered islands which do not form a natural geographical area; the chief reason for representing such groups is that they are geopolitical areas and/or were historically significant. Instances include #$FrenchPolynesia, #$Cyclades, #$OuterHebrides-Archipelago, #$Grenadines-Islands. bd58bb7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 itineraries A specialization of #$ScheduleDocument. Each instance of this collection is a document that #$containsInformation about the time/location of each leg of a trip, accomodations, etc. See also #$ConsultingASchedule, #$MakingTravelArrangements, #$travelLegs. c0fd5222-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 January The collection of all Januaries, the first month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. bd58b833-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Japanese people These are the people who live in or are from Japan bd58e0c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is jealous A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being jealous. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e362a366-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 jealousy Intolerance of rivalry; feeling of suspicion and resentment of one's rivals. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. Note: #$Envy is related to covetousness, wanting (perhaps in the future) what someone else has; #$Jealousy is related to possessiveness, wanting to keep what is (or was or could have been) already yours. bd58a4d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 joints A specialization of #$Joint-Physical and #$AnimalBodyPart. Each instance of #$Joint-AnimalBodyPart is a juncture between the ends or edges of abutting bones of an animal's skeleton. Joints are of several types mechanically (e.g., ball-and-socket, hinged). Many major joints function as hinges, in which the ends of the abutting bones are joined with ligaments and cushioned by cartilege. bd58e376-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 joint - physical A specialization of #$Connection-Physical. Each instance of #$Joint-Physical is a group consisting of parts of at least two instances of #$PartiallyTangible that are mechanically connected in the manner of a joint. Examples include an elbow, and a hinge joining a door to a frame. While each #$Joint-Physical is an instance of #$PartiallyTangible, and therefore has a determinate spatial boundary, there are many cases in which there are no easily describable boundaries between the parts of joint-connected objects that are parts of the joint, and those which are not. For example, consider a ball and socket joint connecting some hip bone to a femur. The boundaries of this joint are obscure due to the fact that exact boundaries of the socket portion of the hip and the ball of the femur are obscure. In contrast, the spatial boundaries of a joint comprising a detachable hinge, such as those that typically connect a door to frame, are clear. c0b31f35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adjudicator A specialization of #$SocialBeing. Each instance of #$JudicialAgent is a person or organization whose responsibility it is to judge or evaluate. Instances of #$JudicialAgent include officials at sporting events (see the collection #$SportsOfficial), judges of various competitions, as well as judges in the legal sense (see the collection #$Judge). bd5e8ec0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 July The collection of all Julys, the seventh month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. bd58c1ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 junctions The collection of junctions of paths, each junction being an arrangement of three or more distinct instances of #$Path-Customary such that they are all locally connected to each other by joining at the #$JunctionOfPaths. It includes the case of two or more paths that 'cross' at a junction (because four path segments are thereby joined), but not the case in which the end of one path simply joins the end of another path, and no others. For junctions in #$PathSystems, see #$junctionInSystem. (Determining what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths depends on the #$PathTypes of the joined paths; if it is #$River then only a junction of rivers qualifies, not the place where a road joins a river.) c0fbbdc4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 junctions of pipes The collection of all junctions of pipes or tubes. Each junction permits flow between any two #$Pipe-GenericConduits joined at that junction. At any #$JunctionOfPipes, three or more distinct (non-overlapping) lengths of #$Pipe-GenericConduit must be joined at their ends at the junction. (Some of the so-joined pipes may loop back to the same junction.) bf53bf8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 June A specialization of #$CalendarMonth. Each instance of #$June is the sixth month of a particular year in the #$GregorianCalendar (q.v.). bd58c1f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 assertion justification strength Instances of #$JustificationStrength are attribute values which indicate the argumentational strength of a justification for an assertion in a context. The two most important examples are #$Monotonic-JustificationStrength and #$Default-JustificationStrength. See also #$assertionStrength. bf53499b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 justification truths Instances of #$JustificationTruth are attribute values which indicate the provability status of a justification for an assertion in a context. The two most important examples are #$True-JustificationTruth and #$False-JustificationTruth. See also #$assertionTruth. c14cadab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 juvenile animals An instance of #$LifeStageType, and a specialization of #$Animal. #$JuvenileAnimal is the collection of all animals that are not fully grown nor fully mature. c10c20a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ke facilitation predicate This collection of predicates contains all predicates whose primary function is the relation of knowledge entry principles, rules, suggestions, expectations and procedures to Cyc constants. bdf07c78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 keyword variable template The collection of CycL expressions in which keywords are allowed and treated as variables. bdd66b9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 killing A specialization of both #$PhysicalDestructionEvent and #$AnimalActivity. In each instance of #$Killing-Biological, one living organism ends (either intentionally or unintentionally) the life of another living organism. bd58ac2e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 kind level predicate `Kind-level' predicates express properties that apply to kinds of individuals rather than to individual themselves. Example: being extinct, as in `the lynx is nearly extinct' -- this is not a property of any individual lynx, but rather of the species. NOTE: a kind-level predicate may admit type-level arguments in some arg positions, or may admit both type- and instance-level arguments (such is the case with underspecified predicates). c148c024-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 devices powered by kinetic energy A collection of devices; a subcollection of #$PoweredDevice. An instance of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice does not have an `on-board' energy source incorporated into it, at least not one supplying the bulk of the power requirements of the device. Instead, its operating power is supplied by the kinetic energy from something else in motion -- such as animal muscle power (including human labor), wind energy, or hydraulic power. Examples include instances of the collections #$Hammer and #$Piano-Acoustic. (Contrast with #$SelfPoweredDevice --- e.g., an electric organ is a #$SelfPoweredDevice, not a #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice.) bd58942f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 knots (types of things) The collection of shapes commonly known as knots bd9bad32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 kb A collection of intangible individuals; a subcollection of #$Database-AbstractContent. Each instance of #$KnowledgeBase is a database that attempts to represent the structure of at least part of the world. Instances include the #$CycKB and #$SENSUS-Information1997. bd58d211-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 knowledge package - c w 7dcbd6e0-8308-11d6-8000-0002b3891c1f Korean persons These are the people who live in or are from Korea (either north or south). bd58d174-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lakes A specialization of #$BodyOfWater. Each instance of #$Lake is a land-locked body of water, typically but not necessarily of freshwater. Two important specializations are #$FreshWaterLake (instances of which are fresh-water lakes) and #$InlandSea (instances of which are salt-water lakes). Examples include #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe, #$CaspianSea, and #$DeadSea. bd58b822-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 landmasses A collection of geographical regions. Each instance of #$LandBody is a cohesive chunk of land surrounded by one or more bordering bodies of water. Types of #$LandBody include the specializations #$Island and #$TrueContinent. Instances include #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$Trinidad-Island, and #$Crete-Island-Greece. Areas of land defined by human occupation or political boundaries, for example, #$NorthernCalifornia or #$NorthernIreland, are instances of #$GeographicalRegion, but not of #$LandBody. bd58e9d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 land stuff A specialization of #$InanimateThing-Natural. Each instance of #$LandStuff is a portion of the stuff that the ground of a planet (at or near its land surface) is made of, including rocks, boulders, sand grains, soil, mud, lava, and mixtures of those things (such as islands or whole continents). Examples of #$LandStuff include #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$CapeCod, Zion Hill, and the lava pouring out of #$MountEtna-Volcano. c0fba244-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 land topographical features A collection of geographical regions and a specialization of #$TopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$LandTopographicalFeature is a region of land distinguishable from surrounding regions by salient physical differences in surface texture, three-dimensional shape, or elevation. The collection includes features that are covered by snow or bodies of water. Specializations of #$LandTopographicalFeature include #$Mountain, #$Crater, and #$Continent. Instances include the #$ArabianPeninsula, #$MountZion, the #$SanAndreasFault, the #$GreatSmokyMountains, and the #$JavaTrench. bd58ce87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 land vehicles A specialization of #$TransportationDevice. Each instance of #$LandTransportationDevice is a device used for transportation across land. Specializations of #$LandTransportationDevice include the collections #$Automobile, #$Snowmobile, #$Truck, #$HorseCarriage, #$BabyCarriage, #$Bus-RoadVehicle, and #$SkateBoard. bd58d4ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 languages A specialization of #$CommunicationConvention. Each instance of this collection is a generative system of signs for transmitting information. These signs are normally conventional and arbitrary in nature, though the case of body language is a (borderline) exception to this. The reality of any given language consists in its being interpretable by some community (usually human -- cf. #$HumanLanguage). This is not quite true of #$ComputerLanguages, however such languages are only possible insofar as some kind of automation of the process of interpretation (by computers) has been effected. In the case of #$DeadLanguages, the community may not longer exist (although even if no-one can _speak_ such languages any longer, currently-interpretable texts often remain, cf., for example, #$AtticGreekDialect). Languages are most often spoken, but not always (cf. #$SignLanguage). It is also worth noting that not every system of signs is a language; a certain richness of possible expression is required. Thus #$MorseCode, for example, though a #$CommunicationConvention, is not an instance of #$Language. Finally, this collection is not intended to cover the special vocabulary and usages of a scientific, professional or other group, or a characteristic style of speech or writing (e.g. 'Shakespearean language'). bd58f489-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc language-specific microtheories Instances are collections of microtheories, each of which contains information pertinent to a single #$NaturalLanguage. Examples include #$EnglishTemplateMt, #$EnglishParaphraseMt, and #$EnglishMt. c13c3519-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of language grouping An instance of #$SecondOrderCollection, and a specialization of #$ObjectType. Each instance of #$LanguageGroupingType is a subcollection of #$HumanLanguage (q.v.). bd58f2f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 incorporated businesses #$LargeIncorporatedBusiness is a specialization of #$LegalCorporation and #$Business. Each instance of #$LargeIncorporatedBusiness is a fairly large (at least several hundred employees) business corporation. bd58924e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lines of latitude The collection of lines around the earth which are parallel to the #$Equator. c151ab43-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lattice order The collection of all mathmetical structures called 'lattices' in Lattice Theory (this is not the same concept as the crystalline or grid lattices studied in Crystallography and Group Theory). A #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic is often defined in different but equivalent ways. To define a lattice using ordering relation, it is a #$PartialOrdering ORDER in which each pair of elements of the #$baseSet S of ORDER has an R-smallest upper bound and an R-greatest lower bound, where R is the ordering relation on S. To define a lattice using operations, it is a mathematical structure with two operations MEET and JOIN on the #$baseSet S of the structure that satisfy the commutative laws, the associative laws, the idempotent laws and the absorption laws. Note that the correspondence of these two different ways of defining lattices is characterized by the following: for all X, Y in S, Y = (JOIN X Y) <=> R(X Y) <=> X = (MEET X Y). See #$meetFunctionOnLattice and #$joinFunctionOnLattice. bdfb75ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 law enforcement activity The collection of all events performed with the purpose of enforcing laws, that are performed by people officially charged with this this duty. Includes most activities of law enforcement officials (such as police) including detection of crime, identification of offenders, and arrests. bd5dfdf4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 policemen An instance of #$PersonTypeByOccupation, and a specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$LawEnforcementOfficer is a person whose job is to detect, stop, and/or punish people engaged in illegal activities. The collection #$LawEnforcementOfficer includes members of local, state, and special police (e.g., transit police) forces, as well as federal agents (e.g., members of border patrols, national security agents). Consequently, a given instance of #$LawEnforcementOfficer typically also belongs to one of the following collections: #$StateEmployee, #$LocalGovernmentEmployee, or #$NationalGovernmentEmployee (see #$PublicSectorEmployee). bd58e004-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 law-enforcement organizations A specialization of both #$Organization and #$LegalAgent. Each instance of #$LawEnforcementOrganization is an official organization whose purpose is to support or perform law enforcement. Instances of #$LawEnforcementOrganization include organizations which are legally empowered to enforce laws (see the specialization #$PoliceOrganization), as well as information agencies (such as #$INTERPOL) whose purpose is to assist and coordinate police activities. bd58a14b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 layers A specialization of #$SheetOfSomeStuff. Each instance of #$Layer is a sheet-like object situated adjacent, surface-to-surface, to at least one surface or layer or region on one side, and possibly to other layers or surfaces on both sides. An instance of #$Layer may be part of a larger object, or it may be an independent whole object, such as a hide confined in a stack of hides. An instance of #$Layer is _not_ an instance of #$FreeSheet. bdee251a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 chieftains A collection of persons. Each instance of #$Leader is a person who heads an instance of #$Organization. Typically, a leader of an organization makes major decisions on behalf of the whole organization, has the authority to direct the organization's personnel to carry out those decisions, and is empowered to engage or negotiate with external agents to achieve the organization's goals. This collection includes leaders of sub-organizations of larger organizations, such as department heads within larger organizations. Note that a single person may be a leader in more than one organization. See also the predicates #$hasLeaders and #$seniorExecutives, and the collection #$Manager. c10af978-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 leap years The collection of #$CalendarYears which are leap years; in the Julian & Gregorian calendar systems these are calendar years in which February has 29 days bd58b9ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 learned activities This is the collection of activities which must first be learned before they can be performed--i.e., before any role which is a specPred of #$doneBy can be played. be6f173a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 learning events The collection of all events, brief or extended, in which an agent is acquiring information or know-how. bd58ef72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 leather A specialization of #$SolidTangibleThing. Each instance of #$Leather is a piece of tanned animal hide. Instances of #$Leather are commonly used as material inputs to the manufacture of shoes, gloves, upholstery, satchels and purses, saddles, and other items. bd58c1b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 departures A specialization of both #$TransferOut and #$Translation-LocationChange. Each instance of #$LeavingAPlace is an event in which the performer (see the predicate #$performedBy) moves, under its own control and often under its own power, from one location to another. Notable specializations of #$LeavingAPlace include #$EvacuatingAPlace and #$ExitingAContainer. bd648768-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 left and right sided objects A #$LeftAndRightSidedObject is an object with an intrinsic left side and an intrinsic right side. By 'intrinsic' we mean simply that there exists an established convention according to which one side is considered 'Left' and the other side is considered 'Right'. Usually, the two sides can be reliably distinguished from one another. Notice that a conventionally distinguishable left and right do not necessarily imply a bottom and top, or a front and back. Interestingly, it has proved impossible so far to find instances of objects with a left and right but no top, bottom, front or back. It is unclear why this should be so, but itapparently pertains to human psychology in reasoning about directions. However, if an object has a conventionally distinguished top, bottom, front, and back, then these suffice to determine an intrinsic left and an intrinsic right. Notice also--and this is crucial to the whole conception--that while a #$LeftAndRightSidedObject may well have a preferred orientation, changing this orientation does not change what counts as 'left' and what counts as 'right': if you turn me upside down my left side does not become my right side and my right side my left. If an entity does not obey this rule then it does not, generally speaking, count as having a distinguishable left and right--example: a houseplant. beb9d424-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legs The collection of all #$Animal appendages used for locomotion overland, supporting the animal and moving it along by walking, running, etc. Thus wings, fins, etc., are not #$Legs. The #$Foot-AnimalBodyPart is considered part of the #$Leg bd5898cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal agents A specialization of #$Agent. Each instance of #$LegalAgent is an agent who has some status in a particular legal system. At the very least, such an agent is recognized by some legal authority as having some kinds of rights and/or responsibilities as an agent (e.g., #$citizens of Germany), or as being subject to certain restrictions and penalties (e.g., a company that has been blacklisted by Iraq). Thus, instances of #$LegalAgent include agents that may have property rights, may be taxed, may have a government identification number, may be sued, may have an address, or may buy or sell. Note that membership in this collection is very much dependent upon context. In some societies, only adult males and various kinds of state-run organizations would be included in #$LegalAgent. bd58a7b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal agreements An instance of #$ObjectType, and a specialization of #$Agreement. Each instance of #$LegalAgreement is an agreement which has a legal status; that is, it is recognized as a valid agreement by some government. Notable specializations of #$LegalAgreement include #$SalesContract, #$Visa-Permit, and #$Account. bd58b05e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal codes A specialization of #$GovernmentCOC. Each instance of #$LegalCode is a code of conduct consisting of all the laws that hold in some instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity. One notable instance of #$LegalCode is #$LegalCode-ModernUnitedStates. bd65c7ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 corporations The collection of all #$Organizations which have been incorporated in accordance with the laws of a jurisdiction. Each instance of #$LegalCorporation is a legal entity distinct from its owners and employees, and is afforded certain powers both by law and by its incorporating documents. Instances of #$LegalCorporation may be either #$CommercialOrganizations or #$NonProfitOrganizations. Each instance of #$LegalCorporation organized in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is incorporated under the laws of a particular state, although it may be empowered to carry on activities in any state. Most American jurisdictions require that one of the words or abbreviations `corporation', `company', `incorporated', `corp', `co', or `inc' be included in the registered name of a corporation. Instances of #$LegalCorporation include #$IBMInc and #$Cycorp. bd589295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal documents A specialization of #$OfficialDocument. Instances of this collection not only have the force of the law behind them (as most #$OfficialDocuments do) but also either must be prepared by a #$Lawyer in order to be legitimate, or