$Id: ExportOwl.java,v 1.23 2003/03/31 13:46:57 stephenreed Exp $ Open Cyc Ontology guid Permanent Global Unique ID for the associated concept. abandoning events The collection of events in which some #$Agent deliberately gives up possession of something, without giving it to another. bd67b7de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abbreviation (type of thing) A shortened version of a written word or phrase. An #$Acronym is a specific type of abbreviation. c063daf2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abhorrence Extreme repugnance felt towards a person or thing, typically resulting in strenuous efforts to avoid it. bd58b24d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ablations A collection of events. In an #$Ablation, a (usually relatively thin) layer of material is removed from the surface of an object. bd58b6b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 above-ground levels #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction is a specialization of #$LevelOfAConstruction. Each instance of #$AboveGroundLevelInAConstruction is at or above ground level. See also #$BasementLevelInAConstruction and #$BalconyLevelInAConstruction. bd588bb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abrading events A collection of events. In an #$AbradingSomething event, the surface of some object is gradually worn away by scraping or similar physical contact involving friction. Devices used in elements of #$AbradingSomething include files and sand paper; elements of #$AbradingSomething would include the event in which Howard Hughes sanded down the Spruce Goose for the last time, the event in which Lucy Ricardo filed her fingernails just before her singing debut at Rickie's club, etc. bd5899e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 AIS A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$AbstractInformationStructure is an abstract individual comprising abstract symbols and relations between them. Important specializations of this collection include #$CharacterString and #$Sentence. #$AbstractInformationStructure also includes abstract diagrams, graphs, and bit strings. The collection can be more precisely defined as follows: Each #$AbstractInformationStructure is such that each of its physical instantiations (see #$instantiationOfAIS) consists of instantiations of instances of #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, arranged in a certain way. For example, the abstract sentence 'The pig flies' is an #$AbstractInformationStructure. Each written instantiation of it consists of an instantiation of the words (symbols) 'The', 'pig' and 'flies', written in that order. (If the #$AbstractInformationStructure 'The pig flies' were spoken, the same words would appear in the same order, i.e. 'The' first, etc., but the sequence would be determined by the arrangement of the spoken words in time, rather than space.) Likewise with abstract diagrams, graphs, etc. Each of these is such that its physical instantiations consist of arrangements of instantiations of instances of #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract. A hard copy of a wiring diagram consists of a group of concrete symbols representing various circuit components, in which these symbols are spatially arranged in a certain in way. The arrangement of the concrete symbols in an instantiation of an #$AbstractInformationStructure is not always a simple matter of arrangement in space or time. The sequence of symbols '0010010111011001' can be instantiated in written, spoken, or electronic forms. In the last case, the order of the symbols is determined by conventions concerning the electronic medium in which it is stored, rather than by any common criterion for precedence or subsequence in space or time. c10193cc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 AIT A specialization of #$IntangibleIndividual and #$InformationStore. #$AbstractInformationalThing is a heterogeneous collection of abstract repositories of information. #$AbstractInformationalThing is a generalization not only of #$Proposition, but also the collections #$Sentence, #$CharacterString, #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory, #$PropositionalInformationThing, and #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of #$AbstractInformationalThing is an abstract individual and most instances of this collection can have multiple concrete embodiments . For example, a single instance of #$Sentence can be written on several pieces of paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a #$PropositionalInformationThing may be the content of several concrete documents, such as several instances of #$BookCopy (see #$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several distinct events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain unique #$Proposition as their content (see #$containsInformation). Note that some instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing have temporal extent. Examples include all instances of #$DevisedPracticeOrWork, such as the instances of #$Novel-CW and #$Movie-CW. Other specializations of #$AbstractInformationalThing are disjoint with #$TemporalThing. Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition. bdff6c64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 abstract noun producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 28f6ebf2-369b-11d6-94f7-00b0d074c11f programming languages A specialization of #$ComputerLanguage, #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage is the collection of languages invented for the purpose of composing computer programs (i.e., instances of #$ComputerProgram-CW), as opposed to merely facilitating interaction between pieces of software or indicating how to represent pieces of text. Thus, #$ComputerLanguages such as #$Lisp are instances of #$AbstractProgrammingLanguage, whereas #$ComputerLanguages such as #$HypertextMarkupLanguage are not. bd58c2ea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of abstract shape A collection of collections. An instance SHAPE of #$ShapeType (q.v.) is also an instance of #$AbstractShapeType if and only if SHAPE is a specialization of #$GeometricThing-Abstract. Since all of the instances of a given instance of #$AbstractShapeType are abstract, the collection #$AbstractShapeType is disjoint with #$GenericShapeType (q.v.), which