their construction is strictly specified by the rule of law governing the parties bound by them. While #$OfficialDocuments such as #$CreditReportDocuments may have legal force in some contexts, they are not considered #$LegalDocuments because their construction is not as tightly specified by law as that of #$LegalDocuments. Also, #$LegalDocuments are distinguished as being created expressly for legal purposes. See also #$LegalAgreement. c113e8c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal government organization #$LegalGovernmentOrganization is a specialization of #$GovernmentalOrganization and #$LegalAgent. Each instance of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization is an organization which is a part of, and funded by, the government of a geopolitical entity. Examples include the #$InternalRevenueService, #$UnitedStatesNavy, and #$CityCouncilOfAustin (TX). Some instances of #$LegalGovernmentOrganizations have legal standing in courts. bd588aa6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national holidays The subcollection of #$Holidays which are typically declared to be #$Holidays by the governments of western countries, and which are therefore days on which most people governed by that government do not work and on which students do not attend classes. Such #$Holidays may coincide with #$ReligiousHolidays, especially where there is a government-sanctioned religion. be01edce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 legal professionals An instance of #$PersonTypeByOccupation, and a specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$LegalProfessional is a person working in the field of law. Notable specializations of #$LegalProfessional include #$Lawyer, #$Judge, and #$Paralegal. bd58bab4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 stories #$LevelOfAConstruction is a specialization of #$SpaceInAFixedHOC. Each instance of a #$LevelOfAConstruction is a level, also called floor or story, of a #$ConstructionArtifact. Levels are regions in space; they are not two-dimensional planes. bd58ca09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 levels of discomfort An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the various levels of discomfort that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Typically, the agent must be a living entity. Typically, the sensation is an internal feeling, and is more of a long-lasting dull ache than a sharp pain (see: #$LevelOfPain). bd588a7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 exhaustion An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative degrees of exhaustion that an animal may feel. For instance, the assertion (#$feelsSensation #$JimiHendrix #$LevelOfExhaustion #$Positive), means that Jimi Hendrix feels some degree of physical exhaustion (a not unlikely state of affairs after one of his guitar solos). Note that this predicate is NOT properly used for purposes such as to describe metal fatigue, or the depletion of natural resources. bd58a0aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pains (types of things) An #$AttributeType whose elements represent the qualitative levels of pain that may be felt by a perceptual agent. Although the agent is often a living entity, this is not required. The source of the pain could be either external or internal; in either case, the subjective feeling is generally `sharper' and hopefully shorter-lived than just `a feeling of discomfort' (see: #$LevelOfDiscomfort.) bd58ae66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 level one affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 05e79da2-2258-11d6-9424-00b0d074c11f level two affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 05e79da3-2258-11d6-9424-00b0d074c11f lexical items A subcollection of #$LinguisticObject (q.v.). #$LexicalItem is the collection of linguistic objects that are part of the lexicon of some natural language or other. Instances of #$LexicalItem include words as well as constituents of words, such as affixes (see #$LexicalWord, #$WordConstituent, and #$LexicalAffix). be1903ee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lexical microtheory bfe1abeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 words NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. A subcollection of #$LexicalItem. #$LexicalWord is the collection of all natural language words. A lexical word is a free morpheme: it can appear in a phrase without being bound to (i.e. concatenated with) another lexical item. (Cf. #$LexicalAffix.) Note that different inflectional forms of a given word do not constitute distinct lexical words. Instances of #$LexicalWord include #$Aluminum-TheWord, #$Confetti-TheWord, #$To-TheWord, #$Hang-Glide-MWW. bd58e4ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 word formation processes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bfeaa9ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lexical word types NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c03a7987-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of lexical word classified by language NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c01d6c72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of life stage A collection of collections and a specialization of #$ExistingObjectType. Each instance of #$LifeStageType is a collection all of whose instances are organisms which share a specific variety and level of biological and/or social development. For example, one instance of #$LifeStageType is the collection #$HumanChild, which has as its instances all human children. Other instances of #$LifeStageType include #$Larva, #$FloweryPlant, and (#$BacterialSporeFn #$Anthrax-Bacterium). bd58fab5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 life-threatening conditions A specialization of #$PhysiologicalCondition. Each instance of #$LifeThreateningCondition is an ailment which, if left untreated, may cause the death of the organism afflicted by it. Cases of #$Poisoning (q.v.) and of #$BacterialPneumonia (q.v.) are often instances of #$LifeThreateningCondition. c0fd50b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 light (type of thing) This is the collection of events consisting of the propogation of electromagnetic radiation and associated with photons, a particle which lacks rest mass. Somewhat paradoxically, light has both a wavelike and a particle-like nature. bfa6dfd1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lighter-than-air aircraft #$LighterThanAirCraft is a specialization of #$AirTransportationDevice. Each instance of #$LighterThanAirCraft is an air transportation device that depends on lighter-than-air gaseous substances for lift. For example, a blimp or hot-air balloon are types of #$LighterThanAirCraft. beae9829-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lights #$LightingDevice is a specialization of #$PoweredDevice. Each instance of #$LightingDevice has the #$primaryFunction of providing light. The light provided may be provided in different ways and for different specialized purposes. For example, it may be for general illumination of a fixed area (as by instances of #$Candle, #$Lantern, #$ElectricLamp, and #$Streetlight); or it may be for specially directed illumination (as by instances of #$AutomotiveLight and #$Flashlight); or it may be for use in a signal or sign (as by instances of #$TrafficLight and #$IndicatorLight); or it may be for some other special purposes (as by instances of #$StrobeLight). bd58a5ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lightning A specialization of both #$Emission and #$ImmediateWeatherProcess. In each instance of #$LightningEvent, a flashing of light is produced by the discharge of atmospheric electricity. bd589322-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 limbs #$Limb-AnimalBodyPart is a specialization of #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart and an instance of #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType. Each instance of #$Limb-AnimalBodyPart is a bilaterally symmetric #$Appendage-AnimalBodyPart that extends from the #$Trunk-BodyCore; including #$Arm, #$Leg, #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart, #$Flipper, and pectoral #$Fin. A #$Finger, #$Toe, #$Hand, #$Tail-BodyPart, ... is not a #$Limb-AnimalBodyPart. be7d6e49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lines A specialization of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing. Each instance of #$Line is a one-dimensional path, either curved or straight, through one-, two-, or higher-dimensional space. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the equator, as well as abstract lines. bd5906cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 straight lines A specialization of #$Line. Each instance of #$Line-Straight is an endless straight line. Examples include spatially localized objects, as well as abstract lines. bd58c2e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 line portion The collection of finite self-connected, i.e. one piece, portions of line. be97936e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 line segments The collection of line segments. Instances of #$LineSegment are portions of lines with two end points and contain all colinear points between their end points. be9b85d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linear The shape typee shared by anything that has only one discernible or relevant dimension. Examples include geometric lines and line segments, curved line segments and arcs, and physical objects whose length is the only relevant dimension, e.g., a length of wire, if we are in a context in which other dimensions of the wire are small enough to be ignored, or the outer rim of a glass. Also note that this this holds of anything which is linear even if the object does not remain in a single plane. For instance, a spiral-shaped line or a length of string wrapped around a pencil may be linear despite the fact that they do not remain in a single two dimensional plane. bf628acb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 planar The shape attribute shared by all lines, both curved and straight that belong to objects that remain in a single two-dimensional plane. Spatial things in addition to purely geometric objects can have this attribute. For instance, in some microtheories one might deem a length of wire to be linear insofar as width, height or radius is irrelevant to the kind of reasoning required. bdbb00b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 straight The shape type shared by all one-dimensional objects that are not curved. This is very context dependent. To take a very straightforward example, if building a deck the standards for an edge being deemed to be #$Linear-Straight may vary considerably from the standards for straightness when framing a home. Important geometrical specializations are #$Line-Straight, #$HalfLine-Geometrical, and #$LineSegment. c0af9d58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linear order attribute types A collection of collections. Each instance of #$LinearOrderAttributeType is a collection of attributes such as mass, distance, charge, and others which have at least one conventional linear ordering. Collections of overlapping instances of #$ScalarInterval may be instances, provided the intervals in question are being used exclusively to represent uncertainies about what we think are really scalar point values. A collection of 'real' intervals would count as a partial order and would not be included. Note that #$LinearOrderAttributeType excludes the instances of #$UnorderedAttributeType (e.g., gender). Cf. #$CompositeScalarIntervalType and #$PartialOrderAttributeType. c05e2dd7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linguistic objects A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$LinguisticObject is an intangible object that is part of some language or other, in a broad sense of part whereby #$LinguisticObject's specializations include such diverse collections as #$Title, #$WordSense, #$SententialConstituent, #$NonlexicalLinguisticObject, and #$LinguisticAttribute. bd58d0fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of linguistic object A collection of collections. Each instance of #$LinguisticObjectType is a specialization of #$LinguisticObject (q.v.). bd5900f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linguistic rules NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c07bcab4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linguistic rule constraint NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdfacd1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 linguistic rule elements NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c00e4dc6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Panthera leo The collection of large carnivorous feline mammals found in Africa. bd58c467-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 liquid (type of thing) A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible and an instance of #$MatterTypeByPhysicalState. Each instance of #$Liquid-StateOfMatter is an object of a single chemical species in the liquid state of matter. Objects in the liquid state of matter are at a temperature and pressure such that the molecules of the matter move freely relative to their neighbors, but are not excited enough to break free. Liquid objects are characterized at the macroscopic level by special qualities of flow, such as being Pourable and conforming to whatever container they occupy. Examples of things that typically have this attribute are: liquid nitrogen; the water component of a gallon of seawater; a lump of mercury at room temperature; and some molten silver about to be poured into a teapot mold. Counterexamples include a gallon of seawater, since it has disolved minerals and 190 proof ethanol, since it is 5% water. bd590948-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 liquid asset A specialization of #$SomethingExisting. Each instance of #$LiquidAsset is either an instance of #$Currency or some asset that is readily convertible to currency by selling or borrowing against it. Examples of #$LiquidAssets include stocks, bonds, and money market accounts. bd58afb3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 liquid objects An instance of #$TangibleStuffStateType and a specialization of #$FluidTangibleThing; the collection of all portions of liquid. Each instance of #$LiquidTangibleThing is a tangible thing that has similar properties to those exhibited by things in the #$Liquid-StateOfMatter. Specifically, its volume is relatively constant at varying pressures, and it freely changes shape (e.g. to conform to the shape of its container). Liquids can never be said to break. Note that not all #$LiquidTangibleThings are in #$Liquid-StateOfMatter : state-of-matter attributes (see #$MatterTypeByPhysicalState) apply only to quantities consisting of a single type of substance, whereas liquids can be mixtures of different substances. Examples of #$LiquidTangibleThings include all substances in the #$Liquid-StateOfMatter, such as the water in a room-temperature glass of beer; liquid/liquid mixtures like the beer itself; solutions of solids in liquids, such as sea water; emulsions, such as milk; and suspensions of solids in liquids, like blood. Compare #$FluidTangibleThing and #$GaseousTangibleThing. bd58d2a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lisp objects The generic data type of all lisp objects. This collection includes lists, symbols, strings, and all of the other data types of the Common Lisp standard. 1b15b180-52f5-11d6-82b6-0002b34b9777 lists (types of things) A specialization of #$Tuple. Each instance of #$List is a finite sequence of things with a first and last member-position, with each member-position other than the last having a successor member-position. As with tuples generally, lists allow for repetition of their members, so that the same item can appear at multiple member-positions in the same list. A list can be represented formally as a function from a finite index set of counting numbers, beginning with one, into the domain of all #$Things (but note that #$Lists are _not_ explicitly represented as functions in the Cyc ontology). Unlike an instance of #$Series (q.v.), a list is purely abstract (i.e. not spatio-temporal), and the only implied relation between an item and its successor in a list is the successor relation of the list itself. Technically, #$List is more specific than #$Tuple only in that the index set (see #$tupleIndexSet) for a given list must be the counting numbers in their usual order (or some initial segment thereof), whereas the index set for a tuple, generally speaking, might be any set whatsoever. bed50053-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lists (types of things) A specialization of #$LispObject. The collection of lists (i.e. sequences of #$LispObject) in #$Lisp. #$ListPObject objects are closely related to #$ConsPObject objects. 1b158a71-52f5-11d6-82b6-0002b34b9777 OSETs A specialization of #$List. An instance LIST of #$List is also an instance of #$ListWithoutRepetition just in case each of the members of LIST occurs in only one member-position in LIST. bdb9081e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 listening The collection of events in which an #$Agent deliberately facilitates and does #$Hearing. bd58c048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is listless A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being listless. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e36f92b0-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 apathy The attribute-type associated with the feeling of listlessness: the felt experience of having little or no interest in or concern for what is going on around one. Note that a mere lack of interest in-itself is not a _feeling_, and thus is not sufficient for possessing an instance of #$Listlessness; one's lack of interest must be consciously experienced as such. (For the rationale behind treating feelings in terms of types -- i.e. collections -- of attributes, see the comment on #$Happiness.) bd5893b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 livers The collection of all living #$Animal livers. Each instance of #$Liver is a large compound #$InternalOrgan. A #$Liver breaks down dead #$RedBloodCells, removes certain poisons and waste material from the blood stream, creates glycogen from sugars and proteins, stores glycogen, removes certain chemicals from the blood, secretes bile (#$BileTheSecretion) which is used for digestion,and regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, #$ProteinStuff, #$Vitamins, #$Minerals, and fats. bd58a6a6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 living languages A specialization of #$NaturalLanguage. An instance of #$NaturalLanguage is an instance of #$LivingLanguage just in case it has at least one extant native speaker. bd58fc55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 local organization A specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$LocalOrganization is an organization having local `scope' -- that is, its members are distributed in a local area (for example, in a #$Neighborhood, #$City, or rural region), or it has a local (as opposed to national or international) area of activity and concern. bd58eedb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 local programz A specialization of #$ApplicationProgram. Each instance of #$LocalProgram is a program that cannot be accessed remotely (i.e. across a #$ComputerNetwork). #$LocalProgram is dijoint with #$ServerProgram, and the two form a partition of #$ComputerProgram-CW. bf39adc7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 positioned A collection of events, and a subcollection of #$PuttingSomethingSomewhere. In each instance of #$LocatingInIntendedPosition, an #$Agent guides an #$objectMoving to an intended #$toLocation; that is, the #$toLocation corresponds to the #$target of the motion. Examples include: placing a book in the correct place on the library shelves, hanging a picture on the wall, and screwing the top on a bottle. Non-examples are: absent-mindedly leaving a book on the floor (guided motion, but without a particular target), and throwing a basketball through the hoop (not guided motion, though the target is reached). c09b5867-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 location state attribute A specialization of #$AttributeValue. Each instance of #$LocationStateAttribute is an attribute of an object which indicates the nature of that object's location. c0fd695a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 locative prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bfe0f04c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 locomotion on a solid surface The collection of all locomotion events in which the locomotor moves along, and is supported by, a #$SolidTangibleThing. Includes walking, slithering, somersaulting, etc. c08d344c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 locomotion event This is the collection of movement events in which the #$primaryObjectMoving is moving under its own control, and usually under its own power. This entails that the moving object is an agent. Most animals, many bacteria, and some robots are capable of #$LocomotionEvents; inanimate objects and plants are not. c0b3e401-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 locomoting A specialization of both #$LocomotionEvent and #$AnimalActivity. In each instance of #$LocomotionEvent-Animal, the object moving (see the predicate #$objectMoving) is an instance of #$Animal. Notable specializations of #$LocomotionEvent-Animal include #$Climbing, #$Swimming-Generic, and #$WalkingOnTwoLegs. Other specializations include types of events, such as #$Canoeing and #$Skating, in which a person moves himself or herself by using a device, with that person supplying the motive force to the device. bd58e64e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 processes of locomoting The collection of processes in which a #$providerOfMotiveForce moves from one place to another under, or as if under, its own control. This includes not only animals moving around autonomously (c.f. #$LocomotionProcess-Animal), but also locomoting devices such as cars, submarines, and airplanes, which are controlled either internally or remotely by distinct #$Agents, but share significant properties with locomoting #$Animals - notably that their trajectories are not just functions of forces such as gravity and resistance, but rather can have abrupt changes of direction or speed that are or appear purposeful. This collection also explicitly includes locomoting events in which the #$providerOfMotiveForce is a non-agent natural force such as gravity, so long as the object moving is or appears to be in control of its trajectory of motion. Thus someone downhill skiing or hang-gliding would be a positive example. bea637c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 locomotion processes (types of things) The collection of processes in which an animal moves from one place to another by its own power. A #$LocomotionProcess-Animal is an activity considered as a #$TemporalStuffType, in which any time-slice of the activity can also be considered an instance of that activity. Subsets of #$LocomotionProcess-Animal include: #$AnimalWalkingProcess, #$Brachiating, #$Climbing, #$WheelchairLocomotionEvent, #$Boring-Locomotion, etc. bd58e68c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 logical connective A collection of mathematical objects, including the basic logical connectives. Each instance of #$LogicalConnective is a #$Relation which takes one or more truth-valued expressions (sentences) as arguments and returns a truth-valued sentence. The instances of #$LogicalConnective include #$and, #$or, #$not, and #$implies. bd58b9f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 logical truth constant The collection of #$CycLConstants which are defined in the #$LogicalTruthMt and necessary to use CycL to represent logical truths. dff47932-4da2-11d6-82c0-0002b34c7c9f logical truth implementation constant The collection of #$CycLConstants which are defined in the #$LogicalTruthImplementationMt and necessary for Cyc's implementation of reasoning about logical truths expressed in CycL. dff47934-4da2-11d6-82c0-0002b34c7c9f logical truth union constant The collection of constants that are required to be defined in order to support the implementation of CycL itself in Cyc. It is the union of those specific to the CycL language (the elements of #$LogicalTruthConstant) and those specific to the Cyc implementation (the elements of #$LogicalTruthImplementationConstant). 88245a97-516c-11d6-9165-0002b364be7b lonely The disagreeable feeling of being without company. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes are #$Loneliness, #$Solitude, etc. c0ed0b82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is lonely A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being lonely. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e37caef0-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 pants (types of things) A specialization of #$Pants. Each instance of #$LongPants is a pair of pants that covers the human hips and legs when worn. This collection is disjoint with #$ShortPants. bd58dd04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lines of longitude A line between the #$NorthPole and the #$SouthPole, intersecting the #$Equator at 90 degrees. bddab4a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 seeking The most general collection of events in which an agent purposefully looks or searches for something. The thing being looked for may be a particular individual or it may be anything that satisfies a certain description (see #$NoteAboutLookingForIndividualsVsTypes). The thing being looked for may be tangible or intangible, timeless or temporally bounded. Visual perception is not necessarily involved in all instances of #$LookingForAThingOrTypeOfThing. Examples include searching for the largest prime number less than 10 billion, Johnny looking for Santa Claus, Humans looking for intelligent life, Fred looking for any dictionary, Fred looking for Joe's dictionary, and Deep Blue searching for the best possible move. bd8a0b31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 searches A specialization of #$Perceiving-Voluntary. Each instance of #$LookingForSomething is an event in which an agent searches for some object. Note that #$LookingForSomething includes cases in which the search is successful, and the object is found, as well as cases in which the search is unsuccessful, and the object is not found. bd58fb33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 losses of user rights A specialization of #$ChangeInUserRights. In each instance of #$LosingUserRights, an agent loses a previously held right (i.e., an instance of #$UserRightsAttribute) to use some item. The item in question is identified as the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer (q.v.) in the instance of #$LosingUserRights, and the agent is the #$fromPossessor (q.v.) in the instance of #$LosingUserRights. The agent may or may not be acting deliberately (see the predicate #$deliberateActors) in the event; e.g., selling one's car is done on purpose, but having one's car repossessed usually isn't. However, both of those events would be instances of the collection #$LosingUserRights. bd641ca1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 loves Strong affection for another agent arising out of kinship or personal ties. Love may be felt towards things, too: warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion. This does not, however, mean something as specialized/metaphorical as `Fred loves to eat ice cream' or `Ethel loves to get her way.' #$Love is a collection, as further explained under #$Happiness. Specialized forms of #$Love are #$Love-Romantic, platonic love, maternal love, infatuation, agape, etc. bd589433-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 romantic love The subcollection of #$Love that is romantic love-- to be distinguished from love between parents and children or between people and their pets. be010a35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 loyalty Combination of Respect and Faithfulness to something or someone . bd58957e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 lungs The collection of all lungs, the primary respiratory organs of #$AirBreathingVertebrates. bd58cacb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 MAC addresses A specialization of #$IDString. Each instance of #$MACAddress identifies a network card within a particular #$LocalAreaNetwork. #$IPAddresses, in contrast, identify machines on the #$Internet. A #$MACAddress is contained in the source and destination fields of a #$Frame-Network's header. bfb9dc9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meter-kilogram-second units of measure A subcollection of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$MKSUnitOfMeasure is the collection of all the measurement functions whose results use the MKS (i.e., meter-kilogram-second) system of measure to describe physical quantities. Examples: #$MetersPerSecondPerSecond, #$Liter, #$MetricTon. bd5901ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 macro relations Instances of #$MacroRelation are relations that have, in their definition, the schema for a class of (possibly quantified) formulas. Each use of an instance of MacroRelation is in fact shorthand for an expression fitting this schema. See also #$RuleMacroPredicates, #$TermMacroFunction, and #$ELRelation. bf8a0959-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mailing addresses A specialization of #$Address-LocationDesignator. Each instance of #$MailingAddress is a string that describes the mailing address of an individual or organization, and includes a street name and number, P.O. Box, or rural route and box number. It also needs to include a city, state and zip code for mailings within the USA, and may also include a country name. bd5909d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mailing locations A specialization of #$ContactLocation. Each instance of #$MailingLocation is a location at which an agent can be contacted by mail. be01f510-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 main verbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of verbs, excluding auxiliary verbs and modals (but including participles). bd5f6836-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 gestured The collection of acts of #$IBOCreation done by an #$Animal (including #$Person) arranging its limbs or other body parts (and whatever objects the limbs might be holding) in some meaningful configuration (static or dynamic). Vocal #$IBTGenerations are not considered to be gestures (see #$MakingAnOralSound for this), but they might be done in conjunction with gestures. NB: #$MakingAGesture is NOT a subcollection of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; at most, an instance of #$MakingAGesture is only half of a communication event. And someone can make a gesture while alone, without using it for communication. Thus, only some gestures are #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating. (But note that #$MakingAGesture IS a subcollection of #$IBTGeneration-Original (q.v.), since every gesture encodes information, whether or not it is used for communication in a particular instance.) bd58f623-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 making an agreement A specialization of #$CreationEvent. Each instance of #$MakingAnAgreement is an event in which two or more agents specify the terms of an agreement (see the collection #$Agreement) to which they will be agreeing parties (see the predicate #$agreeingAgents), and subsequently enter into that agreement. Specializations of #$MakingAnAgreement include #$EngagementEventPart-BecomingEngaged, #$EmployeeHiring, #$DeclaringCeaseFire, and #$MakingAReservation. bd58a184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 vocalizing The collection of actions in which the lips and other mouth parts are used to make sound. #$MakingAnOralSound means the event in which sound is produced more-or-less voluntarily, using the mouth, mouth portal, lips, and tongue.--Kean, July 11, 1997 bd589df6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 making a facial expression A specialization of #$BodyMovementEvent. Each instance of #$MakingFacialExpression is an event during which the configuration of a particular animal's face changes. Such a change is usually (but not always) associated with the expression of some emotion by the animal in question. bd58c58d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 making events A collection of creation events -- a specialization of both #$CreatingAnArtifact and #$PhysicalCreationEvent (qq.v.). Each instance of this collection involves some #$PartiallyTangible thing being made (by some #$Agent) from raw materials or from parts. The end result (see #$productsCreated) might or might not be a #$Product. Examples include baking a loaf of bread and assembling a high-fidelity audio component. See also the more specialized #$Constructing. bd58fe38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 provided (type of thing) The collection of all activities in which an #$Agent makes it possible for another #$Agent to use (but not necessarily own) a good or service. bd58a246-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 making travel arrangements The collection of all events in which an agent arranges for some kind of travel event. bd58bd9c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 males The collection of all male animals. bd58e943-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 male persons The collection of all male persons. bd58d6a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 malfunctions A specialization of both #$SystemCondition and #$PhysicalEvent. Each instance of #$Malfunction is a dynamic state of impairment, in the sense that it has temporal aspects, it progresses dynamically, and so on; it is not just `being in some static state of error.' Notable specializations of #$Malfunction include #$AgentBasedSystemMalfunction and #$AilmentCondition. bdd1efcf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 malnutrition A collection of physiological conditions caused by the lack of essential #$Nutrients (usually vitamins, minerals or proteins). Specialized forms of #$Malnutrition are: (1) #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition, in which the necessary nutrients are not ingested; and (2) #$Malnutrition-Secondary, in which the necessary nutrients are not properly metabolized. be00bb98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mammals An instance of #$BiologicalClass, and a sub-taxon of #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Mammal is an air-breathing, warm-blooded animal which, if female, nurses its young with milk secreted by mammary glands. The skin of instances of #$Mammal is typically covered with hair (or sometimes hair modified into scales or plates, as in pangolins), but some types are almost hairless. All mammals other than the Monotremes of Australia bear live young rather than laying eggs, and have teats, which on females are used for nursing the young. Monotremes do not have teats, but both male and female produce milk from mammary glands. bd58a628-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of mammal capability This is the collection of types of action which can be done by any normal adult #$Mammal in typical circumstances, as opposed to types of action which can be done by only some mammals. For example, #$Breathing is an instance, though #$Flying-FlappingWings is not, because all mammals breathe but only some fly. befa05a6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 director A specialization of #$AdministrativeStaffPerson. Each instance of #$Manager is a person whose primary job is to manage other people, directing their work activity in an #$Organization or for a #$Project. A #$Manager tells his or her subordinate workers what to do. bd58b762-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 manipulating food Moving food or drink around, and doing things to it physically as part of its preparation, etc. One example is moving food from plate to mouth. Once the food has been placed in the mouth this event is over. Animals use paws or hands to manipulate food. If the 'performer' is a machine (a self-standing electric mixer, for example, or a blender) hands aren't needed, except to prepare the machine to do the activity. bd58a40e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 fabrications A collection of events. In each #$Manufacturing event, raw materials or component parts are combined to produce a product. In a typical #$Manufacturing process, the motivation of the manufacturer is that the value of the #$outputs should exceed the value of the #$inputs. #$Manufacturing does not include related or supportive processes such as transporting the raw materials to the manufacturing site, scheduling done ahead of time, etc. -- the concept #$ProductionEvent covers that bigger picture. bd58e175-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 manufacturer A specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$ManufacturingOrganization is an organization whose main function (see #$MainFunction) is the manufacture or production of goods. Instances of #$ManufacturingOrganization may be departments, suborganizations, companies, or conglomerate enterprises. bd58ef23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 maps A specialization of #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of #$Map is a conceptual work that models a region of physical space by using graphical symbols (or possibly another code), often in conjunction with a natural language, to represent features such as the following: geographical areas (#$GeographicalRegion), topographical features (#$TopographicalFeature), political regions (#$GeopoliticalEntity), climate zones (#$ClimateCycleType), human artifacts (#$ConstructionArtifact), population densities (#$populationDensity). Maps are generally intended to help an agent to orient itself in space or to understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial area. Instances of #$Map are physically instantiated in map copies (see the collection #$MapCopy), which may be on paper, in computerized geographical information systems, or in other forms. bd58e7b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 March A specialization of #$CalendarMonth. Each instance of #$March is the third month of a particular year in the #$GregorianCalendar (q.v.). bd58c2bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 marines (types of things) A subcollection of #$BranchOfMilitaryService. Each instance of #$MarineCorps is a military branch, modern or historical, composed mainly of soldiers (i.e. combat personnel) who serve on ships or in conjunction with naval forces, and whose purpose is to defend or attack coastal areas. beebd6c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 marine personnel A specialization of #$MilitaryPerson. Each instance of #$MarinePersonnel is a person who is a member of some instance of #$MarineCorps (q.v.). bd58a78c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 sales The collection of events in which a product is made available or promoted for sale. Includes advertising, press releases, etc. c0bd7085-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 marking (type of thing) A specialization of both #$MaterialHandling and #$IBOCreation. Each instance of #$MarkingOnASurface is an event in which visible markings are placed on a surface by an agent (see the collection #$Agent). The marking may be done by adding material to a surface (as in instances of #$Painting-Activity) or removing material from a surface (as in instances of #$EngravingEvent). bd588d33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mass A specialization of #$PhysicalQuantity. Instances of #$Mass may be either a fixed interval, such as two kilograms, or a range, such as a legal load for a certain type of trailer. The more mass an object has, the greater is the force required to accelerate it. bd58dbe6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mass mailing A specialization of #$EMailSending. Each instance of this collection is an #$Event in which somebody or something sends copies of an #$EMailMessage to many -- typically hundreds or thousands -- of #$EMailAddresses. Commonly known as spamming , the practice is often performed in an attempt to sell some product. Instances of #$MassEMailSending where the #$EMailMessages are received as well as sent also fall into the collection #$MassEMailCommunication. The #$EMailMessages sent during such events fall into the collection #$Spam-UnsolicitedEMail. c1342bf0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 common mass nouns The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'. bd652289-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mass nouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all mass nouns. Mass nouns are syntactically singular, and often they denote stufflike things. Example: 'water'. This collection also includes proper mass nouns like 'Pepsi', agentive mass nouns like 'moisturizer', etc. c0c8418b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 material handling The collection of all actions in which some sort of material (solid, liquid, or gas) is handled or moved around. This includes actions done with the use of tools or machinery (such as shovels, dump trucks, or cranes), and is therefore not restricted to the kind of handling that is done with one's hands. bd58a4d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of material strength A collection of collections. Each instance of #$MaterialStrengthType is a specific collection of attributes used in determining the strength of a material. Examples: #$Hardness, #$Malleability, #$Ductility, #$Elasticity. bd58d2da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 individual mathematical objects A specialization of both #$MathematicalThing and #$IntangibleIndividual. Each instance of #$MathematicalObject is a purely abstract mathematical thing which is also an individual (see #$Individual). Specializations of #$MathematicalObject include #$Quantifier, #$RealNumber, #$Triangle, and #$TruthValue. Note that instances of #$SetOrCollection are not instances of #$MathematicalObject, since they are not instances of #$Individual. bf461f37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mathematical or computational objects The collection of #$Intangible things that are intrinsically mathematical (see #$MathematicalThing) or computational (see #$ComputationalObject). Instances of #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing are abstract in the very strong sense of being nonspatial, atemporal, and massless. Examples include numbers, sets, collections, relations, algorithms, and abstract character strings. bd58e31f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mathematical ordering The collection of all those #$RelationalStructures that are called 'orderings'. A #$MathematicalOrdering is usually described as an ordered pair <S, R> where S is a set and R is a binary relation on S that is transitive, i.e., for each X, Y and Z in S, R(X Y) and R(Y Z) imply R(X Z). We do not have to define a #$MathematicalOrdering in Cyc as an ordered pair, but it is essential that each such #$MathematicalOrdering has a unique #$baseSet and a unique ordering relation. We use, for each #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, (#$orderingRelations ORDER PRED) to specify a binary predicate PRED, the restriction of which to the #$baseSet S of ORDER indicates the ordering relation R on S, and we require the collections that are used to specify the arguments to PRED to be supersets of S. In principle, there could be different predicates PRED1 and PRED2 such that when restricted to the same #$baseSet S of a #$MathematicalOrdering ORDER, they order the elements of S exactly the same way. When we said that there is a unique ordering relation R on S, we mean to ignore the difference between PRED1 and PRED2 when they are restricted to S, and treat the results of such restrictions the same, as far as they are used to talk about ORDER. Subcollections of #$MathematicalOrdering include #$PartialOrdering, #$PartialOrdering-Strict, #$TreeOrdering, #$TreeOrdering-Strict, #$TotalOrdering, #$TotalOrdering-Strict, #$WellOrdering and #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic, etc. bf3b5382-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mathematical concepts A specialization of #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing. Each instance of #$MathematicalThing is an atemporal, nonspatial, purely mathematical thing. #$MathematicalThing is partitioned into two main specializations, #$MathematicalObject and #$SetOrCollection (qq.v). bd58e5b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 states of matter A collection of collections. Each instance of #$MatterTypeByPhysicalState is a collection of instances of #$PartiallyTangible (q.v.) that are in one of the basic physical states of matter. The only four instances of this collection are #$Solid-StateOfMatter, #$Liquid-StateOfMatter, #$Gaseous-StateOfMatter, and #$Plasma-StateOfMatter. Although the chemical composition of a substance does not change when its basic physical state changes, many of its intrinsic physical properties do change -- including its density, viscosity, brittleness, color, and size. States of matter concern the organization of matter at the molecular level, as determined by temperature and pressure. Sufficiently large changes in temperature or pressure will cause matter in one physical state to transform into another (see #$StateOfMatterChangeEvent). bd589108-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 May The collection of all Mays, the second month to start after the vernal equinox (in the Northern Hemisphere) in the #$GregorianCalendar and #$JulianCalendar. May is the fifth month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. May started as the third month of the year in the #$JulianCalendar, but after the beginning of the year was moved to the beginning of #$January it became the fifth month of the year. bd58c232-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 measurable attribute type A collection of collections. Each instance of #$MeasurableScalarIntervalType is a collection of #$ScalarIntervals which are quantifiable (i.e., they can be assigned a numeric value). Instances of #$MeasurableScalarIntervalType include #$RateOfRotation, #$ConcentrationPerVolume, and #$Time-Quantity. bd58d9b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 measuring devices #$MeasuringDevice is a specialization of #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$MeasuringDevice is a device used for