is the collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, some of whose instances are abstract, and some of whose instances are localized (note that there is no collection `LocalizedShapeType'). c0f46e32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academics A subcollection of #$PersonWithOccupation. Each instance of #$AcademicProfessional is a person whose job is to educate and/or perform research as an affiliate of an academic institution. This includes members of the teaching and/or research staffs of schools, colleges, universities, and research institutes. bd589db6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academic quarters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one quarter of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991. bd589441-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 semesters A specialization of #$TimeInterval. Each instance of #$AcademicSemester is one of two semesters in some educational institution's academic year (see the collection #$AcademicYear). Instances of #$AcademicSemester include Boston University's 1989 Spring Semester and the University of Texas at Austin's 1998 Fall Semester. bd58ea30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 trimesters Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval defined by some educational institution: one third of their #$AcademicYear. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution and year, instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91. bd58ea73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 academic years Each instance of this collection is an annually recurring #$TimeInterval defined by an educational institution. Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear. bd58f188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accelerations Acceleration is the change in speed of an object per unit time. It is a measurable physical quantity, measured in units such as MilesPerHourPerSecond. bd58dc89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 access numbers A specialization of #$PhoneNumber. Each instance of #$AccessNumber is a string that a user with #$Internet connections uses to connect to his/her #$InternetServiceProvider. bf796ce3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 information-accessing events A specialization of both #$InformationTransferEvent and #$PurposefulAction. Each instance of #$AccessingAnIBT is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some instance(s) of #$InformationBearingThing. Examples include (getting information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic police officer wave one on, or hearing one's roommate ask one to take out the trash. bd58d61f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of accessing script A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AccessingScriptType is a type (i.e., a collection) of actions by which an agent may come to possess, or gain user rights to, some tangible thing. Instances of #$AccessingScriptType include the collections #$Buying, #$Renting, and #$BorrowingSomething. bd58ce68-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 accounts An instance of #$ObjectType and a specialization of #$LegalAgreement. Each instance of #$Account is a recorded obligation (of some particular type) between specified parties, consisting of funds (not necessarily monetary funds) which typically can be added to and drawn upon. Positive examples include instances of #$RetirementAccount, #$TravelExpenseAccount, and of the many types of #$FinancialAccount. Note that the contents of an account need not be monetary; for example, the contents may be amounts of time, as in the specializations #$VacationAccount and #$SickLeaveAccount. #$Account does not include debt obligations of fixed face value that cannot be increased or reduced (such as instances of #$Bond-Agreement). bd588c2b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 account systems #$AccountSystem is a specialization of #$ComputationalSystem. Each instance of #$AccountSystem is a computational system which is such that users must log on to it to make use of it. Instances of #$AccountSystem can be either single computers or computer networks. Each node in an instance of #$AccountSystem shares accounts with the other nodes in that instance of #$AccountSystem. See #$nodeInAccountSystem and #$accountForSystem, and #$UserAccount. be101405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of account A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AccountType is a collection of financial accounts of some type. Instances of #$AccountType include #$SavingsAccount, #$CreditCardAccount, #$RetirementAccount, #$SocialSecurityAccount, and #$TravelExpenseAccount. bd588be8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acknowledgments The collection of actions which are #$performedBy one #$Agent to convey information about the receipt of a prior #$CommunicationAct-Single which was #$performedBy another #$Agent. An example: Judy saying `No' in response to Jane's prior act of saying `Will you clean the toaster.' bd590c41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions The collection of #$Events (q.v.) that are carried out by some doer (see #$doneBy). Instances of #$Action include any event in which one or more actors effect some change in the (tangible or intangible) state of the world, typically by an expenditure of effort or energy. Note that it is not required that any tangible object be moved, changed, produced, or destroyed for an action to occur; the effects of an action might be intangible (such as a change in a bank balance or the intimidation of a subordinate). Note also that the doer of an action, though typically an #$Agent (q.v.), need not be (e.g. a falling rock that dents a car's roof). Depending upon the context, doers of actions might be animate or inanimate, conscious or nonconscious. For actions that are intentional, see #$PurposefulAction and #$performedBy. bd58a841-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions on an object A specialization of both #$Action and #$PhysicalEvent; the collection of physical events in which some doer acts on an object. Each instance of #$ActionOnObject is an action in which both the roles of #$doneBy and #$objectActedOn (qq.v.) are filled. Examples include someone typing on a keyboard and a