measuring some quantity such as #$Distance, #$Volume, #$Temperature, etc. Specializations of #$MeasuringDevice include #$Thermometer, #$Scale-MeasuringDevice, and #$Odometer.) bd590901-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 measuring events A specialization of #$PurposefulPhysicalAction. Each instance of #$MeasuringSomething is an event in which an agent uses a physical device to measure some physical attribute of a tangible object. The last part of such an event involves the perception (and perhaps recording) of a result of the measurement (see the predicate #$measurementResult) by some instance of #$PerceptualAgent. See also the function #$MeasurementFn. bd588524-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mechanical devices A specialization of #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$MechanicalDevice is a physical device which has at least one part that moves with respect to another one of its parts. Thus a spoon is not an instance of #$MechanicalDevice, but a pair of scissors is, as are more complex devices such as vacuum cleaners and the #$SpaceShuttleChallenger. bd58d581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 media products A specialization of both #$Product and #$InformationStore. Each instance of #$MediaProduct is an information store created for the purposes of media distribution (see #$MediaTransferEvent). Specializations of #$MediaProduct include #$RecordedVideoProduct, #$MediaSeriesProduct, and #$NewsArticle. bd783a8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical care A collection of events. Each instance of #$MedicalCareEvent is an event in which a medical care professional provides a medical service to some human or animal patient(s). Notable specializations of #$MedicalCareEvent include #$MedicalTesting, #$HospitalCareEvent, and #$Surgery. bd638fc1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical care institutions #$MedicalCareInstitution is a specialization of #$OrganizationWithIndividualClients and #$MedicalCareOrganization. Each instance of #$MedicalCareInstitution is a large organization that provides medical or psychiatric care and has facilities for patients to stay at least overnight. bd649710-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical care organization #$MedicalCareOrganization is a specialization of #$HealthcareOrganization, #$MedicalCareProvider and #$ServiceOrganization. Each instance of #$MedicalCareOrganization is an organization that provides some kind of medical care (note that an instance of #$MedicalCareOrganization may be a sub-organization of a larger organization). Notable specializations of #$MedicalCareOrganization include #$MedicalCareInstitution, #$Hospital, and #$VeterinaryHospital. bd58f48e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 health care professionals A specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$MedicalCareProfessional is a person whose occupation principally involves medical care of patients, including surgery, psychological care, physical therapy, practical nursing, and dispensing drugs. Notable specializations of #$MedicalCareProfessional include #$Doctor-Medical, #$Dentist, and #$Pharmacist. c10c316e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 health care provider The collection of agents who provide medical care in a professional capacity. c0fd5c00-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 patients The #$Collection of instances of #$Animal while undergoing medical care - which includes routine examinations as well as treatment for injuries or illnesses. bd5893d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical specialty type An instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType, and a specialization of #$PersonTypeByOccupation. Each instance of #$MedicalSpecialtyType is a type of profession in the field of health care. Instances include #$Doctor-Medical, #$Dentist, and #$Nurse. c10ae933-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical tests A specialization of #$MedicalCareEvent and #$Evaluating. Each instance of #$MedicalTesting is a test done on a patient -- or, often, on a sample taken from the patient's body -- in order to gather information about the patient's general state of health, in order to help in making a diagnosis, or in order to determine or monitor the severity of a known condition of the patient. Instances of #$MedicalTesting include individual blood tests, as well as individual MRIs. c0fd5389-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 medical treatments A subcollection of #$MedicalCareEvent. Each instance of #$MedicalTreatmentEvent is a procedure performed by one or more medical professionals to alleviate or ameliorate a #$PhysiologicalCondition (q.v.). bd58ba4f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mediterranean scrub A specialization of #$OutdoorLocation. Each instance is an area of shrub-dominated vegetation located in the Mediterranean basinand similar climatic regions in coastal parts of California, Chile, South Africa, and southern Australia. A variety of aromatic herbaceous plants grow beneath low shrub thickets. Source: The Times Atlas of the World (1995). bec614ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meetings (types of things) A collection of actions. In a #$MeetingSomeone event, one #$Agent is moving and meets (comes into close proximity with) another #$Agent. This may or may not be purposeful. It may be performed by non-human animals, and occasionally by other sorts of #$Agents. Note: this does not mean `being introduced to someone', but rather `going to meet with someone'. c0f29aad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meetings A specialization of #$SocialGathering. Each instance of #$MeetingTakingPlace is an event in which people gather intentionally at a location for some common purpose: for example, to communicate with each other, share some experience, or transact some business. Notable specializations of #$MeetingTakingPlace include #$StaffMeeting, #$ClassMeeting, and #$BusinessMeeting. bd590388-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 melting events A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, an object is heated to (and then above) its #$freezingPoint and is thereby changed from a #$Solid-StateOfMatter to a #$Liquid-StateOfMatter. bd58f9f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 memorials A specialization of #$SymbolicObject and #$ConstructionArtifact. Each instance of this collection is an artifact built to commemorate an individual, group of individuals or event. The collection includes gravestones, statues, and pyramids. See #$honorsThing and its specializations. Large and imposing instances of #$MemorialMarker fall under the more specialized collection #$Monument. c0fd6b27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 memory A specialization of #$MentalInformation. Each instance of #$Memory is the propositional content of a mental state in which a person recalls past events. Most commonly those memories concern first-person experiences, but they may include recollections of anything that the person has learned in the past. bd58da47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 men's clothing A specialization of #$Clothing-Generic. Each specialization of #$MensClothing is a type of clothing item worn usually by men. Specializations of #$MensClothing include #$Tuxedo and #$MensJockeyUnderwear. bd5902fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 pieces of mental information A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$MentalInformation is the propositional content of a specific mental state of an individual person. Thus, this is information which is embodied in a person having a memory or sensory perception or other type of thought. bd58daca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mental situation A specialization of #$Situation-Temporal. Each instance of #$MentalSituation is a mental situation such as a person seeing the color red, or believing that his enemies control the CIA, or desiring that Fidel Castro shave his beard. An important subcollection of this collection is #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent whice is the collection of mental situations that are events, such as thinking about something or tasting something. Other instances of #$MentalSituation are more long-standing and stable, and hence also instances of #$StaticSituation, e.g., believing something, or having some goal. Cf. #$MentalSituationFn. bee2989e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 single subject mental situations A specialization of #$MentalSituation (q.v.) each instance of which has a single agent (normally an #$IndividualAgent) as its subject . A subject in this sense is an agent who has, undergoes, experiences, entertains, or performs the mental situation, as the case may be. Instances of #$MentalSituation-SingleSubject can be mental _events_ (see #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent) such as acts of perception or mental _states_ (see #$MentalState) such as Alice's loving Bob. This collection excludes any mental situations that have more than one subject, such as (perhaps) an event of mutual recognition between two people, as well as any mental situations that have no proper subject at all, such as (perhaps) an event of mass hysteria or a state involving the Jungian collective unconscious . It of course does not exclude a given mental situation merely because it happens to _involve_ more than one agent; Alice's loving Bob involves two people, but Alice is nevertheless its only subject. In most contexts, the mental situations of interest are mostly single-subject. c08529b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mental predicates A collection of binary predicates, each of which relates an agent to some formula or object to which it has some cognitive connection, e.g. perceives, knows, or is aware of. It has two important specializations: #$CognitiveAwarenessPredicate, whose instances (e.g. #$tastes #$knowsAbout) relate an agent to that which the agent perceives or is otherwise aware of, and #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot, whose instances (e.g. #$beliefs and #$goals) relate an agent to an #$ELSentence-Assertible expressing the content of the agent's belief, goal, etc. bd82dd14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meta function A subcollection of #$MetaRelation (q.v.). Instances of #$MetaFunction are used to make definitional (e.g. argument-type constraint or generalization) assertions about functions (and only functions). As such, instances of #$MetaFunction have (at least) one of their own argument-places (usually, but not always, the first or arg1 ) constrained to be instances of #$Function-Denotational (or some subcollection thereof). 5efb1c22-a3ed-11d6-9a66-0002b364e721 metaknowledge predicates A collection of predicates, each instance of which is used to state things about the Cyc system or the CycL language itself -- usually about a particular reified constant or assertion in the Knowledge Base. Examples include #$myCreator, #$cyclistNotes, #$sharedNotes, #$salientAssertions, and #$assertionConclusionActionType. bd588097-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meta language predicate A subcollection of #$MetaKnowledgePredicate, instances of which are used (exclusively) to make statements that are primarily about expressions of the #$CycL language itself. As such, instances of #$MetaLanguagePredicate have at least one of their argument-places constrained to instances (see #$argIsa) of #$CycLExpression or some specialization thereof (and such argument-places might or might not be implicitly quoted ; see #$quotedArgument). But note that having such a constraint is a necessary and not a sufficient condition for being a metalanguage predicate. For example, although both argument-places of #$causes-PropProp are constrained to instances of #$ELSentence-Assertible, a statement using that predicate is mainly about the states of affairs those sentences describe, as opposed to being about the sentences themselves. In contrast, #$denotes (whose first argument is constrained to be a CycL term) is used to make semantic statements that are specifically about what the denotation of some term is. Thus #$denotes is a #$MetaLanguagePredicate and #$causes-PropProp is not. A statement made with a #$MetaLanguagePredicate might be syntactic, semantic, or pragmatic in nature. 0de0c818-45b4-11d6-8000-00a0c9da2002 meta-predicates A subcollection of #$MetaRelation (q.v.). Instances of #$MetaPredicate are used to make definitional (e.g. argument-type constraint or generalization) assertions about predicates (and only predicates). As such, instances of #$MetaPredicate have (at least) one of their own argument-places (usually, but not always, the first or arg1 ) constrained to be instances of #$Predicate (or some subcollection thereof). c0d662dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 meta relation A subcollection of #$Predicate. Instances of #$MetaRelation are used to make definitional (e.g. arity or argument-constraint) assertions about relations. As such, each instance of #$MetaRelation has (at least) one of its own argument-places (usually, but not always, the first or arg1 ) type-constrained to instances of #$Relation (or some subcollection thereof). Note that all meta-relations are themselves _predicates_ (as opposed to functions or other non-predicate relations); the collection #$MetaRelation is so-named because its instances (unlike those of its specialization #$MetaPredicate) may admit non-predicate relations as arguments. bf4f46aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 metallic elements An instance of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType. Every instance of #$Metal is a tangible object having certain characteristic physical and chemical properties. Instances of #$Metal are good conductors of electricity and heat, and most instances of #$Metal are solids at room temperature (although all instances of #$Mercury, for example, are liquids at room temperature). Solid instances of #$Metal have a shiny luster, and are highly malleable. Specializations of #$Metal include #$Mercury, #$Potassium, #$Brass, #$Lead, and #$Iron. bd58ac39-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 alloys A collection of tangible stuffs; a subcollection of #$Metal. Each instance of #$MetalAlloy is a metallic stuff which is a homogeneous blend of at least one part of #$UnalloyedMetal with at least one other substance. #$MetalAlloy is not a subcollection of #$Mixture, because each instance of #$MetalAlloy is defined not only by the amounts and kinds of its #$constituents, but also (unlike a mixture) by the internal structures formed during its creation. Furthermore, the creation process is typically more complex than #$Mixing. Common metal alloys include the instances of #$Bronze-Stuff, #$Brass, and #$Steel. Note that #$GalvanizedMetal is _not_ a subcollection of #$MetalAlloy, because every instance of #$GalvanizedMetal has a coating of some #$Zinc on its surface, and thus (unlike an alloy) the components of galvanized metals are not homogenously distributed throughout. bd58cc8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 metric unit prefix Non-atomic term functions, like #$Kilo, which take a basic unit of measure, such as #$Gram, and add a metric prefix to it, creating a new derived unit of measure, such as #$Kilogram bd5883a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microbes A specialization of both #$MicroscopicScaleObject and #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$Microorganism is an organism too small to be seen by humans without the aid of a microscope. Notable specializations of #$Microorganism include #$Protozoan, #$Virus, and #$ProkaryoticCell. c00b2dee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microscopic objects A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$MicroscopicScaleObject is a partially tangible object which is so small that human beings cannot perceive it, except (perhaps) with the use of special devices such as #$Microscopes or #$ElectronMicroscopes. Specializations of #$MicroscopicScaleObject include #$Molecule, #$Atom, #$SubAtomicParticle, #$Chloroplast, and #$Mitochondrion. bd5891ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contexts A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$Microtheory is an abstract informational thing that represents a context in Cyc. Each microtheory (or 'mt') serves to group a set of assertions together that share some common assumptions; the assertions in an mt constitute the content of that mt. Note that each assertion in the Cyc knowledge base must be explicitly stated to be true in at least one microtheory. Assertions stated to be true in one mt will also be true (by inference) in more specialized mts that depend on the content of that mt. For example, if something is true in the #$HumanSocialLifeMt (q.v.), then it should by default be true in the more specialized #$UnitedStatesSocialLifeMt (q.v.). Specialized microtheories are related to the more general microtheories on which they depend by the predicate #$genlMt (q.v.). Note that every query is made in some mt, and the answer one gets to a query depends on the mt in which it is asked, since the only assertions which can be used to answer a query in an mt are those explicitly stated to be true in that mt, or in some more general mt. See also the predicate #$ist, which is used to relate an assertion to the microtheories in which it is true. bd5880d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microtheory designating function denotational The collection of denotational functions which specify that a #$ELSentence-Assertible is to be interpreted in a given #$Microtheory. It will be canonicalized and checked for well-formedness with respect to that microtheory. Each microtheory-designating function has an argument which denotes a microtheory, and another argument which denotes a #$ELSentence-Assertible. It may have other arguments as well. Use #$microtheoryDesignationArgnum and #$sentenceDesignationArgnum to specify these argument positions for each microtheory-designating function. c122ee1f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microtheory-designating predicates The collection of decontextualized predicates (see #$decontextualizedPredicate) that specify that a given #$ELSentence-Assertible is to be interpreted in a given #$Microtheory. The sentence will be canonicalized and checked for well-formedness with respect to that microtheory. Each microtheory-designating predicate thus takes a microtheory (see #$microtheoryDesignationArgnum) and an #$ELSentence-Assertible (see #$sentenceDesignationArgnum) as arguments. It may take one or more other arguments as well. be44af4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microtheory designating relation The collection of #$Relations which specify that a #$ELSentence-Assertible is to be interpreted in a given #$Microtheory. It will be canonicalized and checked for well-formedness with respect to that microtheory. Each microtheory-designating relation has an argument which denotes a microtheory, and another argument which denotes a #$ELSentence-Assertible. It may have other arguments as well. Use #$microtheoryDesignationArgnum and #$sentenceDesignationArgnum to specify these argument positions for each microtheory-designating relation. beab9388-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microtheory predicates A specialization of #$Predicate. Each instance of #$MicrotheoryPredicate is a predicate used to describe the properties and relationships of instances of #$Microtheory. Instances of #$MicrotheoryPredicate include #$domainAssumptions, #$mtTime, #$genlMt, #$adheresToCodeOfConduct, #$ist-Agreement, and #$ist-Obligation. bd58817a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of microtheory A collection of collections. Each instance of #$MicrotheoryType is a specialization of #$Microtheory. Instances of #$MicrotheoryType include the collections #$HypotheticalContext and #$GeneralMicrotheory. bd58e6e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 microwaved A collection of events in which a #$MicrowaveOven is used to heat food (or drink). After a #$Microwaving event, the food involved has been #$Microwaved. bff3797e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 middays A #$Midday is the daily event where the #$Sun is near its `highest' position in the daily cycle. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and a #$Morning overlaps the start of a #$Midday. bd5887c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 migratory animals A subcollection of #$Animal; the collection of animals that change their dwelling place on a periodic, typically seasonal basis. Such behavior is usually characteristic of particular types of #$BiologicalSpecies. c1009f65-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military aircraft A subcollection of both #$MilitaryVehicle and #$AirTransportationDevice. #$MilitaryAircraft is the collection of all aircraft used, or equipped to be used, for military purposes. bd58b375-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military airplanes #$MilitaryAirplane is a specialization of #$Airplane and #$MilitaryAircraft. Each instance of #$MilitaryAirplane is an airplane typically used by the military. be79c486-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military bases #$MilitaryBase-Grounds is a specialization of #$MilitaryFacility, #$ContactLocation, #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject, and #$GroundsOfOrganization. Each instance of #$MilitaryBase-Grounds is a base, post, or fort controlled by a military organization. bd5a81bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military devices #$MilitaryEquipment is a specialization of #$Artifact and #$PartiallyTangibleProduct. Each instance of #$MilitaryEquipment is an artifact that is owned and used by some #$MilitaryOrganization. Examples include instances of weapons, vehicles, and uniforms. be83ee2e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military facilities #$MilitaryFacility is a specialization of #$ConstructionArtifact and #$Facility-Construct. Each instance of #$MilitaryFacility is a building or other type of construction that is used by a #$MilitaryOrganization. This is taken to also include a military training field, where there may not be a lot of construction (maybe only a fence surrounding it). More concrete examples include instances of #$MilitaryAirfield and #$MissileSilo. bf4569ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military hardware #$MilitaryHardware is a specialization of#$MilitaryEquipment and #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$MilitaryHardware is a type of physical device used by the military, thus including #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle, #$Weapons and #$CommunicationDevices. It however excludes #$MilitaryUniforms and #$Flags. bd58f2a6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military land platform #$MilitaryLandPlatform is a specialization of #$Platform-Military and #$LandTransportationDevice. Each instance of #$MilitaryLandPlatform is used by the military to transport equipment, weapons, and/or personnel on land. c0c53f2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 officers (types of things) A subcollection of #$MilitaryPerson. Each instance of this collection is a person who is a (commissioned or non-commissioned) officer in some #$MilitaryOrganization. bd58a748-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 armed services A specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$MilitaryOrganization is an organization whose function (and expertise) is the use of armed force, or the threat of such use, against enemies, especially other organized, armed enemies. A military organization includes its fighting forces and their command structure, together with dedicated support services controlled by that military command. Typically, there are special conditions in the relationships between a #$MilitaryOrganization and its workers, going beyond what is expected in work agreements in civilian settings, including strict sanctions to enforce obedience. This collection includes #$GovernmentMilitaryOrganizations such as the armies, navies, and air forces of the world's governments, and in addition private armies, rebel armies, and organized mercenary units. bd58f1ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military personnel A specialization of #$MilitaryAgent. Each instance of #$MilitaryPerson is a person belonging to one of the national military services (see the collection #$BranchOfMilitaryService) of some instance of #$Country. Notable specializations of #$MilitaryPerson include #$ArmyPersonnel, #$NavyPersonnel, and #$MarinePersonnel. bd58ef05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military vehicles #$MilitaryVehicle is a specialization of #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle and #$Platform-Military. Each instance of #$MilitaryVehicle would include things like airplanes and tanks, but exclude things like towed platforms. c0bac0bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 military watercraft #$MilitaryWatercraft is a specialization of #$Watercraft and #$Platform-Military. Each instance of #$MilitaryWatercraft is a #$Watercraft used in a military context. A few notable specializations include nuclear submarines and destroyers, but transportation devices which are not vehicles could also be instances. c0bcdd22-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 minerals A specialization of #$InanimateThing-Natural. Each instance of #$Mineral is a piece of homogeneous inorganic physical substance that has a crystalline structure. Specializations of #$Mineral include the collections #$Diamond, #$Turquoise-Gem, #$Jade-Gem, and #$Corundum. c1008900-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ore A specialization of #$LandStuff. Each instance of #$MineralOre is a piece of substance from which some instance(s) of #$Mineral (q.v.) can be extracted. Specializations of #$MineralOre include #$IronOre, #$BauxiteOre, and #$CopperOre. bd588750-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 government ministers A specialization of both #$PublicOfficial and #$Manager. Each instance of #$Minister-Governmental is a person who is responsible for managing the activities of some department or sub-organization of a (usually national) government. Notable specializations of #$Minister-Governmental include #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment and #$Minister-Diplomatic. bfe18c88-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 misery Feeling of unhappiness and wretched condition attending distress and suffering bd58a695-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mist A kind of suspension in which particles of liquid are suspended in a gas. be00afc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mistrust An instance of #$FeelingType, #$Mistrust represents the feeling or attitude an agent has towards something that it considers unreliable, suspicious, or otherwise untrustworthy. bd58e231-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mixed A collection of events. In each #$Mixing, two or more substances are combined to form a #$Mixture. bd58e9f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mixtures A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$Mixture is a homogeneous partially tangible thing composed of two or more different constituents (see the predicate #$constituents) which have been mixed. The inputs to this mixing do not form chemical bonds among themselves, and at a later time the mixture may be separated back out into these inputs. Specializations of #$Mixture include #$Blood, #$Mud, #$Air, and #$CarbonatedBeverage. Note that each instance of #$Mixture has a composition but not a structure; thus, the following are _not_ instances of #$Mixture, since all have some structure: a wet sponge, a person, or a portion of plywood. bd58e89f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 hordes A specialization of #$Group. Each instance of #$Mob is a group that contains a large number of objects or events of the same type. Mobs typically have more members than would be feasible to enumerate or reify. One rarely refers to particular members of a given mob; and when one does, it is usually only to relatively few of them. Examples: the #$Andes-Mountains is a mob of mountains; each instance of #$Galaxy is a mob of stars; a cupful of sand is a mob of grains of sand; and making popcorn involves a mob of corn kernel bursting events. See also #$MobFn. bd58ed36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modal verbs The collection of all modal auxiliary verbs. Modals have only tensed forms, do not inflect for person and number, and can take contracted negation. Example: `should'. bd5884c6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 contracted modal verbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all contracted modal forms. The only modals which can contract are 'would' and 'will'. Example: -ll from 'will'. bd61a6e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negated modal verbs NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd5c9563-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modal operator #$ModalOperator is a sub-collection of both #$SententialOperator and #$ModalPredicate. All modal operators are non-truth-functional sentential operators. A sentential operator takes one or more sentences as arguments and returns a sentence. A sentential operator OP is non-truth-functional if the truth-value of the compound sentence, say, (OP SENT_1 ... SENT_n), is not completely determined by the truth values of the components, i.e., not completely determined by the truth values of SENT_1, ..., SENT_n. Each #$ModalOperator must have some logical features in #$ModalityFeature, and may or may not have a `dual operator' (see #$dualOperator). This collection includes #$possible, #$subImplies and (#$ModalOpFn #$beliefs #$Lehmann), etc., but not #$not, #$and or #$implies, etc., which are truth-functional operators. Sub-collections of #$ModalOperator includes #$CommonModalOperator, #$UnaryModalOperator and #$BinaryModalOperator. bfe241b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modern residences A specialization of both #$HumanResidence and #$ModernShelterConstruction. Each instance of #$ModernHumanResidence is a humanly constructed shelter of a modern type in which people live. Such residences are the typical dwellings in the developed world of the late 20th century and may be found in the more affluent regions of the developing world. Examples include houses in suburban `developments', modern apartment buildings, `modular' homes, etc. bd58f076-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modern military organization #$ModernMilitaryOrganization is a specialization of #$MilitaryOrganization. Each instance of #$ModernMilitaryOrganization is a military organization of current (or recent) times that have modern equipment and methods. Generally includes organizations making at least some use of high-tech military technology. bd58f1ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modern naval ships #$ModernNavalShip is a specialization of #$Ship and #$MilitaryWatercraft. Each specialization of #$ModernNavalShip is a type of ship that has been used since the Nineteenth Century primarily for naval purposes, including military attack and defense, reconnaisance, support, rescue, and coastal monitoring. Most instances of #$ModernNavalShip are specifically constructed for naval purposes. bd58f0f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modern shelter constructions A specialization of both #$FixedStructure and #$HumanShelterConstruction. Each instance of #$ModernShelterConstruction is a construction artifact that provides comfortable shelter for humans during some of their daily activities. Instances of #$ModernShelterConstruction have the kinds of features found in modern-day buildings in Europe, the USA, and other technologically developed parts of the world, namely, amenities like doors, plumbing, electricity, and probably some kind of climate control system for maintaining humanly comfortable conditions indoors. Examples include the #$NewYorkHiltonAtBroadway, the #$SydneyOperaHouse, and instances of the collection #$ModernHumanResidence (e.g., a newly built home in a suburban development or a renovated brownstone in New York City). bd58a081-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modesty Feeling free from brashness, boldness or assertiveness. Has no connotation of inferiority; see Humility bd589d4e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 modular lattices The subcollection of #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic that contains all those lattices called 'modular lattices' by the lattice theorists. A #$Lattice-LatticeTheoretic LATTICE (with the #$baseSet S, ordering relation R, meet operation MEET and join operation JOIN) is a #$ModularLattice if the following condition holds: for each X, Y and Z in S, if R(Z X) then (MEET X (JOIN Y Z)) = (JOIN (MEET X Y) (MEET X Z)). Note that there are many conditions equivalent to the one above, one of which is the condition that for each X, Y and Z in S, if R(Z X) then (JOIN X (MEET Y Z)) = (MEET (JOIN X Y) (MEET X Z)). (Other equivalent conditions may be found by browsing the rules for #$ModularLattice.) Note also that a #$DistributiveLattice satisfies this condition automatically, and therefore is a #$ModularLattice. c0caf649-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 molecular stuff A collection of tangible stuff. Every instance of #$MolecularStuff is a portion of stuff composed of covalently-bonded molecules. Thus, #$Water and #$DNAStuff are subcollections of #$MolecularStuff; each of their instances consists of covalently bonded molecules. But instances of #$Salt-NaCl are not examples of #$MolecularStuff. Also, #$Oxygen is not a subcollection of #$MolecularStuff, since #$Oxygen denotes anything composed of that element, not just O2 (molecular oxygen) and O3 (ozone). bd59e38c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 molecules A subcollection of #$ChemicalObject and #$ComplexPhysicalObject. Each instance of #$Molecule is a microscopic-scale object whose component atoms are all chemically bonded to each other; typically, this means that the atoms are covalently bonded. Examples: some instances of #$Molecule, including molecules of oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), etc., contain covalently bonded atoms belonging to the collection #$Oxygen. Some highly complex examples of #$Molecule are those belonging to the collection #$DNAMolecule. See also #$MoleculeFn. Note: #$Diamond and other macroscopic covalent solids are excluded from belonging to #$Molecule by the constraint that instances of #$Molecule are microscopic. bd58f0b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of molecule classified by chemical compound A collection of specializations of #$Molecule. Each instance of #$MoleculeTypeByChemicalCompoundType is a collection of molecules characterized by the fact that all of its instances are molecules of a particular type of chemical compound (see #$ChemicalCompoundType). Cf. the mose specific collection #$MoleculeTypeByChemicalSpecies, which is a collection of collections whose instances have same chemical structure and formula. bd741366-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Mon A collection of #$CalendarDays and an instance of #$DayOfWeekType. #$Monday is the collection of all (and only) mondays. bd58d6f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Monera An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom, and a specialization of both #$Organism-Whole and #$ProkaryoticCell. Each instance of #$MoneraKingdom is a one-celled prokaryotic organism (so each instance lacks a nuclear membrane, as well as other internal organelles). Specializations of #$MoneraKingdom include #$PseudomonasMallei, #$Plague-Bacterium, and #$EscherichiaColi. bd58cb4b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monetary transactions A specialization of both #$ExchangeOfUserRights and #$MoneyTransaction. Each instance of #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights is an event in which two instances of #$Agent (who are related to the event via specializations of the predicate #$exchangers) perform two reciprocal instances of #$TransferringPossession, one of which is an instance of #$MoneyTransfer. The agent who performs the instance of #$MoneyTransfer (this agent is related to the event via the predicate #$buyer) gives some money to the other agent (who is related to the event via the predicate #$seller) in order to gain some user rights over an object possessed by the #$seller (this object is related to the event via the predicate #$objectPaidFor). The #$seller relinquishes some user rights over the #$objectPaidFor to the #$buyer, in exchange for the #$buyer's money (which is related to the event via the predicate #$objectTendered). Notable specializations of #$MonetaryExchangeOfUserRights include #$Renting and #$Buying. bffb86d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monetary flow rate A specialization of #$MoneyRate. Each instance of #$MonetaryFlowRate is an amount of money taken with respect to some unit of time. Instances of #$MonetaryFlowRate include rates at which money is earned, spent, transferred, lost, and invested. An example instance of #$MonetaryFlowRate is (#$DollarsPerHour 10), $10 dollars per hour. bd58eb7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monetary values A specialization of #$ScalarInterval. Each instance of this collection is a value by means of which payments, wealth, capital, assets, etc., are measured. Each instance of this collection is thus an abstract object, not to be confused with the physical objects used as legal tender. For those, see #$Currency, though it is worth noting that each coin, bill, etc. that is an instance of #$Currency, is typically _stably associated with_ some particular instance of #$MonetaryValue. Nor is #$MonetaryValue to be confused with the many and varied social practices (such as a backed claim for a certain amount of physical wealth payable by the government on demand), which create money qua social institution and underpin all financial transactions. For that, see #$Money-DevisedPractice. Since instances of #$MonetaryValue are not pure numbers but quantities of some particular currency, they are denoted by means of the collection #$UnitOfMoney. Each instance of this collection is a function which (like many Cyc functions which are instances of #$UnitOfMeasure) either takes one argument and returns a fixed amount of money, e.g. (#$Dollar-Australia 4) or takes two arguments and returns a range, e.g. (#$Shilling-Uganda 2 2000). Since currencies may appreciate or depreciate in value over time, and this information is sometimes relevant, it is possible to index instances of #$UnitOfMoney temporally by means of further functions. For example, ((#$USDollarFn 1997) 2) denotes the monetary value of 2 US dollars in the year 1997. See also #$MoneyTransfer, #$monetaryValueOfThing, #$cost, #$basicPrice. bd58d4d8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 money rates A specialization of #$Rate. Each instance of #$MoneyRate is an amount of #$MonetaryValue (q.v.) taken with respect to an amount of some other quantity: e.g., $1.14 per gallon, $10,000 per acre, $250 per week, and $0.89 per pound. Notable specializations of #$MoneyRate include #$MoneyPerVolumeRate, #$MoneyPerAreaRate, #$MoneyPerMassRate, and #$MonetaryFlowRate. bd58d145-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of money tender A collection of collections. Each instance of #$MoneyTenderType is a collection of objects of a type commonly offered in payment for goods, services, fees, wage-work, and so on. Notable instances of #$MoneyTenderType include #$Currency, #$CreditCard, and #$Check-TenderObject. bd58d8e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 transactions involving money A specialization of both #$CommercialActivity and #$MoneyTransfer. Each instance of #$MoneyTransaction is an event in which a transfer of money occurs, and the transfer is done in exchange for something else, according to some (implicit or explicit) agreement. Thus, buying something, investing, making a donation, executing a bequest, and exchanging currency are all examples of #$MoneyTransaction events. bd589db3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 money transfers A specialization of both #$ChangeInUserRights and #$PurposefulAction. In each instance of #$MoneyTransfer, possession of some quantity of money is transferred from one agent to another. The transfer in question may be done in exchange for some good(s) or service(s), according to some (implicit or explicit) agreement (in which case the transfer is an instance of #$MoneyTransaction, an important specialization of #$MoneyTransfer), but it need not be. Notable specializations of #$MoneyTransfer include #$Buying, #$Renting, and #$Paying. bd590a32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monocots #$MonocotSubclass is a specialization of #$FloweringPlant and instance of #$BiologicalSubclass. It is an angiosperm subclass containing taxa whose members have only one cotyledon in the embryo phase and lack normal secondary growth. bd58b0d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monophthong - vowel NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf757aea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 months of the year A collection of #$Collections. Instances of #$MonthOfYearType are the canonical subcollections of #$CalendarMonth. There are twelve of these in the #$JulianCalendar; for example, #$September is the collection of all Septembers. bd58ce5e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 monument A specialization of #$MemorialMarker. Each instance of this collection is a #$MemorialMarker which is truly monumental - large, imposing, and awe-inspiring. See also the predicates #$artifactHonors and #$monumentHonors. c10c2d40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mornings A #$Morning is an #$Event where the sun apparently `rises' and `moves' to its `highest' position in the daily cycle, i.e. from a #$Sunrise to the ensuing noon. Each instance of #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter a night. An #$Afternoon is #$contiguousAfter each #$Morning. bd588885-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 morphological processes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bef9827f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 morphological rule constraint NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 4e0fab53-1366-11d6-9f2f-00b0d074c11f morphological rule constraint - categorial NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 4e0fd260-1366-11d6-9f2f-00b0d074c11f morphological rule constraint - semantic NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 4e0fd262-1366-11d6-9f2f-00b0d074c11f motion - solid against solid In instances of #$Motion-SolidAgainstSolid the #$motionPathway-Complete is in contact with (#$touches) every #$objectMoving. This collection is a #$TemporalStuffType so contact between #$objectMoving and #$motionPathway-Complete occurs throughout all #$timeSlices. The #$objectMoving and the #$motionPathway-Complete are solid objects. Hockey pucks sliding, rolling, and spinning on ice exemplars. Car transportation and #$SnowSkiing are a negative examples because many of the #$objectMovings in these events do not touch the pathway e.g. the car passengers, the skiers hat etc.. Instances of #$Motion-SolidAgainstSolid are involved as #$subEvents however. The car's wheels, and the skier's skis are the respective #$objectMovings. bd58816c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 motorboats #$Motorboat is the specialization of #$Watercraft-Surface and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. Each instance of #$Motorboat is usually powered by motors (including in-board and out-board motors). If a boat is primarily a #$Sailboat, but has a back-up motor to use when becalmed or piloting, that is not enough to make it a #$Motorboat. To be more precise, this collection is the intersection of #$Watercraft-Surface, #$InternalCombustionPoweredDevice and #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle. bd58d72d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 motorcycles (types of things) #$Motorcycle is a specialization of #$RoadVehicle and #$WheeledTransportationDevice. Each instance of #$Motorcycle is a two-wheeled motorized personal transport device. Unlike most #$Automobiles, a motorcycle lacks a cab or compartment to protect the driver from wind and weather. bd590474-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mountable transporter A #$MountableTransporter is a transporter that one `rides' or `rides on' but does not `ride in'. This collection was originally created to enable the following sorts of natural language interpretations. Anyone who is said to `ride' such an object is most likely to be the #$driverActor. If someone `rides' a non #$MountableTransporter (e.g. a train) is most likely not a #$driverActor but a #$passengers. Positive exemplars include horses, jet skis, motorcycles, bicycles. Negative exemplars include cars, trains, planes. A borderline positive example is a skateboard. When one `rides' a skateboard one is most likely the #$driverActor, but, unlike typical #$MountableTransporters, one is also most likely not sitting. c0ecbf4f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mountains A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$Mountain is a topographical region on the planet Earth of significantly higher elevation than its surrounding area. Mountains may occur individually or as part of a chain (see #$MountainRange). Instances of #$Mountain include #$MountWhitney, #$DiamondHead-Mountain, #$MountKosciusko, #$AyersRock, and #$MountOlympus. bd58ce0d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mountain ranges A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$MountainRange is a natural group of mountains. Instances of #$MountainRange include the #$RockyMountains, #$Andes-Mountains, and #$Alps-Mountains. bd58e52f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 mouths The collection of all animal mouths. A mouth is a container #$AnimalBodyPart of an #$Animal. It has an opening (a #$Portal) to the region outside the organism. Through that opening, the animal ingests tangible substances from the environment, such as food, water, air, etc. Additional activities, such as #$Chewing, may occur in the #$Mouth, and it may participate in other activities such as talking, kissing, etc. bd589d87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-periodic