tornado destroying a building. Non-examples include a person dancing and wind blowing. c0e7f6ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 action predicates A specialization of #$EventPredicate (q.v.). Each instance of #$ActionPredicate is a predicate used to make an assertion about an action performed intentionally by an agent. The first argument to each instance of #$ActionPredicate will be the agentive force of the action, and the remaining arguments will be objects that the agentive force interacts with in some way. The representation of actions in terms of #$ActionPredicates is an alternative to the Davidsonian-style representation of actions in which the participants in actions are related to the reified individual actions in which they participate (for that alternative, see #$Role and #$ActorSlot). Important specializations of #$ActionPredicate include #$SimpleActionPredicate and #$ComplexActionPredicate (qq.v.). c11e8318-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 task groups #$ActivityTypeFocusGroup is a specialization of #$Organization. Each instance of #$ActivityTypeFocusGroup is an organization which focuses on some type of activity, such as stamp collecting or sailing. bd58a9e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 predicates describing actors in events A collection of binary predicates; a specialization of #$Role. Each instance of #$ActorSlot relates some instance of #$Event to a temporal thing involved in that event (here called a participant , although the thing in question might not be playing an active role in the event). The first argument of every instance of #$ActorSlot is constrained to be an instance of some specialization of #$Event, and the second argument is constrained to be an instance of some specialization of #$SomethingExisting. All instances of #$ActorSlot have #$actors as their #$genlPreds, directly or indirectly, so that the actor slots form a kind of hierarchy. Each specialized actor slot indicates _how_ its participant participates in the event, i.e., in what role (e.g., #$inputs, #$outputs, #$doneBy). Actor slots are _not_ used to indicate the time of an event's occurrence, external representations of the event, and other more remotely related things that are not directly or indirectly involved in the occurrence of the event. Time and other quantities are relevant to events but are not instances of #$SomethingExisting; thus, they are related to events by some non-#$ActorSlot predicate. Things which are remotely related to the event -- for instance, someone who is affected by the event but doesn't exist when the event occurs -- may be related using some instance of #$Role that does not belong to #$ActorSlot, such as #$affectedAgent. See also #$Role. bd588029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actor predicates describing the actor's fate Instances of #$ActorUseTypeSlot are actor slots which give information about the fate of the actor - whether it is destroyed, unchanged, temporarily changed, etc. Which #$ActorUseTypeSlot an actor appears on affects whether or not the same actor will act in the same role in the same kind of event in the future. bd58efe2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 acts commonly considered criminal A collection of actions. Instances of #$ActsCommonlyConsideredCriminal are actions which are commonly considered illegal, i.e., in most legal systems. The primary purpose of this collection is to group together types of actions such as #$Murder and #$Stealing-Generic, which are almost universally considered criminal. However, individual instances of this collection are not necessarily instances of #$CriminalAct in every context or under every #$GovernmentCOC. bd5f8351-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 addresses A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each instance of #$Address-LocationDesignator is a string that describes the relatively permanent location of an individual or organization. For example: President Bill Clinton, White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC . Addresses that provide an address suitable for delivery of mail are instances of the specialization, #$MailingAddress. bd590a18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adjectives The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are words which can modify nouns. Many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'. bd588031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 past participle adjectives NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bdcb91aa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 present participle adjectives NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. be57206d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adjective-creating affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485ebf5-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f adjective producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c08267c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 administrative staff persons A specialization of #$DeskWorker. Each instance of #$AdministrativeStaffPerson is a worker whose primary job responsibilities are administrative and/or managerial tasks. Such jobs can be at any level in an organization's hierarchy, from receptionist/secretary to executive assistant to manager. c10c14f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 administrator A specialization of #$AdministrativeStaffPerson. Each instance of #$Administrator is an employee of an organization who is responsible for managing its organizational affairs. Instances of #$Administrator may or may not also be required to manage people. If so, then they are also #$Managers (q.v.). bd58aedc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 admiration A feeling of strong approval. An intense positive attitude towards another person(s) or group. May be accompanied by emulation. #$Admiration is different than #$Respect (qv). This is a collection --- see #$Happiness for an explanation. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Admiration are #$Wonder-Admiration, #$Adulation, #$Awe, etc. bd58b20b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adulation bd58afbc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adults A specialization of #$Animal. The collection of all adult animals (including adult humans): animals that are at least mature enough to bear offspring. Cf. #$JuvenileAnimal. c1006731-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 women The collection of all women; i.e., #$Persons who are adult and female. bd58b1f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 men The collection of all men, i.e., #$Persons who are adult and male. bd58b27e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adverbs The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'. bd58802c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 adverb-creating affixes NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485ebf4-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f adverb producing suffix NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0bce5af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 advertising events A collection of #$CommunicationAct-Singles. In an #$Advertising event, someone is communicating, to potential customers of an #$Agent, the desire of that agent to do business with those customers (either to `do business' in general or to sell them something specific. c10afc14-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 advocacy organization #$AdvocacyOrganization is a specialization of #$Organization. Teach instance of #$AdvocacyOrganization is an #$Organization that lobbies or engages in activities with the purpose of advocating a particular position on social, economic, political, environmental matters. Many instances of #$IdeologicalOrganization are also instances of #$AdvocacyOrganization. Examples of #$AdvocacyOrganization include #$AmericanAssociationOfRetiredPersons, #$SierraClub, #$AmericanMedicalAssociation, and #$StateBarOfTexas. bf4fe15d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affectionate A feeling of fondness for someone or something. Sympathy, liking, warmth, tenderness. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Affection are #$Love, #$Passion, etc. bd58b5c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affix category NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bd6d2080-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affix rules NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bfba29c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 derivational affix rules NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. 1485c4e1-313f-11d6-8420-00b0d074c11f affixation NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. bf8818e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 affricative - consonant NOTE: THIS TERM AND ASSERTIONS THAT USE IT ARE NOT STRICTLY PART OF CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. RATHER, THEY ARE PART OF CYC'S NL SYSTEM, WHICH IS USED TO RELATE NATURAL LANGUAGE TO CYC'S COMMON-SENSE KNOWLEDGE. SEE #$SharedNoteOnOpenCycNLConstants FOR MORE INFORMATION. c0ae1ef7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 afternoons An #$Afternoon is the daily #$Event where the #$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily cycle and `sets' or becomes a #$MidnightSun, i.e from noon till #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. A #$Midday overlaps the start of an #$Afternoon, and an #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter an #$Afternoon (except when there is a #$MidnightSun in which case a #$Morning is contiguously after the #$Afternoon). Each #$Afternoon is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun. bd58863a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agents The collection of #$Agent-Generics (q.v.) that are not tangible artifacts (cf. #$AgentiveArtifact). #$Agent includes all naturally-occurring agents (e.g. #$Persons and #$Animals), any #$SupernaturalBeings (q.v.), and #$Organizations. bd588007-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 generic agents A specialization of #$SomethingExisting. Each instance of #$Agent-Generic is a being that has desires and intentions, and the ability to act on those desires and intentions. Instances of #$Agent-Generic may be individuals (see the specialization #$IndividualAgent) or they may consist of several #$Agent-Generics operating together (see the specialization #$MultiIndividualAgent). Notable specializations of #$Agent-Generic include #$Agent and #$AgentiveArtifact. bec69a78-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agent predicate A collection of predicates that are used to ascribe characteristics or properties (taken in a very broad sense) to individual agents. As such, each instance of #$ObjectPredicate has an #$arity of 2 or greater and has at least one argument place (often including the first) constrained (see #$argIsa) to instances of #$Agent-Generic or some subcollection thereof. Examples include #$likesAsFriend and #$beliefs. bfac93e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agent types by emotional atate A collection of collections of #$IntelligentAgents. Instances are collections of agents characterized by being in certain emotional state. Examples include #$Angry, #$Excited, and #$Hopeful. e2ae285a-42cc-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 agentive artifacts #$AgentiveArtifact is the collection of all artifacts (created by instances of #$Agent) that commonly possess (at least) the apparent ability to make decisions and commence actions more or less independently of those agents. The distinction here is conventional; a certain functional sophistication possessed by instances of #$Artifact that are 'not really living agents' seems to mirror that possessed by 'living agents'. This sense of agency derives from ability or function the artifact possesses, namely the ability to commence actions, independently of agents, based on some internal calculation or deliberation. Example subcollections include #$Computer, #$Robot, (#$ProgramCopyFn #$TrojanHorseComputerProgram). bfa66fc1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agentive nouns The collection of all nouns in the agentive form. Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of some action, and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'. bd588033-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agentive roles A subcollection of #$ActorSlot. Each instance ROLE of #$AgentiveRole must be an #$ActorSlot that satisfies the following conditions: (i) ROLE specifies what an agent does (in the strict sense) in an #$Event rather than describing what happens to the agent in the #$Event. That is to say, (ROLE AGT EVENT), when true, must describe agency rather than a mere happening. Thus, each #$ActorSlot that does not describe agency, such as #$objectActedOn, #$victim, #$instrument-Generic, #$bodilyDoer, #$fromLocation and #$motionPathway-Partial etc., is not an instance of #$AgentiveRole. (ii) ROLE must be specific enough to distinguish itself from other instances of #$AgentiveRole. This means, roughly, that if SLOT is a generalization of both SLOT1 and SLOT2, where SLOT1 is different from SLOT2, then SLOT is not an instance of #$AgentiveRole if both SLOT1 and SLOT2 are. Thus, #$interviewee is an instance of #$AgentiveRole while #$socialParticipants is not. bebb1e2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 agreements A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing and #$Artifact-Intangible. Each instance of this collection involves two or more parties who agree that certain propositions (which correspond to a small #$Microtheory -- see the shared note #$AgreementNote) should be true. Making the propositions true may require some action or commitment of resources on the part of one or more of the #$agreeingAgents. Thus, instances of #$Agreement will usually involve some instances of #$Obligation. Instances of #$Agreement and #$Obligation differ, however, in that an #$obligatedAgent is responsible for the truth of all of the propositions over which the obligation holds. In an #$Agreement some agents may not be so responsible. For example, in a loan agreement, the borrower agrees to give the lender back the money, but the borrower is the only #$obligatedAgent for the repayment. Note that #$obligatedAgents need not be among the #$agreeingAgents in the agreement that involves or generates the obligation. Moreover, #$agreeingAgents aren't always #$obligatedAgents; e.g., Wanda and Paul may agree that Paul alone is obligated to do some task. Notable specializations of #$Agreement include #$PeaceAccord, #$LegalAgreement, #$InformalAgreement, #$BusinessPartnershipAgreement, #$WorkAgreement, #$MaintenanceAgreement, #$Reservation and #$Appointment. For assertions about what is supposed to be true, given some #$Agreement, see #$ist-Agreement. bd58afa3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ailment conditions The most general collection of ailment events; a subcollection of both #$PhysiologicalCondition and #$Malfunction. An instance of #$AilmentCondition is a dynamic state of sickness, injury, or physiological impairment. The rationale for construing ailments in this way is the obvious fact that to have an ailment is to undergo an event: an individual ailment has temporal features, it progresses dynamically, and so on. It is not just a matter of being in some static state of unwellness . Subcollections of #$AilmentCondition include #$RespiratoryAilment, #$HeartCondition, #$Cancer, #$MotionSickness, #$Poisoning, #$Infection, and #$InjuryCondition. If a particular person has an infection, that event is an instance of #$AilmentCondition. An #$AilmentCondition does not begin before there is an actual, developed sickness or impairment, and thus does not include the event of getting sick or becoming impaired. Also note that each type of ailment, such as #$Infection, is the collection of all cases or instances of individuals suffering from that condition. See also #$DiseaseType. c10c1856-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air A specialization of #$GaseousTangibleThing. Each instance of #$Air is one `piece' among all the portions of the atmosphere of the Earth, considered as a substance present in various places, in various quantities, under various pressures, etc. Examples: the AirInAustin; the stuffy air in my office; the thin air atop Annapurna. See also #$TheAtmosphereQuaSinglePieceOfStuff, which is all ambient #$Air on the planet taken as a single object. bd58c00c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air-breathing vertebrates #$AirBreathingVertebrate is a specialization of #$Vertebrate and an instance of #$OrganismClassificationType. Each instance of #$AirBreathingVertebrate is a vertebrate that usually respires by breathing #$Air during adult life. Includes individual #$Mammals, #$Birds, #$Reptiles, and most #$Amphibians. Most #$AirBreathingVertebrates are #$TerrestrialOrganisms, but some #$AquaticOrganisms breathe air (#$Whales, etc.). All #$AirBreathingVertebrates have #$Lungs and #$RespiratoryTracts. bef7c9c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air forces A subcollection of #$BranchOfMilitaryService. Each instance of #$AirForce is a modern military organization composed mainly of airborne forces (such as bombers, fighters, torpedo planes, parachute troops, surveillance aircraft, etc.) and which has the function of defending or attacking air space, ships, or ground targets. c10c1acc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air force persons A specialization of #$MilitaryPerson. Each instance of #$AirForcePersonnel is a person who is a member of some instance of #$AirForce. bd58a7cd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 air respiration A collection of activities constituting a natural #$PhysiologicalFunction; #$AirRespiration is the collection of all #$Respiration events in which an organism trades some of the carbon dioxide in its tissues for oxygen from the atmosphere. bd58bdb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 aircraft A specialization of #$TransportationDevice. Each instance of #$AirTransportationDevice is a device used for transporting either people or cargo through the air. Specializations of #$AirTransportationDevice include the collections #$Airplane, #$Helicopter, #$HotAirBalloon, and #$GroundToOrbitVehicle. bd58ae50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airlines #$AirlineCompany is a specialization of #$TransportationCompany-Provider, #$CommercialServiceOrganization, and #$Business. Each instance of #$AirlineCompany is a business that operates airplanes to transport goods or people in exchange for money. bd58aaee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airplanes A subcollection of #$FixedWingAircraft, each instance of which is a heavier-than-air, self-powered flying machine (other than a cruise missile) that gets its lift