movements A specialization of #$MovementEvent. Each instance of #$Movement-NonPeriodic is a movement event in which the moving object (see the predicate #$objectMoving) does not return to a previous location or orientation, or returns to a previous location or orientation only in a non-regular manner. An example of a #$Movement-NonPeriodic would be the motion of a basketball being dribbled by a basketball player as she runs downcourt. For contrast, see #$Movement-Periodic. bd5dac56-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 periodic movements A specialization of #$MovementEvent. Each instance of #$Movement-Periodic is a movement event in which the moving object (see the predicate #$objectMoving) returns repeatedly to a certain location or orientation at more or less regular time intervals. Examples of #$Movement-Periodic include the motion of a seesaw one afternoon, the dribbling of a basketball in place by Magic Johnson, and the motion of a slinky going down a staircase as it periodically changes its orientation through a fixed, repetive series of orientations. bd658729-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 rotations #$Movement-Rotation is a subcollection of #$MovementEvent. Instances of #$Movement-Rotation are those moving events in which the #$primaryObjectMoving is an #$objectRotating, i.e., it rotates about an axis that spatially intersects it (or that goes through a hole in it). For example, the daily rotation of the #$PlanetEarth on its axis, or the rotation of a clock hand about its fastened end. A negative example is the orbiting of #$PlanetEarth around the #$Sun - the axis does not spatially intersect the object. bd58cb0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 movements from one place to another A specialization of #$Translocation. Each instance of #$Movement-TranslationEvent is an event in which an object (an instance of #$SomethingExisting) moves some distance (so that at some point in the event, the object's center of mass changes location with respect to the relevant frame of reference). The moving object need not move completely out of its original spatial extent; for example, a building moving one foot to the left undergoes a #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Instances of #$Movement-TranslationEvent include events in which the movement ends in the same place it started from (e.g. one lap of a race car around the Indianapolis race track, or a trip to the grocery store and back). In such cases (all of which are instances of the specialization #$Translation-NoLocationChange), the to and from locations of the movement (see the predicates #$toLocation and #$fromLocation) are identical. In other cases of #$Movement-TranslationEvent (e.g. the movement of the baseball during a home run hit by Roger Maris), the to and from locations are different; in these cases, the movement events are also instances of #$Translation-LocationChange (q.v.). bd588e70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 movement processes #$Movement-TranslationProcess is the subcollection of #$Movement-TranslationEvents whose insatnces can be pragmatically considered to be continuous processes. In any instance of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, all time-slices of that process are also themselves instances of #$Movement-TranslationProcess. Note that walking is a type of #$Movement-TranslationProcess, even though it involves some nonzero accelerations and jerks. A non-example would be a plot of the various residences you've lived in (``moved to'') over the course of your lifetime; another non-example would be Captain Kirk beaming up to the Enterprise; another would be the ``tunneling'' of an electron in a tunnel diode. bd588e2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 moves (types of things) A specialization of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each instance of #$MovementEvent is an event in which at least one object translates some distance, or in which at least one object moves from one rotational orientation to another rotational orientation. Each instance of #$MovementEvent is thus a rotation or translation of some object (an instance of #$SomethingExisting), where the movement occurs relative to a frame of reference which is not part of the rotating or translating object. Notable specializations of #$MovementEvent include #$Translocation, #$Rotation-NonPeriodic, and #$Movement-Periodic. bd590401-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 movement or shape changes A specialization of #$PhysicalEvent whose instances include translational or rotational movements of whole objects (see #$MovementEvent), objects changing shape (see #$ShapeChangeEvent), as well as events in which salient parts of an object move or change shape in relation to the reference frame of the whole object. For example, although a ticking grandfather clock is not normally undergoing either a #$MovementEvent or a #$ShapeChangeEvent, it can still be said to be moving -- and thus undergoing a #$MovementOrShapeChangeEvent -- in virtue of the fact that a salient part of the clock, the pendulum, is swinging. (Of course, the pendulum itself is periodically undergoing #$Movement-Rotation, and the tip of the pendulum is undergoing a #$Movement-TranslationEvent.) As a negative example, a catatonic person should not be thought of as undergoing any #$MovementOrShapeChangeEvent. Although blood moves through such a person's veins, her lungs expand and contract, and so on, these things would not normally be considered salient enough to entail that the person herself was undergoing a movement or shape change event. be32a8af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 maneuvers A specialization of #$MovementEvent and an instance of #$TemporalStuffType. Its instances are those #$MovementEvents which can be considered as continuous motions. That is, (1) motion happens without interruption throughout a #$MovementProcess, and thus (2) every time-slice of a #$MovementProcess is also a #$MovementProcess. bd5890cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 movie titles A specialization of #$VideoConceptualWork. Each instance of #$Movie-CW is an abstract work whose performances are instances of #$MovieShowing. Notable instances are #$CitizenKane-TheMovie and #$StarWars-TheMovie. bfdef762-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 moving a computer file A specialization of #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent. In each instance of #$MovingAComputerFile, a computer reads a file, creates a new file with the same contents in a different location (see #$CopyingAComputerFile) and then deletes the original file (see #$DeletingAFile). bfbdd6dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 dialogs A collection of complex information transfer events. Each instance of #$MultiDirectionalCommunication is an event in which more than one agent is involved as a #$senderOfInfo. For example, a conversation or a debate, as opposed to a speech or lecture. The predicate #$infoContributed is used to correlate each sending agent with the information s/he transmits in such an event. For communication acts having only one sender, see #$CommunicationAct-Single. bd5891c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 groups of people acting together The collection of all #$Agent-Generics that each consist of other #$Agent-Generics operating together. Usually the constituent agents form some kind of #$Group that itself acts as an #$Agent-Generic. Examples: a #$LegalCorporation, a #$GeographicalAgent, a #$Neighborhood or an #$Industry-Localized. Although it would be a positive exemplar of (#$GroupFn #$Agent), the 'group of people whose first names all start with the letter 'B'' is a negative exemplar of #$MultiIndividualAgent. In almost all contexts, such a group will not act as an #$Agent in any way. It is less cohesive than some of the least cohesive kinds of #$MultiIndividualAgents such as #$CrowdOfPeople. bd918016-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 multi word for constant pred The specialization of #$MultiWordPhrasePredicate whose instances map phrases to Cyc constants. See also #$MultiWordForFormulaPred. c12bdceb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 multi word phrase predicate A collection of #$NLSemanticPredicates. Each instance of #$MultiWordPhrasePredicate specifies a multi-word phrase and its CycL translation. The phrase consists of a sequence of strings, beginning or ending with a head word (an instance of #$EnglishWord) whose form can vary. For instance, the assertion (#$compoundString #$Chamber-TheWord ( of commerce ) #$SimpleNoun #$ChamberOfCommerce) means that the strings chamber of commerce and chambers of commerce both denote the CycL term #$ChamberOfCommerce. Specializations of #$MultiWordPhrasePredicate are: #$MultiWordForConstantPred, whose instances map phrases to CycL constants, #$MultiWordForFormulaPred, whose instances map phrases to #$NLTemplateExpressions and #$MultiWordForStringPred, whose instances map phrases to strings. c0209236-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 multi-cellular organisms #$MulticellularOrganism is a specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Each instance of #$MulticellularOrganism is an organism that is composed of more than one cell. In other words, this is the collection of all instances of #$Organism-Whole that are not instances of #$SingleCellOrganism. c08c4a77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 multigraph An instance of #$PathSystemType-Structural and a subcollection of #$PathSystem. Each instance of #$Multigraph is an instance of #$PathSystem in which the only points are nodes in the system and all paths are made of links (i.e., no intermediate points along links). Sometime such a system is called a graph or multi-graph in graph theory. A #$Multigraph consists of nodes interconnected by links, with loops on single nodes allowed, and with multiple links between the same two nodes also allowed. (For a graph with no parallel links and no loops, see #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic. bde212ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 muscles A specialization of #$MuscleTissue. Each instanc of #$Muscle is an organ that is essentially a mass of muscle tissue controlled by a nerve (see #$Nerve) and that by contracting moves or restricts the motion of one or more #$AnimalBodyParts to which it is connected. bd803c70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 muscle powered devices #$MusclePoweredDevice is a specialization of #$KineticEnergyPoweredDevice. Each instance of #$MusclePoweredDevice is a device which is powered by animal muscle power (including human labor). Specializations of #$MusclePoweredDevice include #$Wagon, #$Bicycle, and #$Canoe. bd5893ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 muscle (type of thing) A specialization of #$OrganismPart. Each instance of #$MuscleTissue is a quantity of muscle tissue; that is, tissue composing biological organs that converts chemical energy into mechanical energy. Note that as this collection is a specialization (via #$OrganismPart) of #$BiologicalLivingObject, it only covers undetached muscle parts. An important specialization of this collection is #$Muscle, the collection of masses of #$MuscleTissue attached at both ends that are controlled by nerves, and move one or more body parts. bd58cc38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 musculatures The collection of all animals' muscle systems. A #$MuscularSystem of an animal is composed of all its muscles, considered as a functional whole. As a system, they work together to enable foot motions in locomotion, pumping in circulation, breathing in respiration, biting and chewing and swallowing in eating, etc. bd58e6af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 music A specialization of both #$SoundInformationBearingThing and #$Artifact-Intangible. Each instance of #$Music is a particular sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling, playing an instrument, playing recorded music, and so on. Music has certain features that distinguish it from random noise (though recognizing them may depend upon a specific cultural background); such features usually include variations of pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple (somehow) related pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some kind of harmony), and/or some regular temporal pattern to the component sounds (i.e., rhythm). Instances of #$Music include the debut performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, Leonard Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the BPO in Berlin in 1989, a particular playing of a particular CD of Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin, and the Messiah sing-in in Austin, TX, in 1995. This collection is not to be confused with #$MusicalText or #$MusicalTextCopy (qq.v.), which refer to the represented instructions which musicians often follow in order to create #$Music. bd58ce26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of mutually disjoint collections of temporal objects A collection of collections. Any element, X, which is an instance of #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollectionType is a collection of interval types X1, X2, X3,..., whose instances are temporallyDisjoint ; that is, each instance of X1 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X2 or X3 or...; each instance of X2 has no temporal intersection with any instance of X1 or X3 or...; etc. For example, consider DayOfWeekType, whose instances are Monday, Tuesday,... It is true that (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollectionType), because no Monday can temporally intersect any Tuesday or Wednesday or....; no Tuesday can temporally intersect any Monday or Wednesday or...; etc. Other elements of MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollectionType include #$DayOfWeekType, #$CalendarSeasonType, #$HourOfDayType, and so on. See also #$TemporallyDisjointTemporalObjectType. be0111d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 n l collection NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf61c6bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc-NL context specification predicates NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf840cb3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NL generation predicates bd5f0cba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 n l implementation constant The collection of constants that are included in a Cyc Knowledge Base only in order to support or enable one or more natural language processing capabilities. These constants are not used to represent common sense knowledge; nor are they used to represent knowledge shared by a significant subset of humans, such as specialized domain knowledge (e.g. the knowledge of experts in some field of study, such as nuclear physics). 87881c4c-53d9-11d6-8000-0090279a5a69 NL morphology collections NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bea8c4fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NL morphology functions NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0f8c0c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NL morphology predicates NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0fd6645-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NL morphology terms NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd79e08b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 n l phrase NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c076d497-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of natural-language phrase NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all subcollections, or types, of #$NLPhrase. Any instance of this collection is itself a collection of #$NLPhrases. bf03912a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc-NL pragmatic predicates The collection of all #$NLPredicates used to describe pragmatic properties of words and phrases. c0e99202-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc-NL pragmatics predicates NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. This collection has as its instances the ``new'' pragmatic predicates that take as their first argument either an instance of #$CycLNLAssertion and as their second argument an instance of something which will indicate the pragmatic force of the assertion. See the different instances of this collection to see the possibilities. These are the only pragmatic predicates that are used in the NL Trie. bf3e76b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc-NL predicates NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of predicates which are used to make assertions in the Cyc lexicon. Many of these predicates are mentioned in the NLU and NLG code. bd59f13d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc-NL role predicates NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf4e4743-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc-NL semantic predicates these are semantic predicates for CycL bd63487b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 n l sentence NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all strings of words, in any natural language, which form sentences. bd58b5c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc-NL syntactic template predicates NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The predicates which make up the Cyc lexicon. bd5aaa46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 NL template generation predicates NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bee360aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Cyc-NL terms NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. beb079f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 n l word - i b t NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be924588-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 phonological word forms NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0e8aab5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 word forms NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c1310386-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 n-tuple intervals A specialization of #$Tuple (q.v.). Each instance of #$NTupleOfIntervals is a tuple whose members (see #$tupleMembers) are all scalar intervals. Notable specializations of #$NTupleOfIntervals include #$ScalarInterval (whose instances are single-membered tuples), #$VectorInterval, and #$ComplexNumber. bd58ec55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 names (types of things) A specialization of #$LexicalWord. Each instance of this collection is a (proper) name -- a word by which an entity is designated and distinguished from others -- for e.g. #$Cassandra-TheName, #$Sidney-TheName. Note that this collection contains names not just for people, but for other nameable entities (such as pets, intelligent computer programs...). However, the most notable specializations of this collection are #$HumanGivenName and #$HumanSurname. For a representation of the actual string of letters which makes up any given name, see #$ProperNameString and its specializations (and see #$nameSpelling for relating the two). c01ef1e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 named roadways #$NamedRoadway is a specialization of #$Street-Generic. Each instance of #$NamedRoadway is named part (stretch or segment) of roadways. (Not roadway the stuff.) Instances are named pieces of roadways (or highways or streets) which have names and lengths, and (usually) intersect with other roads. bd589614-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 narratives A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork. Each instance of #$Narrative is an abstract work that recounts a sequence of events (in chronological order or in such a manner that their temporal order can be ascertained) involving some agent or agents. Instances of #$Narrative may be fictional or factual and, accordingly, may involve instances of #$Person or instamces of #$FictionalCharacter. Important specializations of #$Narrative include #$Novel-CW and #$Biography. bd58886c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national government employees A specialization of #$GovernmentEmployee. Each instance of #$NationalGovernmentEmployee is a person who is employed by the national government of some instance of #$Country. Instances of #$NationalGovernmentEmployee would include, among others, heads of national governments, diplomats, and members of a nation's armed forces. bfe2dc07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national organization #$NationalOrganization is a specialization of #$Organization whose scope of operations and ownership or membership is primarily confined to a particular #$Country (but to no smaller subdivision within that country - see #$StateOrProvinceWideOrganization and #$LocalOrganization). Examples of #$NationalOrganization are the Daughters of the American Revolution and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in the United States, and the Red Guards and the Young Pioneers in China (PROC). c0fde577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national postal services #$NationalPostalService is a specialization of #$PostalService. Each instance of #$NationalPostalService is a postal service managed by the national government of its particular country. The United States Postal Service would be an example, but United Parcel Service, since it is a private business, wouldn't be. bd590797-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 national tax agencies #$NationalTaxAgency is a specialization of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization and #$NationalOrganization. Each instance of #$NationalTaxAgency is a revenue agency that is part of the government of a #$Country, and which is concerned primarily with collecting tax money (from national taxes) from the residents of that #$Country. This collection does _not_ include customs agencies and agencies that collect minor fees only. bd58d47a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nationalism A particularly strong feeling analogous to #$Patriotism. While it is possible to express #$Patriotism without disparaging other countries, #$Nationalism usually implies disdain of other countries. befab989-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nationalities A collection of collections. Each instance of #$Nationality is the collection of all people residing in some country. Instances include #$AmericanPerson, #$FrenchPerson, and #$AustralianPerson. bd58961d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 natural languages A specialization of #$Language. Each instance of #$NaturalLanguage is a language which is used for human communication, and which has evolved naturally. (It is disjoint with #$ConstructedLanguage.) Instances thus include dead languages such as Ancient Greek and Latin, but concocted languages such as Esperanto are not included. bd58f37a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 naturally-occurring substances An instance of #$ExistingStuffType and a sub-collection of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$NaturalTangibleStuff is a naturally occurring partially tangible thing. Specializations of #$NaturalTangibleStuff include #$LandStuff, #$Wood, and #$Air. Man-made materials are _not_ instances of #$NaturalTangibleStuff. bd58d55a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 