while flying from #$AirplaneWings. #$Helicopters are thus excluded because their lift is created by rotors. A near-borderline (positive) case is a plane that takes-off vertically using a turbojet engine, since its initial lift is not due to its wings. In flight, however, such a plane needs its wings to stay aloft. bd58828b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 runways #$AirplaneRunway is a specialization of #$PathForWheeledVehicles. Each instance of #$AirplaneRunway is an airstrip at an airport, on an aircraft carrier, or in some field where airplanes taxi, take off, and land. bd58910e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airports (types of things) A specialization of both #$FixedStructure and #$TransportFacility. Each instance of #$Airport-Physical is a facility which includes at least one runway where airplanes can take off and land. Instances of #$Airport-Physical may also have terminals and an air control tower, in addition to having a runway. See also the related collection #$AirportOrganization. bd58feaf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 airports (types of things) #$AirportOrganization is a specialization of #$TravelOrganization. Each instance of #$AirportOrganization is an organization that manages and controls particular airports and their appurtenant facilities; e.g., #$LaGuardiaAirport-Organization. bd589fbc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 alertness #$Alertness is an #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute which specifies how sleepy or alert an animal is. Levels of #$Alertness include #$Asleep, #$Sleepy, and #$Awake. bd58a532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 algorithm A specialization of #$MathematicalOrComputationalThing. An instance of #$Algorithm is a particular finite sequence of operations that constitutes an effective, or strictly mechanical, procedure for completing some task, computing some function, or simply performing a number of unrelated operations. Instances of #$ComputerProgram-CWIS use algorithms (see #$programAlgorithms), and some instances of #$Instructions (e.g. some instances of its specializations #$Recipe-CW and #$DirectionsToGetSomewhere), if sufficiently explicit, involve algorithms. An algorithm can be viewed as a specific way of computing a particular instance of #$Function-MathematicalObject, i.e. a way determining the value of the function for any argument in the function's domain (see #$algorithmComputes). bd58ee68-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 alimentary canal be4c779b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 allergic reactions A collection of dynamic, physiological states. An instance of #$AllergicReaction is an event in which an organism which is exposed to a particular substance (e.g., pollen, mold) develops some abnormality or impairment of its physiological condition as a result of interacting with the substance. Allergic reactions to some types of substances occur widely in members of a species; e.g., #$PoisonIvyPoisoning in humans. But other allergic reactions affect only a small proportion of a species, such as human allergies to penicillin. This concept is the collection of events in which allergic reactions are `taking place', not abstract unrealized potential situations such as `John is allergic to milk.' I.e., if John were allergic to milk, and he drank some, and then proceeded to have a whopping bad allergic reaction, that latter event would be an instance of #$AllergicReaction. c0fd6b2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ambulances #$Ambulance is a specialization of #$RescueVehicle, #$EmergencyVehicle, and #$SpecialPurposeVehicle. Each instance of #$Ambulance is a road vehicle equipped primarily for transporting wounded, injured, or sick persons. bd588cd2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 ambulation The collection of all locomotion events on solid surfaces in which the locomotor moves by lifting its feet, moving them through the air, and setting them down in a new location. Includes walking, running, skipping, trotting, etc. bdd4cc3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 amorphous thing A specialization of #$SpatialThing. Each instance of #$AmorphousThing is a spatial object that has no well-defined shape. Of course, what counts as a well-defined shape can vary from context to context. Contrast with #$ShapedThing. bd58a235-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 amphibians A specialization of #$Poikilotherm and #$Vertebrate. Each instance of #$Amphibian isa a cold-blodded and smooth-skinned vertebrate that hatches from an egg to form an aquatic larva (see #$Larva), which then metamorphoses into an air-breathing adult (see #$AirBreathingVertebrate). Important subcollections include #$Frog and #$Salamander. bd58e024-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 amusement - feeling The emotion experienced when one finds something funny. Usually people laugh when they are amused. be011552-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anatomical vessel The collection of all anatomical vessels in #$Animals. Instances of this collection are tubular animal tissue which acts as a conduit for body fluids or substances passing into or out of the body. be425bb7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anesthesia A collection of events; a subcollection of #$DrugTherapy (q.v.). In an instance of #$Anesthesia, a #$BiologicalLivingObject undergoes the effect of some instance of #$Anesthetic, the effect of which is to eliminate the perception of pain. #$Anesthesia events occur in connection with other medical care events, so that a patient will not feel the pain or discomfort that would otherwise be associated with those medical procedures. #$Anesthetics are of various chemical kinds, work in various ways, and can be administered in various ways. They may topically numb an area, they may poison the central nervous system to the point where the animal loses consciousness, etc. The resulting anesthetic therapies thus may differ, according to the type of anesthetic used; for example, the patient may or may not be conscious during an instance of #$Anesthesia. See also #$AdministeringADrug. c0fd53a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angry Intense feeling of displeasure and usually of antagonism. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingTypes than #$Anger include #$Belligerence, etc. bd58c448-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angles A specialization of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing. Each instance of #$Angle is formed by two lines diverging from the same point, or two surfaces diverging from the same line. Examples include spatially localized objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two walls, and abstract objects, such as the angle formed by the intersection of two (abstract) lines. bd61bd87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 persons who is angry A specialization of #$IntelligentAgent. Each instance is an agent in the emotional state of being angry. Use this constant with a #$GenericValueFunction to denote a collection of agents that are in this emotional state to some varying degree. 15a46c42-42cd-11d6-8000-0002b38bcf96 anguish bd58ddf9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angular acceleration rates A specialization of #$Rate. Each instance of #$AngularAccelerationRate is a rate at which the rate of rotation (see the collection #$RateOfRotation) of some object changes. bd59080e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 angular distances #$AngularDistance is a measure of the separation between the rays defined by two points and a fixed center. bd58abd6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animals An instance of #$BiologicalKingdom, and a specialization of #$Organism-Whole. Instances of #$Animal are typically motile, living, whole organisms; they are instances of #$Heterotroph (q.v.), and thus incapable of performing instances of #$Photosynthesis-Generic. Animal cells contain cholesterol and lack cell walls made of cellulose. #$Person is a specialization of #$Animal; see also #$NonPersonAnimal. bd58b031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 actions performed by animals A specialization of #$Action. Each instance of #$AnimalActivity is a spatially-localized action each of whose doers (see #$doneBy) is either an #$Animal or a group of animals (i.e. a #$Group all of whose members are #$Animals). bd588daa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animals or body part A specialization of #$BiologicalLivingObject that includes all living animals, body parts of living animals, and body regions of living animals. #$AnimalBLO is thus the union (see #$collectionUnion) of #$Animal, #$AnimalBodyPart, and #$AnimalBodyRegion (qq.v.). c0fe0761-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 body parts A specialization of #$AnimalBodyRegion. Each instance of #$AnimalBodyPart is an anatomical part of some living animal, and thus is itself an instance of #$BiologicalLivingObject (q.v). #$AnimalBodyPart includes both highly localized organs (for example, hearts) and physical systems composed of parts distributed throughout an animal's body (such as an animal's circulatory system and nervous system). Note that severed limbs and removed organs are _not_ instances of this collection, since they are not _parts_ of some living animal. bd58801c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body part types A collection of specializations of #$AnimalBodyRegion. Each instance of #$AnimalBodyPartType is a collection of body parts, where the parts in question are differentiated from other body parts according to structure or function. Instances of #$AnimalBodyPartType include #$SpinalColumn, #$Eyelash, #$NervousSystem, #$Urethra, #$Wing-AnimalBodyPart, and #$HeelOfPalm. bd58e7da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal body region A specialization of #$AnimalBLO. Each instance of #$AnimalBodyRegion is a significant spatial subdivision of the body of some animal, where the subdivision in question is usually contiguous, and has some more or less clear boundary. Instances of this collection include anatomical parts (see the specialization #$AnimalBodyPart) , such as a person's head, beard, or right arm. In addition, this collection includes body regions that are not anatomical parts, such as a blister, a puncture wound, or a bruise. bd5adaa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of animal capability This is the collection of types of action which can be #$doneBy all normal adult animals in typical circumstances. They are animal capabilities in the sense that we expect any normal adult animal to be able to do them, as opposed to the sense that some animal can do them. Also, this is not the collection of actions which must be done by an animal, for which see #$AnimalActivity. bdeceb2a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 migrations The collection of regular, species-linked movements of an animal or group of animals from one place to another, usually with a return to the starting point after a certain period of time. In some species, the migration cycle occurs once in a lifetime, while others migrate annually on a seasonal basis. Migration is typically linked with an animal's reproductive cycle (as in salmon), but may also involve seasonal relocation to a more hospitable climate and/or more plentiful food supply. For example, many birds exhibit seasonal migration; e.g., native Northeastern U.S. birds that spend their winters in the Southern U.S. c1009284-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal part region function A collection of functions that map from an #$AnimalBodyRegion to another #$AnimalBodyRegion that is a subregion of the first and whose location is indicated by the direction. For example, (#$DorsalRegionFn LIVER) yields as a result the part of LIVER closest to the backside of the organism that LIVER is a part of. bf0cf618-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal physiological attribute The broadest collection of attributes of #$Animals that describe the physiological aspects of an animal, including its physiological (1) capacities, (2) conditions, and (3) states. Examples include: (1) Capacities: #$Fertile, #$HearingImpaired, #$Paraplegic; (2) Conditions: #$Anemic, #$AthleticPhysicalBuild; (3) States: #$Intoxicated, #$Injured, #$Inflamed. #$PlantPhysiologicalAttributes, such as #$InBloom, are excluded. bd58a577-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal noises A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). Examples of #$AnimalSounds include instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound, #$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, and #$BrayingSound. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; consequently, #$AnimalSound does _not_ include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument. Note that this collection is not a specialization of #$Action, or #$BodyMovementEvent, since it refers to animal sounds themselves, not to the activity of making animal sounds (though events of both types usually accompany one another. See #$EmittingSound for the latter.) bd620dbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of animal classified by gender The collection consisting of the collections #$FemaleAnimal and #$MaleAnimal. One of the #$facets-Strict of #$Animal. c105ac83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of animal classified by maturity The collection consisting of #$AdultAnimal and #$JuvenileAnimal. One of the #$facets-Strict of #$Animal. be6a02c8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 utterances A specialization of both #$AnimalSound and #$Utterance-IBT. Each instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT is a sound initially generated by some #$Animal speaking or making some sound with his/her/its mouth (note that the sound may or may not have propositional content - i.e. instantiate some #$PropositionalInformationThing). If such a sound is recorded and played back, the sound generated is still considered an instance of #$AnimalUtterance-IBT. Examples: one's spouse's `Good morning'; a child's scream at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart's `Here's looking at you' on the set of _Casablanca_. Note that only the sounds themselves are instances of this collection -- not the activities of making them. This collection is not a specialization of #$Action (for that, see #$CommunicationAct-Single and its specializations). bd590c24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 animal walking processes The collection of instances of #$Walking-Generic in which the locomotor is an #$Animal. bd58d77d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 climates A specialization of #$WeatherEvent. Each instance of #$AnnualClimateCycle is an extended event, one year in length, which encompasses sub-events marking the changing of the seasons (see the collection #$SeasonOfYear and its specializations). Specializations of #$AnnualClimateCycle include #$TemperateClimateCycle and #$HumidSubtropicalClimateCycle (qq.v). See also #$ClimateCycleType and #$hasClimateType. bd5901a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 types of annual event A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType is a specialization of #$TemporalThing, instances of which occur once per year according to some calendar. Furthermore, the occurrence of instances of each such type of event is tied to a specific time (for example, a specific date) in the calendar year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday is an instance of #$AnnualTemporalObjectType, because one occurs on a specific date (namely, December 25) each year. be1ed0b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 Anthrax infections An instance of #$InfectionTypeByPathogenType, and a specialization of #$BacterialInfection. Each instance of #$AnthraxInfection is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis (see the collection #$Anthrax-Bacterium). Important specializations of #$AnthraxInfection include the collections #$InhalationalAnthrax and #$CutaneousAnthrax. bfbba477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 antisymmetric binary predicates A collection of predicates; the specialization of #$BinaryPredicate whose instances are antisymmetric relations. Each instance of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate is a binary predicate PRED with the following property: For every X and Y that satisfy the argument constraints for both argument positions of PRED (see #$admittedArgument), if both (PRED X Y) and (PRED Y X) hold, then X=Y. Note that a predicate PRED can be an instance of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate only if each argument constraint for its first argument position (its #$arg1Isa, and its #$arg1Genl, if PRED is a type-level predicate) is not disjoint with the respective constraint for its second argument position (its #$arg2Isa, and its #$arg2Genl, if PRED is a type-level predicate). Notable instances of #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate include #$greaterThanOrEqualTo, #$parts, and #$subEvents. See also the shared #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bdc9fb94-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anti transitive binary predicate A specialization of #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate. Each instance of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate is a binary predicate PRED with the following property: For every X, Y, and Z that satisfy the (single-argument) argument-type constraints (see #$admittedArgument) for the relevant argument positions of PRED (i.e. arg1 for X, arg1 and arg2 for Y, and arg2 for Z), (#$not (#$and (PRED X Y)(PRED Y Z)(PRED X Z))). Note that PRED must also be such that any argument-type constraint on its first (or arg1 ) argument-place _not_ be disjoint with the corresponding argument-type constraint on its second (or arg2 ) argument-place. That is, the collections to which PRED is constrained via #$arg1Isa and #$arg2Isa must not be disjoint; and, if PRED is a type-level predicate, the collections to which PRED is constrained via #$arg1Genl and #$arg2Genl must not be disjoint. Instances of #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate include #$capitalCity, #$contiguousAfter, and #$biologicalFather. See also the shared #$NoteOnArgumentTypingAndPropertiesOfRelations. bf8bdc58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 anticipatory Emotion accompanying an expectation of something pleasant in the foreseeable future. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingType, see #$Happiness. bd58cefc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270 appendages The collection of all appendages of #$Animals. An appendage is an #$AnimalBodyPart that is connected to, and extends from, the animal's #$Torso (or else from another of its appendages, such as a h