navy bases #$NavalShipBase is a specialization of #$MilitaryBase-Grounds. Each instance of #$NavalShipBase is a naval base with facilities for #$ModernNavalShips or operated by a #$Navy. bd624901-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 navigating events The collection of all events in which the performer determines the location of an object in some frame of reference, and determines the direction the object should travel to reach some destination. Navigating usually involves using some devices (compass, clock, etc.) as aids c0fd6e5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 navigational devices A specialization of #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$NavigationDevice is a device used for #$Navigating, i.e., for taking the bearings and plotting the course of someone or something travelling -- often in some transportation device -- through some medium. Notable specializations of #$NavigationDevice include #$Sextant and #$Compass. bd58db99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 navies #$Navy is a specialization of #$BranchOfMilitaryService. Each instance of #$Navy is a military organization (contemporary or historical) composed mainly of seaborne forces, and/or forces responsible for military operations on water and adjacent coastal areas. bf23bde1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 naval persons A specialization of #$MilitaryPerson. Each instance of #$NavyPersonnel is a person who is a member of some instance of #$Navy. bd58b598-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negative integers A specialization of #$Integer. An instance INT of #$Integer is also an instance of #$NegativeInteger if and only if INT is less than zero. c0fe031d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negative integer extents The collection of #$IntegerExtents which include only #$NegativeIntegers c09287b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negative numbers A specialization of #$RealNumber. An instance REAL of #$RealNumber is also an instance of #$NegativeNumber just in case REAL is less than 0. c0fe03e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negative prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0e189cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negative scalar intervals For a measurable negative quantity, the ordered sequence of possible values may be thought of as a line. #$NegativeScalarIntervals are the line segments (or points) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive values, all less than 0. An important subcollection is #$NegativeNumber the instances of which correspond to the non-positive part of the Real Number Line. Instances of #$NegativeScalarInterval are either contiguous sets of points there (i.e., a range of numbers) or just single points there (i.e., a #$NegativeNumber). Instances of #$NegativeScalarInterval for which there is some unit of measure (e.g. volts, degrees fahrenheit) are not instances of #$NegativeScalarInterval. bdb7a6a4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 negotiations A collection of #$Communicating events. In a #$Negotiating, an #$Agent communicates facts and changes in the #$Agent's attitude or conditions to another #$Agent, with the (ostensible) purpose of their reaching an #$Agreement. bd58edff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 neo-classical base word forms NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0ee1afe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 neo classical prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c018a042-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nerves The collection of all nerves. Each instance of #$Nerve is a bundle of many nerve fibers (#$Axons) covered with a wrapping of #$ConnectiveTissue. Sensory nerves (see #$SensoryNerve) carry nerve impulses to the central nervous system; motor nerves (see #$MotorNerve) carry impulses to the muscles. Most nerves are mixed, containing axons of both motor and sensory neurons. c0fde592-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents who is nervous A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being nervous. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. e389c9d2-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 nervous systems The collection of all #$Animals' nervous systems. A #$NervousSystem is composed of all the #$Nerves, #$Brain, and #$SpinalCord of an animal, and enables the animal to sense (#$perceives) things and react to them reflexively (from the spine), by instinct (in the #$BrainStem, #$Cerebellum, or #$Cerebrum), and or by deliberation (in the #$Cerebrum). bd5893fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nervousness Feeling of nervousness and excitability. One can be nervous ABOUT something in particular, or one can have undirected feelings of anxiety. For the former, state an assertion of the form (#$feelsTowardsObject AGT OBJ #$Nervousness DEGREE) or (#$feelsTowardsEvent AGT EVNT #$Nervousness DEGREE); but for the latter (undirected feelings of anxiety) use (#$feelsEmotion AGT #$Nervousness). Note: This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. A more specialized #$FeelingType than #$Nervousness is #$Panic. bd58c25a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 neutrons A specialization of #$Nucleon. Each instance of #$Neutron is a nucleon with an electrical charge of 0. bd588216-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 news A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$News consists of some factual information about recent events in the world (or #$geographicalSubRegions thereof). News is commonly embodied in newspapers and communicated through radio and television news broadcasts. Note that #$News does not include as instances any instance of #$NewsArticle (q.v.). Rather, an instance of #$News might be the content of a #$NewsArticle, and could be the content of distinct #$NewsArticles bd58dbd1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nights #$Night is a specialization of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay, and it is the temporal complement of #$DaytimeHours. Each instance of #$Night is #$contiguousAfter an instance of #$DaytimeHours, and vice versa. Each instance of #$Night intersects two different #$CalendarDays. Each instance of #$Night is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Dusk, #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Dawn, #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and has a #$Sunrise which is #$contiguousAfter it. bd589e0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 noble gases A specialization of #$ElementStuff. Each specialization of #$NobleGas is a type of element that does _not_ readily form compounds with other types of elements. Instances of #$NobleGas are highly stable, due to the fact that they have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell. The six specializations of #$NobleGas are #$Helium, #$Neon, #$Argon, #$Krypton, #$Xenon, and #$Radon. bd58c01f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non category changing affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bda34e8c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non leap year The collection of #$CalendarYears which are not leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February has 28 days bd58b979-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-negative integers #$NonNegativeInteger is the sub-collection of #$Integer that excludes the negative integers. Each instance of #$NonNegativeInteger is a whole number greater than or equal to zero -- for example, 0, 1, 2, 3, .... bd58bf69-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-negative integer extents The collection of #$IntegerExtents which include no #$NegativeIntegers c04dad8b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-negative numbers #$NonNegativeNumber is the sub-collection of #$RealNumber that excludes the negative reals. Each instance of #$NonNegativeNumber is a number greater than or equal to zero -- for example, 0, 0.173, Pi, 4, and 101. Quantities measured in units -- for example, (#$SecondsDuration 4) and (#$Mile 42) -- are not instances of #$NonNegativeNumber, but rather are instances of its super-collection #$NonNegativeScalarInterval. bd58f22b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-negative scalar intervals A specialization of #$ScalarInterval. An instance INTERVAL of #$ScalarInterval is also an instance of #$NonNegativeScalarInterval just in case INTERVAL is a non-negative number or quantity. Instances of #$NonNegativeScalarInterval include all instances of #$NonNegativeNumber (q.v.), as well as non-negative quantities such as (#$Meter 212), (#$Kilogram 5), and (#$SecondsDuration 0). bf7a1c90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-human animals The collection of all instances of #$Animal that are not instances of #$Person. bd58e066-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nonphysical part predicates A collection of predicates. Instances of #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate are used to describe the relationship between a #$PartiallyIntangible and its non-physical parts. bd588411-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-positive integers A specialization of #$Integer. An instance INT of #$Integer is also an instance of #$NonPositiveInteger if and only if INT is less than or equal to zero. beceda72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-positive integer extents The collection of #$IntegerExtents which include no #$PositiveIntegers bdd43801-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-positive numbers A specialization of #$RealNumber. An instance REAL of #$RealNumber is also an instance of #$NonPositiveNumber just in case REAL is less than or equal to zero. be81ce35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-positive scalar intervals For a measurable non-positive quantity, the ordered sequence of possible values may be thought of as a line. #$NonPositiveScalarIntervals are the line segments (or points) on such a line, representing a range of consecutive values, all equal to or less than 0. An important subcollection is #$NonPositiveNumber the instances of which correspond to the non-positive part of the Real Number Line. Instances of #$NonPositiveNumber are either contiguous sets of points there (i.e., a range of numbers) or just single points there (i.e., a number). Instances of #$NonPositiveScalarInterval for which there is some unit of measure (e.g. volts, degrees fahrenheit) are not instances of #$NonPositiveNumber. bd5899ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-powered devices A specialization of #$PhysicalDevice. Each instance of #$NonPoweredDevice is a device which does not need to have any kind of energy supplied to it in order for it to perform its intended function. Examples of #$NonPoweredDevices include tables, floor mats, bookshelves, shirts, and coat hangars. A hammer would not be an instance of #$NonPoweredDevice, since it requires kinetic energy to perform its intended function. bd59041c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-profit corporations A specialization of both #$LegalCorporation and #$NonProfitOrganization. Each instance of #$NonProfitCorporation is a legal corporation which is engaged in not-for-profit activities. Typical instances of #$NonProfitCorporation have no shareholders or owners, although they are commonly governed by a board (see the collection #$BoardOfDirectors). Most instances of #$NonProfitCorporation have official non-profit standing with a government, and thus do not pay corporate income taxes. Instances of #$NonProfitCorporation include #$PlannedParenthood, #$SierraClub, and #$HabitatForHumanity. bd589d6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-profit worker The collection of all instances of #$PersonWithOccupation (q.v.) who are employed by some non-profit organization, such as a college, museum, or charity foundation. bd58f621-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non profit organization #$NonProfitOrganization is a specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$NonProfitOrganization is an organization that is not operated with the purpose of making a profit. Instances of #$NonProfitOrganization have members, rather than owners. Charities, clubs, schools, political action groups, political parties and churches are usually instances of #$NonProfitOrganization. Instances of #$NonProfitOrganizations are often exempt from certain taxes in particular jurisdictions. Specific examples of elements of #$NonProfitOrganization are #$RedCrossSociety-National and #$RomanCatholicChurch. bd58aee8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 unpublished texts A specialization of #$TextualMaterial, and thus of #$InformationBearingObject (IBO). Each instance of this collection is (a physical copy of) a text that has not yet been published. It may have been rejected for publication (e.g. a rejected book manuscript) or it may not be intended for publication (e.g. a memo or personal letter). It is, of course, disjoint with #$PublishedMaterial. bd58c599-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non verbal communicating A collection of information transfer events; a subcollection of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$NonVerbalCommunicating is a transmission of information by means of some bodily movement other than speaking. Subcollections include #$ShakingHands and #$Cuddling, since such actions by definition are communications involving two actors. (Note that #$MakingAGesture (q.v.) is NOT a subcollection of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; instances of #$MakingAGesture are merely information-encodings. They may or may not be #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating events.) bd588f6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nonagon The collection of all nine-sided #$Polygons. c099803a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 non-gradable adjectives NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bde154df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nonlexical linguistic objects The collection of linguistic objects which are not morphemes, but which nonetheless make up part of a language system; e.g., the parts of speech. bd588258-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 noses Facial organ used in smelling and breathing bd58826c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nostalgia The collection of feelings of homesickness, a kind of wistful longing for things experienced in the past. c1005da5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nouns The collection of all nouns. be88cb3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 noun phrase NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all possible noun phrases. bd58b646-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 noun phrase modifying frame This frame is used for adverbs which can modify a noun phrase. Examples: `then' as in `the president then' and `even' as in `even the president'. bf9c3f64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 noun-creating affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 14861300-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be06f0ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 November The collection of all Novembers, the eleventh month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. bd58c0a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nuclear-powered devices A specialization of #$PoweredDevice. Each instance of #$NuclearPoweredDevice is a device which uses nuclear fission or fusion reactions as a source of its power. Specializations of #$NuclearPoweredDevice include #$NuclearSubmarine and #$NuclearAircraftCarrier. c1009f53-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nuclear products An instance of #$ProductType. This collection comprises all marketable goods and services relating to the generation and use of nuclear energy. Some subsets of #$NuclearProduct include #$NuclearWeapon, #$NuclearFuel, and #$NuclearReactor. Also included in this collection are #$NuclearServiceEvents -- the class of events where technical assistance is rendered in nuclear-related matters. c0b64338-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nucleons A specialization of #$SubAtomicParticle. Each instance of #$Nucleon is a subatomic particle found in some atomic nucleus (see the collection #$AtomicNucleus). #$Nucleon has two subcollections, #$Proton and #$Neutron. Every instance of #$AtomicNucleus is composed of some number of #$Nucleons. bd588191-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 numbers (types of things) A specialization of #$MathematicalObject and #$ScalarPointValue. Each instance of this collection is one of a series of mathematical objects often denoted by symbols of unique meaning in a fixed order that can be derived by counting (even if, in the case of the reals, it is not always defined which number is directly 'next to' a given number). This is the most general collection of numbers; specializations include #$RealNumber, #$ComplexNumber, #$PrimeNumber, #$Probability, #$ConcentrationByWeight, and whatever else might count as a numeric quantity. Note, however, that this collection does not include transfinite cardinals such as #$Aleph-1 (see the #$cyclistNotes on #$Cardinal-Mathematical), nor does it include instances of #$ScalarInterval which may be arranged on a comparative spectrum (e.g. (#$LowAmountFn QUALITY) (#$MediumAmountFn QUALITY), (#$HighAmountFn QUALITY)) but which cannot receive a discrete, absolute, quantitative value. bf1c02f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 number speech parts NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all numbers used as words. This includes spelled-out numbers, like 'five', and digits, like '5'. c0f2ae77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 number data types The number data type. In the context of #$ProgrammingDomainVocabularyMt, it is entirely undetermined how this data type is implemented. 4851d0f1-677e-11d6-843d-0002b34b9777 number prefix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0da1c89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 numeric comparison predicate A specialization of #$ComparisonPredicate. The collection of binary predicates used to compare instances of #$ScalarInterval (q.v.) with respect to their numeric or quantitative properties. Instances include #$greaterThan, #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, and #$numericallyEquals. These are effectively the mathematical relations of greater-than et al., generalized to hold between scalars of all sorts, including quantitative intervals as well as point values (see #$ScalarPointValue). Generally speaking, a given numeric comparison predicate holds between two scalars only if they are both instances of the same #$TotallyOrderedScalarIntervalType (q.v.). See also #$valuesShareScale and #$colinearValues. bd588cf9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 numeric quantifier Numeric quantifiers denote a numeric value which is the result of applying the function specified in the second argument to all of the elements of the set expression denoted by the first argument. bd58c645-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 numeric string A specialization of #$SubLString. Each instance of #$NumericString is a string comprised entirely of numerals. For example: 1 , 98287465 , and 7237846 , but not 3.14 . bd5ac876-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nurses The class of health professionals who provide various aspects of hands-on health care to patients. Nurses do not usually diagnose or decide on treatments, but they administer medicines and treatments, perform medical tests, give regular care to hospitalized patients, etc. bd5895de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 nutrients A specialization of #$EdibleStuff. Each instance of #$Nutrient is a substance considered necessary or beneficial in the diet of a person or animal. If a food or a pill is sold in a package, often the nutrients in the food or pill are listed on the package label. Specializations of #$Nutrient include #$EdibleSodium, #$ProteinStuff, #$EdibleCalcium, #$EdibleIron, and #$Vitamin. bd58d3c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 extensional representation predicates A collection of predicates that are used to ascribe characteristics or properties (taken in a very broad sense) to individual objects. As such, each instance of #$ObjectPredicate has an #$arity of 2 or greater and has at least one argument place (often including the first) constrained (see #$argIsa) to instances of #$Individual or some subcollection thereof. Examples include #$likesAsFriend, #$connectedTo, and #$arg3Isa. See also #$CollectionPredicate. bd5883cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 object pronouns NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. The collection of all object pronouns. Object pronouns can replace the direct object, indirect object, or oblique object noun in a sentence, but not the subject noun. Example: 'them'. bd58be1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 object reference data types A specialization of #$ComputerDataType. The collection of data types whose elements reference or point to another program object. In some programming languages (such as #$C-ComputerLanguage) object references may actually be implemented as physical memory addresses. b21217d4-7808-11d6-82cc-0002b34b9777 types of objects The collection of all collections that are object-like in at least one respect. A collection COL is object-like just in case there is some sense of `part' according to which any (or nearly any) given proper part of an instance of COL is _not_ itself an instance of COL; when this happens COL is said to be object-like with respect to that sense of `part'. More precisely, for a collection COL to be an instance of #$ObjectType it is sufficient that there be some specialization PARTPRED of #$parts such that, for any OBJ1 and OBJ2 (with OBJ1 and OBJ2 distinct), if (#$isa OBJ1 COL) and (PARTPRED OBJ1 OBJ2), then _not_ (#$isa OBJ2 COL). (Also sufficient for COL's being an object-type is that there be some specialization INVPARTPRED of the inverse of #$parts (see #$genlInverse) such that (INVPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1), with everything else remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above sufficient conditions for COL's being an object-type is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed. Thus as long as either one of the above conditionals holds in _nearly_ all cases, COL should be considered an instance of #$ObjectType. Here are two examples. Consider #$Automobile. Take an instance of that, say my car. Now take one of the proper #$physicalParts of my car, say the steering wheel. The steering wheel is _not_ an instance of #$Automobile. And the same would be true for any proper physical part of any car. So #$Automobile is an #$ObjectType. Consider #$LeapYear. No proper #$timeSlices of a leap year is itself a leap year. So #$LeapYear is an #$ObjectType. See #$StuffType for the contrasting (though not disjoint) notion of being stuff-like. bd58ab9d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 object type by color A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ObjectTypeByColor is a collection of objects that are the same with respect to having a common color. Indicate a particular object's #$Color with one of the following predicates: #$significantColorOfObject, #$mainColorOfObject, or #$uniformColorOfObject. 7c35e070-435a-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 protestations A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single. In each instance of #$Objecting-CommunicationAct, some #$Agent objects to something. Propositions representing the objection are related to the act by the predicate #$informStatement. An objection may be communicated to the agent(s) that the objector believes responsible for the objectionable state of affairs, or it may be raised with a third party or parties. bd58d4e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 obligations A collection of microtheories; a subcollection of #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory. Each instance of the collection #$Obligation is a microtheory which contains assertions describing what some agent (the #$obligatedAgent) is obliged to do, or make true, for one or more other agents, possibly including society in general. An obligation is the most general case of some agent owing something to another. Obligations may be undertaken in conjunction with various kinds of #$Agreements. Unlike an agreement, however, an obligation need not have a second known party (though some do). An obligation can exist and be understood without identifying another particular agent as the `holder' of the obligation -- and that may be true, even if the beneficiary (#$obligationOwedTo) can be identified. For example, assuming that parents have an obligation to care for their children, it is not clear with whom a parent has `agreed' to take care of his or her child. Some common ways to incur an obligation are through social transactions (e.g., family duties, friendship, favors) or through financial transactions (e.g., a #$PaymentObligation). In addition, obligations may be imposed on those who are subject to one or more instances of #$CodeOfConduct, e.g., #$LegalCode-ModernUnitedStates, #$SportsRulesOf-BoxingSportsEvent, #$OfficeCodeOfConductMt. bd58bfd0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 observing A collection of information-gathering events in which an agent or group of agents acquire information by observing some thing or event. The observation may be mediated by equipment, such a binoculars, video cameras, body wires, an intercom, and other aids to real-time observation, and direct sensory perception on the part of a #$PerceptualAgent is not required, although in cases of group observation, we require that there be at least one member of the group playing the role of #$recipientOfInfo in the #$Observing. Positive examples: a military unit's following air traffic by means of radar or a submarine crew's tracking the progress of another submarine by means of sonar. c00b17a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 getting permission The collection of events in which one #$Agent gets permission from another #$Agent to do something. bd58ee41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 oceans A specialization of #$Sea. Each instance of #$Ocean is one of the oceans of the world. This includes #$TheOceanSea, the interconnected expanse of salt water covering 71% of the Earth's surface, and of which the other oceans are subregions. Examples: #$AtlanticOcean, #$ArcticOcean, #$IndianOcean, #$PacificOcean. bd58e4b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ocean liner #$OceanLiner is a specialization of #$PublicTransportationDevice and #$Ship. Each instance of #$OceanLiner is a ship that is designed to comfortably transport a large number of people across an ocean . c10088c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 octagons The collection of all eight-sided #$Polygons. c0cffbdb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 October The collection of all Octobers, the tenth month of the year in the #$GregorianCalendar. bd58c0ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 odd numbers The collection of all odd numbers (integers), including positive and negative odd numbers, but not including any infinite 'numbers'. becb081f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 offendedness - feeling bd58e0cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 offers (types of things) A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single. Each instance of #$Offering-CommunicationAct is a communication act in which somebody offers to do something, furnish something, or make something the case. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with these actions, #$Offer. bd58eb0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 official documents A specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$OfficialDocument is a document that can be used as the basis, proof, or support of some fact (such as a person's nationality, marital status, credit, or qualifications; or the ownership or transfer of property, etc.). #$OfficialDocuments are typically generated, issued, and/or certified by relevant institutions (as with #$Passports or #$StockCertificates), but they also include unique personal documents (such as wills) which meet certain standards to be accepted in support of facts. Instances of #$OfficialDocument include: #$BirthCertificates, #$TaxReturns, insurance policies, #$PostageStamps, receipts, #$PackingSlips and student ID cards. A notable specialization of this collection is #$LegalDocument. See also #$OfficialDocumentType. bd58971b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 oil An instance of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType, and a specialization of #$OrganicStuff. Each instance of #$Oil is a portion of some type of typically viscous, primarily hydrophobic (i.e., _not_ readily soluble in water) liquid hydrocarbon. Notable specializations of #$Oil include #$CookingOil, #$HeatingOil, and #$Petroleum-CrudeOil. bd58d9e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 omnivores A specialization of #$Heterotroph (q.v.) and an instance of #$OrganismClassificationType. Instances of #$Omnivore are those animals whose natural diets consist of both plants (or plant parts or plant-derived products) and animals (or animal parts or animal-derived products). Thus a human vegetarian is still omnivorous, since meat is part of our natural diet. Specializations of this collection include #$Pig, #$Bear, and #$Person. See also #$Herbivore and #$Carnivore. bd58a5e1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 one-story buildings #$OneStoryBuilding is a specialization of #$Building. Each instance is a building with exactly one story. bd58c60d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 one to one function A specialization of #$Function-MathematicalObject each instance of which is a function that always maps distinct argument-sequences to distinct values; i.e. it never maps two different elements of its domain to the same element of its range. Such a function is sometimes called an _injection_, and if it is also a mapping onto a given set, (see #$functionOntoSet) it is called a _bijection_ with respect to that set. (Thus a one-to-one function is a bijection with respect to its own range.) See also #$DomainOfFunctionFn, #$RangeOfFunctionFn, and #$valueOfFunctionForArgs. c00bda87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 open-class words The collection of all words which are members of open lexical classes, namely those with a potentially unlimited membership. Example: #$Adjectives, #$Nouns, #$Verbs. b5939e91-45a1-11d6-83c5-00b0d074c11f open cyc definitional predicate The collection of predicates considered definitional for the purposes of the review of #$PublicConstants being done in preparation for OpenCyc. Where CONST is a #$PublicConstant, a definitional GAF for CONST is any asserted #$CycLClosedAtomicSentence (PRED CONST ARG2..ARGN) such that PRED is an #$OpenCycDefinitionalPredicate. See also #$PublicConstant-DefinitionalGAFsOK. 8bfb1b14-3546-11d6-8000-00a0c9da2002 open source programz A specialization of #$ComputerProgram-CW. #$OpenSourceComputerProgram is the collection of programs for which the #$ComputerCode-Source is available to anyone who owns a copy of the program. That means owners are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve the software. Some prominent instances of #$OpenSourceComputerProgram are the #$ApacheWebServer -- which operates a significant number of the world's web sites, #$BIND-TheProgram -- that provides the domain name service for the Internet, the #$Linux operating system, GNU software packages, and many instances of #$ComputerGame. c101cc76-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 operating systems A specialization of #$ComputerProgram-CW. Each instance of #$OperatingSystem is a program that provides an environment in which a user can execute instances of #$ApplicationProgram (q.v.) on the hardware of a computer. That is, running copies of instances of #$OperatingSystem serve as systems that look for and understand user commands, regulate how system resources are used by application programs, handle the internal operations of computers, and so on. Note that #$OperatingSystem is disjoint with #$ApplicationProgram and #$OperatingSystemKernel (q.v.), and that together these three collections partition #$ComputerProgram-CW. bd58b0b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 operating system kernels (types of things) A specialization of #$ComputerProgram-CW and an instance of #$ComputerProgramTypeByFunction. Each instance of #$OperatingSystemKernel is a computer program that functions as the kernel of an instance of #$OperatingSystem (q.v.). Some functions of kernels include controlling the interface between user programs and hardware devices, and scheduling processes. Not every operating system has a kernel, but all Linux operating systems come with a Linux kernel (see #$LinuxKernel-TheProgram). Important specializations or #$OperatingSystemKernel are #$Microkernel and #$MonolithicKernel (qq.v.). c10e3df5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 magnitudes #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval, a specialization of #$ScalarInterval, is the collection of intervals which represent significant differences in quantity, for the various types of measurable properties. The most familiar case is for numbers, in which orders of magnitudes typically correspond with powers of 10; thus, in any given numerical quantity, the 100's dominate the 10's or the units, which are negligible with respect to the hundreds. Similar scales could be identified for any measurable property. For example, for #$Time-Quantity, some intervals which represent orders of magnitude are: #$AFewSecondsDuration, #$AFewMinutesDuration, #$AFewHoursDuration, #$AFewDaysDuration, #$AFewWeeksDuration, etc. Note that orders of magnitude for the same measurable property may differ between microtheories; e.g., the orders of magnitude for #$Time-Quantity in a `GeologicalTimeMt' would be much larger than those listed above, which are relevant for human perceptions and activities. Any two attributes which represent amounts of the same kind of property (e.g., time, distance) and which are also instances of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval will be assumed to differ so substantially in size that the smaller one (and values associated with it) will be insignificant compared to the larger interval (and values associated with it). That is, in general and as a default, if ORD1 and ORD2 are two different instances of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval which are also instances of the same type of #$AttributeValue (e.g., #$Speed, #$Mass, #$Density), then one is negligible with respect to the other. To know which dominates the other, we need additional knowledge about their relative size, e.g., that ORD2 is a #$followingValue of (i.e., 'bigger' than) ORD1. See also #$negligibleWRT, #$followingValue. The predicate #$orderOfMagnitude (q.v.) is used to relate particular quantities to the appropriate instance of #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval. For example, two days -- in Cyc, (#$DaysDuration 2) -- has the #$orderOfMagnitude #$AFewDaysDuration. bd58c38a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 orders A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each instance of this collection, somebody orders somebody to do something. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Command. bd58a938-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organs A specialization of #$AnimalBodyPart. Each instance of #$Organs is a part of an animal that has a specialized physiological function and which is more or less localized in the animal. Examples include: a heart, a kidney, etc. c0fde25a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organic substances A collection of tangible things. Each instance of #$OrganicStuff is a tangible thing composed of one or more types of organic #$Molecule. Instances of #$OrganicStuff usually have their origin in the bodies (or other products) of living things. Since some organic substances can be synthesized, #$OrganicStuff is not a subcollection of #$NaturalTangibleStuff. Chemically, instances of #$OrganicStuff have fairly (or very) complex carbon-based structures. Examples include all instances of the collections #$Oil, #$DNAStuff, #$Alcohol-Compound, #$Ivory, and #$AnimalBodyPart. bd58c3d0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organisms A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$Organism-Whole is a biological living object (BLO) that is a whole, and not part of some other BLO. Most instances of #$Organism-Whole are capable of existing and reproducing while physically separate from other organisms (with allowances for eating and mating). Abnormal BLOs which are nonetheless considered to be instances of #$Organism-Whole include instances of #$Virus, as well as sterile hybrids and colony organisms, like those in slime molds or the instances of #$PortugueseManOfWar. bd58c4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organism A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismClassificationType is a sub-collection of #$Organism-Whole (q.v.), where membership in that sub-collection is determined by satisfaction of some set of classificatory criteria accepted by some scientific community. The scientific types in #$OrganismClassificationType may or may not correspond to naive categories of organisms, and, in addition, although they are scientific, they might not be officially accepted biological taxons at the standard taxonomic levels. (#$Invertebrate is an example.) Compare #$BiologicalTaxonType. Note that #$OrganismClassificationType is _not_ an instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType, since there are scientific classifications along different dimensions. Many specializations of #$OrganismClassificationType are, however, instances of #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType. bd58dfe4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organism constituents The collection of all collections whose instances are frequently #$physicalDecompositions of an #$Organism-Whole. Instances of #$OrganismConstituentType include all specs of #$OrganismPart, as well as things like (#$LiquidFn #$Water) and #$Cell. bf1738f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organism parts A specialization of both #$PhysicalPartOfObject and #$BiologicalLivingObject. Each instance of #$OrganismPart is an anatomical part of an organism. This collection includes the gross anatomical parts and microscopic anatomical parts of every individual of every species. c1005766-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organism part The collection of all the types of #$OrganismParts. An #$OrganismPartType is a characterization of body parts of #$Animals, #$PlantParts, or parts of other organisms by structure and/or function. Some instances of this collection include #$SpinalColumn, #$Eyelash, #$Petal, etc. #$OrganismPartType is not organized along species/order/class/phylum/... taxonomic lines. c0a4e748-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organism classified by complexity A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismTypeByComplexity is a collection of #$Organism-Whole. This collection has exactly two disjoint instances. bfe562af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organism classified by habitat A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat is a collection of organisms (i.e., a specialization of #$Organism-Whole) all of whom share the same sort of habitat. Instances of #$OrganismTypeByHabitat include #$AquaticOrganism and #$TerrestrialOrganism. bd58a35d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 enterprises The collection of all organizations. Each instance of #$Organization is a group whose group-members are instances of #$IntelligentAgent. In each instance of #$Organization, certain relationships and obligations exist between the members of the organization, or between the organization and its members. Instances of #$Organization include both informal and legally constituted organizations. Each instance of #$Organization can undertake projects, enter into agreements, own property, and do other tasks characteristic of agents; consequently, #$Organization is a specialization of the collection #$Agent. Notable specializations of #$Organization include #$LegalGovernmentOrganization, #$CommercialOrganization, and #$GeopoliticalEntity. bd58d54f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organization classified by entity A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganizationByEntityType is a subcollection of #$Organization whose instances are all the same type of legal entity. For example, the collections #$LegalCorporation, #$Partnership, and #$Association are all instances of #$OrganizationByEntityType. bf2acadb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organization of people only A specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$OrganizationOfPeopleOnly is an organization each of whose members (see the predicate #$hasMembers) is an instance of #$Person. Examples of #$OrganizationOfPeopleOnly include a human nuclear family, a carpool, or a sports team. Negative examples include #$UnitedNationsOrganization or #$OrganizationOfAmericanStates. be4afa7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 policies A specialization of #$Agreement. Each instance of #$OrganizationPolicy is an agreement which contains the terms of some policy of a particular organization. Instances of #$OrganizationPolicy would include U.S. Federal government hiring policies, a policy governing a corporation's charitable or political donations, or a school dress code. bd58f5fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 company reps #$OrganizationRepresentative is a specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$OrganizationRepresentative is officially sanctioned to act on behalf of an organization during interactions with agents who are not part of that organization. Such a person will often be a member of the organization (e.g., an employee), but need not be. bdf275aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organization classified by activity A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganizationTypeByActivityType is a subcollection of #$Organization whose instances all engage in the same types of activities. #$OrganizationTypeByActivityType thus does not distinguish among instances of #$Organization on the basis of the type of industry they are engaged in (see #$OrganizationTypeByIndustry), but, rather, on the basis of the kinds of things the #$Organizations do. Examples of instances of #$OrganizationTypeByActivityType include #$ResearchOrganization, #$SellingOrganization, and #$ServiceOrganization. bf7f76be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organization classified by customers A collection of three disjoint collections, #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers, #$OrganizationWithIndividualCustomers, and #$OrganizationWithoutCustomers. The #$Organizations that are instances of the collections which are instances of #$OrganizationByClients are distinguished by the types of customers they serve or by their lack of customers (customers being used here in the sense of #$customers). c0861d7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organization classified by geographical reach A collection of four disjoint collections, #$InternationalOrganization, #$NationalOrganization, #$StateOrProvinceWideOrganization, and #$LocalOrganization. The #$Organizations that are instances of the collections which are instances of #$OrganizationTypeByGeographicReach are distinguished by their primary scope of activity, membership and ownership within a particular geographic region. #$Organizations such as #$City, #$State-UnitedStates, and #$IndependentCountry are not specailizations of any of the instances of #$OrganizationTypeByGeographicReach. Because instances of #$City or #$State-UnitedStates are not confined in terms of activity to a particular geographic region, those collections are not specializations of, respectively, #$LocalOrganization or #$StateOrProvinceWideOrganization. bddbce0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organization classified by industry A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganizationTypeByIndustry is a set distinguished by the nature of the industry engaged in by the set members. Examples of instances of #$OrganizationTypeByIndustry include #$EntertainmentOrRecreationOrganization, #$HealthcareOrganization, and #$InsuranceOrganization. Because this collection represents a generic facetting of #$Organizations, it is not uncommon for many instances of #$Organization to be members of more that one collection that is an instance of #$OrganizationTypeByIndustry. For example, the collection #$MortgageLender is a specialization of both #$FinancialOrganization and #$RealEstateOrganization. c0160c1f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of organization classified by structural characteristic A collection of collections. Each instance of #$OrganizationTypeByStructuralCharacteristic is a collection whose instances are distinguished by structural characteristics. For example, the collections #$ChainOrganization, #$BranchOrganization and #$Department are all instances of #$OrganizationTypeByStructuralCharacteristic. An instance of #$ChainOrganization is distinguished by the structure which exists among the parent company and the #$subOrganizations through which it operates. Similarly, instances of #$BranchOrganization are distinguished by the fact that they are part of a larger structure. Instances of #$Department are distinguished by the fact that they are formal groups within a larger organizational structure. bf0aaa83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organization with business clients #$OrganizationWithBusinessClients is the specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$OrganizationWithBusinessClients is an #$Organization whose #$clients are primarily businesses or other #$Organizations, rather than individuals. bd5963e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 organization with business customers #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers is a specialization of #$OrganizationWithBusinessClients. An instance o